RESUMO
The aim of this study is to analyze the health care costs of violence against women. For the study, we used a register-based approach where we identified victims of violence and assessed their actual health care costs at individual level in a bottom-up analysis. Furthermore, we identified a reference population. We computed the attributable costs, that is, the excess health care costs for victims compared to an identified reference population of nonvictims. Only costs within the health care sector were included, that is, somatic and psychiatric hospital costs, costs within the primary health care sector and costs of prescription pharmaceuticals. We estimated the attributable health care costs of violence against women in Denmark, using a generalized linear model where health care costs were modeled as a function of age, childbirth, and exposure to violence. In addition we tested whether socioeconomic status, multiple episodes of violence, and psychiatric contacts had any impact on health care costs. We found that the health care costs were about 1,800 higher for victims of violence than for nonvictims per year, driven mostly by higher psychiatric costs and multiple episodes of violence.
Assuntos
Mulheres Maltratadas/estatística & dados numéricos , Vítimas de Crime/economia , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Saúde da Mulher/economia , Assistência Ambulatorial/economia , Vítimas de Crime/estatística & dados numéricos , Dinamarca , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência/economia , Feminino , Humanos , Serviços de Saúde Mental/economia , Programas Nacionais de Saúde/economia , Ambulatório Hospitalar/economiaRESUMO
Near the turn of the twentieth century, traditional self-defence methods (for example, jiu-jitsu) were revamped into a more accessible and practical set of techniques and tactics for everyday use in urban public space. Framed as a "new sport" with broad public utility, early urban self-defence developed against the backdrop of heightening fears of violent crime and a burgeoning politics of security, as well as tensions provoked by the increasingly common appearance of unchaperoned, middle-class women in public. Self-defence masters pitched their innovations in an inclusive rhetoric, always with separate lessons for men and women and their respective spaces of risk. This article places modern self-defence practices in tension with historical transformations in the urban landscape, arguing that urban self-defence posited a certain subjective relation to the city that tapped simultaneously into the desire for empowerment, fantasies of criminal danger and a law-and-order tone that shaded into urban vigilantism.