Arenobufagin enhances T-cell anti-tumor immunity in colorectal cancer by modulating HSP90ß accessibility.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a significant public health issue, ranking as one of the predominant cancer types globally in terms of incidence. Intriguingly, Arenobufagin (Are), a compound extracted from toad venom, has demonstrated the potential to inhibit tumor growth effectively. PURPOSE: This study aimed to explore Are's molecular targets and unravel its antitumor mechanism in CRC. Specifically, we were interested in its impact on immune checkpoint modulation and correlations with HSP90ß-STAT3-PD-L1 axis activity. METHODS: We investigated the in vivo antitumor effects of Are by constructing a colorectalcancer subcutaneous xenograft mouse model. Subsequently, we employed single-cell multi-omics technology to study the potential mechanism by which Are inhibits CRC. Utilizing target-responsive accessibility profiling (TRAP) technology, we identified heatshock protein 90ß (HSP90ß) as the direct target of Are, and confirmed this through a microscale thermophoresis experiment (MST). Further downstream mechanisms were explored through techniques such as co-immunoprecipitation, Western blotting, qPCR, and immunofluorescence. Concurrently, we arrived at the same research conclusion at the organoid level by co-cultivating with immune cells. RESULTS: We observed that Are inhibits PD-Ll expression in CRC tumor xenografts at low concentrations. Moreover, TRAP revealed that HSP90ß's accessibility significantly decreased upon Are binding. We demonstrated a decrease in the activity of the HSP90ß-STAT3-PD-Ll axis following low-concentration Are treatment in vivo. The PDO analysis showed improved enrichment of lymphocytes, particularly T cells, on the PDOs following Are treatment. CONCLUSION: Contrary to previous research focusing on the direct cytotoxicity of Are towards tumor cells, our findings indicate that it can also inhibit tumor growth at lower concentrations through the modulation of immune checkpoints. This study unveils a novel anti-tumor mechanism of Are and stimulates contemplation on the dose-response relationship of natural products, which is beneficial for the clinical translational application of Are.

Isolation, Identification and Chemical Modification of Bufadienolides from Bufo melanostictus Schneider and Their Cytotoxic Activities against Prostate Cancer Cells.

The traditional Chinese medicine toad venom (Venenum bufonis) has been extensively used to treat various diseases, including cancers, in China and other Southeast Asian countries. The major constituents of toad venom, e.g., bufadienolides and alkaloids, exhibit broad-spectrum pharmacological effects in cancers. Herein, two new bufadienolides (1 and 2), along with eleven known compounds (3-13) were successfully isolated from Bufo melanostictus Schneider. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic data and X-ray diffraction analysis. Furthermore, four lactam derivatives were synthesized through the transformation of bufadienolides lactones. The inhibitory effects of these compounds against human prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 and DU145 were evaluated. The outcomes indicated a notable trend, with a substantial subset displaying nanomolar range IC50 values against PC-3 and DU145 cells, underscoring their pronounced cytotoxicity. Moreover, a noteworthy distinction surfaces, wherein lactones consistently outperformed their lactam counterparts, further validating their heightened potency for the treatment of prostate cancer. This study contributes significant preclinical evidence substantiating the therapeutic viability of bufadienolides and toad venom as intervention strategies for prostate cancer.

Arenobufagin modulation of PCSK9-mediated cholesterol metabolism induces tumor-associated macrophages polarisation to inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma progression.

