El declive de la incidencia de enfermedad meningocócica en Barcelona entre 1988 y 2015: la influencia de la vacunación frente al serogrupo C / The decline of the incidence of meningococcal disease in Barcelona between 1988 and 2015: the influence of the vaccine against serogroup C

Introducción y objetivo: El objetivo es conocer la evolución de la enfermedad meningocócica en la ciudad de Barcelona entre 1988 y 2015 y evaluar el impacto de la vacuna contra el serogrupo C. Materiales y métodos: Se analizó la evolución de casos de enfermedad meningocócica y por serogrupo a partir del registro de enfermedades de declaración obligatoria. Se comparó la incidencia de todos los serogrupos antes y después de la introducción de la vacunación contra el serogrupo C en el año 2000. Se analizó la cobertura vacunal entre los casos, el serogrupo entre casos vacunados y la tasa de mortalidad y letalidad. Resultados: La enfermedad meningocócica ha pasado de una incidencia en menores de un año de 63,09 casos por 100.000 en 1997-2000 a 15,44 en 2001-2015. Todos los serogrupos han disminuido su incidencia tras la implementación vacunal, especialmente en niños de uno a 4 años para el C. A partir del 2000 la cobertura vacunal en los casos por este serogrupo era del 7,6% y en los afectos por el B era del 35,0% (p<0,01). De los vacunados, el 66,4% de los casos fue serogrupo B y un 5,2% fue C (p<0,01). La tasa global de letalidad y de mortalidad fue del 7,7% y del 0,19/100.000 respectivamente, sin cambios significativos en el tiempo en cuanto a la letalidad. Conclusiones: La incidencia por serogrupo C y también por B ha disminuido tras la vacunación sistemática contra el serogrupo C. La vacunación contra el serogrupo B podría reducir aún más esta grave enfermedad con una letalidad importante que no ha disminuido en todo el periodo

Introduction and objective: The purpose of this study was to describe the evolution of meningococcal disease (MD) in the city of Barcelona between 1988 and 2015 and to assess the impact of the vaccine against serogroup C. Materials and methodology: The evolution of MD and by serogroup was analysed using the information included in the mandatory notification diseases registry. Incidences of all serogroups between the periods of before and after the implementation of the serogroup C vaccine in 2000 were compared. Vaccination coverage among cases, serogroup among vaccinated cases and mortality and case fatality rates were analysed. Results: MD has evolved from an incidence rate in children aged under 1 of 63.09 cases per 100,000 in 1997-2000 to 15.44 per 100,000 in 2001-2015. All MD serogroups incidences decreased after the implementation of the vaccine, especially for serogroup C among children aged between 1 and 4. Since 2000 vaccine coverage in MD cases by this serogroup was 7.6% while in those affected by serogroup B it was 35.0% (p<.01). Among those vaccinated, 66.4% of cases were serogroup B and 5.2% were C (p<.01). Mortality and case fatality rates were 7.7% and 0.19/100,000 respectively, without significant changes in time regarding case fatality. Conclusions: Incidence caused by serogroups B and C has decreased after the systematic vaccination against serogroup C. Vaccination against serogroup B could further reduce the impact of this lethal disease which has not decreased during this period

Preventative Care in the Patient with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: What Is New?

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) do not receive routine preventative care at the same rate as general medical patients. This patient population is at increased risk of vaccine preventable illness such as influenza and pneumococcal pneumonia. This review will discuss health maintenance needs and preventative care issues in patients with IBD.

Toward a meningitis-free world.

Meningococcal meningitis is a devastating disease that is often fatal. Vaccines against the five major meningococcal serogroups causing disease are about to become available, a conjugate vaccine against meningococcus A is in use for mass vaccination in Africa, and a protein-based vaccine against meningococcal B is ready for licensure. With the availability of these new vaccines, the world can finally be rid of meningococcal meningitis, thus rewriting a new chapter in medical history.

MenACWY-CRM, a novel quadrivalent glycoconjugate vaccine against Neisseria meningitidis for the prevention of meningococcal infection.