BACKGROUND: The tumor microenvironment (TME) of hepatocellular carcinoma is heterogeneous enough to be prone to drug resistance and multidrug resistance during treatment, and reprogramming of cholesterol metabolism in TME mediates tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) polarization, which has an impact on the regulation of malignant tumor progression. Arenobufagin (ARBU) was extracted and isolated from toad venom (purity ≥98 %), which is the main active ingredient of the traditional Chinese medicine Chan'su with good anti-tumor effects. PURPOSE: To investigate the regulatory effect of ARBU on lipid metabolism in tumor microenvironment, interfere with macrophage polarization, and determine its mechanism of action on liver cancer progression. METHODS: In this study, the inhibitory effect of ARBU on the proliferation of Hepa1-6 in C57 mice and the safety of administration were evaluated by establishing a transplanted tumor model of Hepa1-6 hepatocellular carcinoma mice and using 5-FU as a positive control drug. In addition, we constructed a co-culture system of Hepa1-6 cells and primary mouse macrophages to study the effects of ARBU on the polarization phenotypic transformation of macrophages and the proliferation and migration of hepatoma cells. The influence of ARBU on the metabolism of lipids in the hepatocellular carcinoma mouse model was investigated by combining it with lipidomics technology. The influence of ARBU on the PCSK9/LDL-R signaling pathway and macrophage polarization, which regulate cholesterol metabolism, was tested by using qRT-PCR, gene editing, IF, and WB. CONCLUSION: ARBU significantly inhibited the proliferation of Hepa1-6 in vivo and in vitro, regulated cholesterol metabolism, and promoted the M1-type polarization of macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. ARBU inhibits cholesterol synthesis in the TME through the PCSK9/LDL-R signaling pathway, thereby blocking macrophage M2 polarization, promoting apoptosis of the tumor cells, and inhibiting their proliferation and migration.

Chemical Composition, Pharmacological Effects and Clinical Applications of Cinobufacini.

Chinese medicine cinobufacini is an extract from the dried skin of Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor, with active ingredients of bufadienolides and indole alkaloids. With further research and clinical applications, it is found that cinobufacini alone or in combination with other therapeutic methods can play an anti-tumor role by controlling proliferation of tumor cells, promoting apoptosis, inhibiting formation of tumor neovascularization, reversing multidrug resistance, and regulating immune response; it also has the functions of relieving cancer pain and regulating immune function. In this paper, the chemical composition, pharmacological effects, clinical applications, and adverse reactions of cinobufacini are summarized. However, the extraction of monomer components of cinobufacini, the relationship between different mechanisms, and the causes of adverse reactions need to be further studied. Also, high-quality clinical studies should be conducted.

The Effects of Cinobufagin on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells Enhanced by MRT68921, an Autophagy Inhibitor.

Cinobufagin, a cardiotonic steroid derived from toad venom extracts, exhibits significant anticancer properties by inhibiting Na[Formula: see text]/K[Formula: see text]-ATPase in cancer cells. It is frequently used in clinical settings to treat advanced-stage cancer patients, improving their quality of life and survival time. However, its long-term use can result in multidrug resistance to other chemotherapy drugs, and the exact mechanism underlying this effect remains unknown. Therefore, this study explores the molecular mechanism underlying the anticancer effects of cinobufagin in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), specifically in HepG2 and Huh-7 cells. As determined using transcriptome analysis, cinobufagin-triggered protective autophagy suppressed cell apoptosis in liver cancer HepG2 and Huh-7 cells by inhibiting the phosphoinositide-3-Kinase (PI3K)-AKT serine/threonine kinase (AKT)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Cinobufagin-inhibited cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and generated cell autophagy by upregulating the expression of MAP1 light chain 3 protein II, Beclin1, and autophagy-related protein 12-5. In addition, the autophagy inhibitor MRT68921 improved the antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of cinobufagin in the studied cell lines. Overall, this study suggests that combining cinobufagin with an autophagy inhibitor can effectively treat HCC, providing a potential strategy for cancer therapy.

Cinobufagin induces acute promyelocytic leukaemia cell apoptosis and PML-RARA degradation in a caspase-dependent manner by inhibiting the ß-catenin signalling pathway.

CONTEXT: Acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) is a malignant hematological tumour characterized by the presence of promyelocytic leukaemia-retinoic acid receptor A (PML-RARA) fusion protein. Cinobufagin (CBG) is one of the main effective components of toad venom with antitumor properties. However, only a few reports regarding the CBG treatment of APL are available. OBJECTIVE: We explored the effect and mechanism of action of CBG on NB4 and NB4-R1 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated the viability of NB4 and NB4-R1 cells treated with 0, 20, 40, and 60 nM CBG for 12, 24, and 48 h. After treatment with CBG for 24 h, Bcl-2 associated X (Bax), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), ß-catenin, cyclin D1, and c-myc expression was detected using western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Caspase-3 and PML-RARA expression levels were detected using western blotting. RESULTS: CBG inhibited the viability of NB4 and NB4-R1 cells. The IC50 values of NB4 and NB4-R1 cells treated with CBG for 24 h were 45.2 nM and 37.9 nM, respectively. CBG induced NB4 and NB4-R1 cell apoptosis and PML-RARA degradation in a caspase-dependent manner and inhibited the ß-catenin signalling pathway. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: CBG induced NB4 and NB4-R1 cell apoptosis and PML-RARA degradation in a caspase-dependent manner by inhibiting the ß-catenin signalling pathway. This study proposes a novel treatment strategy for patients with APL, particularly those with ATRA-resistant APL.

Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions of indolealkylamines from toad venom in mice using lipidomics and molecular docking.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Toad venom is one of widely used traditional Chinese medicines due to its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. However, hydrophilic alkaloids from toad venom, which may have certain pharmacological activities, have not been systematic studied. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of the study was to identify the indolealkylamines (IAAs) from toad venom and investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The alkaloids were extracted and identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry. The analgesic abilities were determined using hot-plate test, formalin test and von Frey test. High-sensitivity lipidomics was used to investigate the regulatory function of IAAs on inflammatory eicosanoids. Besides, network pharmacology and molecular docking were used to demonstrate the candidate targets of IAAs. RESULTS: 22 constituents have been characterized by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-Triple TOF 5600, including six specific IAAs (serotonin, N-methyl serotonin, bufotenine, bufotenidine, bufothionine and dehydrobufotenine). Pharmacological studies showed that the IAAs from toad venom exerted significant analgesic activities at doses of 5, 15 and 45 mg/kg in vivo. Moreover, lipids analysis revealed IAAs might down-regulate inflammatory mediators from COX, LOX, DHA and LA pathways in formalin models, thus showing anti-inflammatory effect. The potent pharmacological function might because of the binding of IAAs and protein targets, such as sigma-1 receptor. CONCLUSION: The studies provided a systemic evidence for the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of IAAs from toad venom. It suggested that IAAs might be a potential candidate to reduce inflammatory pain disorders.

The Parotoid Gland Secretion from Peruvian Toad Rhinella horribilis (Wiegmann, 1833): Chemical Composition and Effect on the Proliferation and Migration of Lung Cancer Cells.

Since Rhinella sp. toads produce bioactive substances, some species have been used in traditional medicine and magical practices by ancient cultures in Peru. During several decades, the Rhinella horribilis toad was confused with the invasive toad Rhinella marina, a species documented with extensive toxinological studies. In contrast, the chemical composition and biological effects of the parotoid gland secretions (PGS) remain still unknown for R. horribilis. In this work, we determine for the first time 55 compounds from the PGS of R. horribilis, which were identified using HPLC-MS/MS. The crude extract inhibited the proliferation of A549 cancer cells with IC50 values of 0.031 ± 0.007 and 0.015 ± 0.001 µg/mL at 24 and 48 h of exposure, respectively. Moreover, it inhibited the clonogenic capacity, increased ROS levels, and prevented the etoposide-induced apoptosis, suggesting that the effect of R. horribilis poison secretion was by cell cycle blocking before of G2/M-phase checkpoint. Fraction B was the most active and strongly inhibited cancer cell migration. Our results indicate that the PGS of R. horribilis are composed of alkaloids, bufadienolides, and argininyl diacids derivatives, inhibiting the proliferation and migration of A549 cells.

Cinobufacini Inhibits Colon Cancer Invasion and Metastasis via Suppressing Wnt/ß-Catenin Signaling Pathway and EMT.