Invasive meningococcal disease remains a major public health concern, with infants, children younger than 4 years and adolescents bearing the majority of the global disease burden. Protecting the vulnerable individuals in these age groups through vaccination remains the most rational strategy for the prevention of meningococcal disease. The formulation of polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines has been a major breakthrough in vaccinology, and has extended protection against pathogenic encapsulated bacteria to younger age groups. The dramatic decline in the incidence of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C disease, observed following the introduction of glycoconjugate meningococcal C vaccines, demonstrates that vaccination can control disease at a population level. The development of quadrivalent glycoconjugate meningococcal ACWY vaccines has broadened protection against meningococcal disease. A novel meningococcal MenACWY-CRM (Menveo) glycoconjugate vaccine, formulated by selective conjugation chemistry of intermediate-chain-length meningococcal saccharides, was immunogenic in individuals aged 2 months to 65 years. The reactogenicity of MenACWY-CRM was similar to that of other licensed meningococcal glycoconjugates, yet the vaccine has the potential to extend protection against meningococcal serogroups A, Y and W-135 to children younger than 2 years of age - a need that remains unmet.

Reduction in pediatric invasive pneumococcal disease in the Basque Country and Navarre, Spain, after introduction of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.

This study evaluated the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease, identified the causal serotypes, and tracked the evolution of the antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in the regions of the Basque Country and Navarre, Spain, before and after the introduction of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. The study included all children aged between birth and 5 years diagnosed with bacteremia, meningitis, or bacteremic pneumonia caused by pneumococci. By the second year after introduction of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, compared with the period 1998-2001, the incidence of invasive disease decreased by 64.3% in children less than 12 months of age, by 39.7% in children less than 24 months of age, and by 37.5% in children less than 60 months of age. The prevalence of clinical isolates of S. pneumoniae that lacked susceptibility to penicillin decreased by 58.2% among children less than 60 months of age. With an estimated coverage by four-dose heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine of 28-45% in 2003, the number of invasive pneumococcal infections in the Basque Country and in Navarre fell significantly after just 2 years of immunization, underscoring the importance of improving vaccination coverage under a universal childhood immunization program.

Pneumococcal serogroups and serotypes in severe pneumococcal pneumonia in Belgian children: theoretical coverage of the 7-valent and 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.

BACKGROUND: Although the causative pneumococcal serotypes of invasive diseases are already extensively studied, few data are available about the pneumococcal serotypes additionally isolated from broncho-alveolar lavage samples in childhood pneumonia. STUDY AIM: To identify the causative pneumococcal serotypes in culture proven childhood community acquired pneumonia (CAP) and to calculate the effectiveness of the heptavalent and nonavalent pneumococcal vaccine (7- and 9-valent PnV) in severe pneumococcal pneumonia. METHODS: All pneumococcal isolates stored from broncho-alveolar lavage, blood culture and pleural fluid in healthy children with CAP were characterized. RESULTS: Seventy children (median age 2 years 3.5 months) could be included. The most prevalent serotypes were: SGT1 (21.4%), SGT6 (20.0%), SGT19 (12.8%), SGT23 (10.0%), and SGT14 (7.1%). SGT1 was especially prevalent in complicated cases and children >5 years. This first ranking of SGT1 is not reported in invasive pneumococcal disease studies. The overall theoretical coverage of the 7-valent PnV and the 9-valent PnV for pneumococcal pneumonia was 45.7% and 72.8%. The theoretical coverage of both vaccines was equal for non-invasive pneumonia (64%) but the theoretical coverage of the 9-valent PnV for invasive pneumonia was much higher (79% vs. 37.2%). Antibiotic susceptibility to penicillin was 84%, 70% to tetracycline and 61% to erythromycin; however only one strain (MIC = 4 mg/L) was highly resistant to penicillin. CONCLUSIONS: Based on this serotyping, the theoretical coverage of the 7-valent PnV for proven pneumococcal pneumonia is good but decreases with age. A 9-valent PnV containing SGT1 could significantly increase the coverage, especially for invasive pneumonia. According to these data, penicillin remains the first choice antibiotic treatment for childhood CAP in Belgium.