Cinobufacini is a well-known Chinese medicine extracted from Venenum Bufonis, also called Chan Su. It has been used clinically for various cancers, including colon cancer. However, the function of Cinobufacini on colon cancer invasion and metastasis, and its underlying molecular mechanism, is still not clear. In this study, we investigated the function and mechanism of Cinobufacini on colon cancer invasion and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo studies. Human colon cancer cells were cultured. CCK assay was used to detect the effect of Cinobufacini on colon cancer cells proliferation. The invasion and migration abilities were observed by transwell assays, and the expression of invasion and migration related genes MMP2, MMP9, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) relate genes were observed by Western blot assays. An orthotopic xenograft model in nude mice was established using colon cancer HCT116 cells, and the function of Cinobufacini on colon cancer invasion and metastasis were observed in vivo. We found Cinobufacini significantly inhibited colon cancer cell proliferation in a dose/time-dependent manner; the invasion and migration abilities of colon cancer were decreased after treated with Cinobufacini. The metastasis and EMT related genes MMP9, MMP2, N-cadherin and Snail were obviously down-regulated, while the expression of E-cadherin was up-regulated after treatment with Cinobufacini. The Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway related genes were observed using WB,and results show that the expression of ß-catenin, wnt3a, c-myc, cyclin D1, and MMP7 were all down-regulated after being treated with cinobufacini, while the expression of APC was up-regulated. In vivo studies of the volume and weight of orthotopic xenograft tumors showed significantly shrinkage in the Cinobufacini group compared to the control group. The enterocoelia and liver metastasis tumors were significantly decreased, and the expression of MMP9, MMP2, and ß-catenin were also down-regulated, while E-cadherin was up-regulated in vivo after the treatment with Cinobufacini. Our data proves that Cinobufacini can inhibit colon cancer invasion and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo; the mechanism is related by suppressing the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway and then inhibiting the EMT of CRC.

Cytotoxicity and antimitotic activity of Rhinella schneideri and Rhinella marina venoms.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Rhinella schneideri and Rhinella marina are toad venoms distributed in different parts of the world, including Brazil, Columbia and amazon. Venoms extracted from different species have many clinical applications such as antimicrobial cardiotonics and treatment of cancer. Aim of the study; In this study, we aim to investigate the effect of venoms extracted from R. schneideri and R. marina on cancer cells and verify possible mechanism of action. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Cytotoxicity analyses was performed using the resazurin reduction assay, where different concentrations of venoms were tested against sensitive CCRF-CEM and P-gp overexpressing ADR/CEM5000 leukemia cells. Programmed cell death was investigated using the flow cytometric annexin V/propidium iodide apoptosis assay. Furthermore, we analyzed flow cytometric cell cycle analyses of CCRF-CEM cells. Effect on tubulin formation was tested using molecular docking and fluorescence microscopy of U2OS-GFP-α-tubulin osteosarcoma cells treated for 24 h with venoms. RESULTS: Cytotoxicity assays revealed a strong activity towards wild-type CCRF-CEM cells (IC50 values of 0.202 ±â€¯0.005 µg/ml and 0.18 ±â€¯0.007 µg/ml for R. schneideri and R. marina, respectively) and multidrug-resistant CEM/ADR5000 cells (IC50 0.403 ±â€¯0.084 µg/ml and 0.32 ±â€¯0.077 µg/ml for R. schneideri and R. marina, respectively). The venoms induced apoptosis as major mechanism of cell death. The venoms induced strong G2/M cell arrest in CCRF-CEM cells. We suggested tubulin as a major target for the venoms. In silico molecular docking of the major constituents of the venoms, i.e. bufalin, marinobufagin, telocinbufagin, hellebrigenin, showed strong binding affinities to tubulin. This result was verified in vitro. The venoms dysregulated microtubule arrangement of U2OS cells expressing GFP-labeled tubulin. Toxicity predictions by QSAR methodology highlighted the toxic features of bufadienolides. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated the importance of toad venoms as source of cytotoxic compounds that may serve as lead compounds for the development of novel anticancer drugs.

Huachansu Capsule inhibits the proliferation of human gastric cancer cells via Akt/mTOR pathway.

BACKGROUND: For decades, the traditional Chinese medicine preparation, Huachansu Capsule (HCS), has been applied to a variety of solid tumors and leukemias with significant curative effects. More importantly, HCS has few side effects on cardiovascular and gastrointestinal functions in patients. However, the potential mechanism of the anti-tumor activity of HCS has not been fully revealed. The current study investigated the in vivo and in vitro effects of HCS on the proliferation and apoptosis of human gastric cancer (GC) cells and explored the underlying mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: HCS was first diluted to varying concentrations followed by the treatment to MGC-803 and BGC-823 GC cells. Cell proliferation was evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Cell invasion and migration were assessed using Transwell membrane chambers. Apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in GC cells induced by HCS were detected by flow cytometry. Western blotting assays were used to measure the influence of HCS on apoptosis-related proteins, including B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), and Cleaved-Caspase-3. Additionally, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway-related proteins such as phosphorylated (p)-Akt, p-mTOR and p-4E-BP1 were detected. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the microstructure of apoptotic cells. An animal imaging technique was used to analyze the influence of HCS on the growth of GC cells in vivo and immunohistochemistry assays were performed to investigate the signal transduction pathways influenced by HCS. RESULTS: HCS significantly inhibited the proliferation, invasion and migration of MGC-803 and BGC-823 GC cells. It also induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and increased the cell apoptotic rate. Additionally, the HCS treatment downregulated the protein levels of Bcl-2, but upregulated the protein expression of Bax and cleaved-caspase 3. Furthermore, HCS downregulated the levels of p-Akt, p-mTOR and p-4E-BP1, suggesting that HCS inhibited tumor growth of GC via suppressing the Akt/mTOR pathway. CONCLUSION: This study indicated that HCS has significant anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects both in vitro and in vivo, and that HCS can inhibit tumor growth of GC via suppressing the Akt/mTOR pathway and induce apoptosis through the intrinsic pathway. Our study provides a scientific basis for the clinical application of HCS.

Anti-tumor effects and 3D-quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis of bufadienolides from toad venom.

Toad venom (venenum bufonis, also called Chan'su) has been widely used for centuries in China to treat different diseases, especially for cancer. Bufadienolides are mainly responsible for the anti-cancer effects of toad venom. However, systematic chemical composition and cytotoxicity as well as key pharmacophores of these bufadienolides from toad venom have not yet been defined clearly. To enrich the understanding of the diversity of bufadienolides and to find bufadienolides with better activities from toad venom. This study was carried out to isolate chemical constituents, research their anti-tumor effects and mechanisms by MTT assay, flow cytometry and Western blotting, and develop a CoMFA and CoMSIA quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model for illustrating the vital relationship between the chemical structures and cytotoxicities. Among 47 natural bufadienolides, most of bufadienolides (21 compounds isolated in this study and 26 compounds isolated previously) could significantly inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells, and compounds 1, 8, 12, 18 and 19 showed the most potent inhibitory activity against four types of human tumor cells. Compound 18 induced G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Moreover, 3D contour maps generated from CoMFA and CoMSIA identified several pharmacophores of bufadienolides responsible for the anti-tumor activities. Our study might provide reliable information for future structure modification and rational drug design of bufadienolides with anticancer activities in medical chemistry.

Cinobufacini Ameliorates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice through Inhibiting M1 Macrophage Polarization.

Cinobufacini is a traditional Chinese medicine used clinically that has antitumor and anti-inflammatory effects. It improves colitis outcomes in the clinical setting, but the mechanism underlying its function yet to be uncovered. We investigated the protective effects and mechanisms of cinobufacini on colitis using a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model, mainly focusing on the impact of macrophage polarization. Our results showed that cinobufacini dramatically ameliorated DSS-induced colitis in mice. Cinobufacini treatment reduced the infiltration of activated F4/80+ and/or CD68+ macrophages into the colon in DSS-induced colitis mice. More importantly, cinobufacini significantly decreased the quantity of M1 macrophages and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor α, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Cinobufacini also increased the population of M2 macrophages and the expression of anti-inflammatory factors such as interleukin-10 and arginase-1 in DSS-induced colitis mice. Furthermore, our study demonstrated that cinobufacini inhibited M1 macrophage polarization in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Mechanistically, our in vivo and in vitro results showed that cinobufacini inhibition of M1 macrophage polarization may be associated with the suppression of nuclear factor κB activation. Our study suggests that cinobufacini could ameliorate DSS-induced colitis in mice by inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization.

Cinobufacini inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells through c-Met/ERK signaling pathway.

Cinobufacini, an aqueous extract from the skins and parotid venom glands of the toad Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor, is a well known traditional Chinese medicine widely used in clinical cancer therapy in China. Its therapeutic effect is especially pronounced in liver cancer. However, the precise mechanisms induced by cinobufacini in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells are still not very clear. Here, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of cinobufacini on inhibiting HepG2 cells invasion and metastasis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is identified as an important initiation step for HCC metastasis. After the HepG2 cells were treated with different concentrations of cinobufacini, the expression of EMT related E-cadherin was increased while N-cadherin and Vimentin were decreased, and the expression of EMT related transcription factors Snail and Twist were decreased. Moreover, the phosphorylation of c-Met was inhibited by cinobufacini, and the expression of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2, the downstream kinase of the signal transduction pathway activated by c-Met, also decreased in a dose-dependent manner with cinobufacini. In addition, after the cells were treated with different concentrations of cinobufacini, there was a significant decrease in MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression in HepG2 cells. In conclusion, the current study suggested cinobufacini could prevent HepG2 cells migration and invasion via inhibiting EMT through c-Met/ERK signaling pathway, which might provide experimental evidence for cinobufacini treatment of HCC.

[Advance on quality control of toad venom and its key influence factors].

Toad venom (Chansu) is prepared from the dried secretion of Bufo bufo gargarizans or B. melanostictus. It is not only one of the famous and expensive traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs) from animal origin, but also one of 28 kinds of toxic TCMs to be required for special management issued by the State Council of the People's Republic of China. Chansu contains the rich bufadienolides and indole alkaloids, and displays various bioactivity including cardiotonic, anti-tumor, analgesia, and local anesthesia. Based on the published references in the recent years, the advance on the identification of adulterants and quality evaluation as well as the influence factors on the quality of toad venom was summarized to improve the quality standards and promote the level of quality control of toad venom and its preparations.

Combination of Cinobufacini and Doxorubicin Increases Apoptosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells through the Fas- and Mitochondria-Mediated Pathways.

Cinobufacini, a traditional Chinese medicine, has been used widely for cancer treatment, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), sarcoma, and leukemia. Previous studies done by our lab indicated that cinobufacini could suppress HCC cells through mitochondria-mediated and Fas-mediated apoptotic pathways. Here, we use a combination of cinobufacini and doxorubicin to inhibit the growth of HCC cells. The combination group induced more significant apoptosis by affecting proteins and RNA of apoptosis-related elements, such as Bcl-2, Bax, Bid, and cytochrome c. Furthermore, cinobufacini, as a mixture of a number of components, had stronger apoptosis-inducing activity than particular individual components or a simple mixture of a few components. Overall, these results suggested that the combination of cinobufacini and doxorubicin may provide a new strategy for inhibiting the proliferation of HCC cells.

The Paraguayan Rhinella toad venom: Implications in the traditional medicine and proliferation of breast cancer cells.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Toads belonging to genus Rhinella are used in Paraguayan traditional medicine to treat cancer and skin infections. AIM OF THE STUDY: The objective of the study was to determine the composition of venoms obtained from three different Paraguayan Rhinella species, to establish the constituents of a preparation sold in the capital city of Paraguay to treat cancer as containing the toad as ingredient, to establish the effect of the most active Rhinella schneideri venom on the cell cycle using human breast cancer cells and to assess the antiprotozoal activity of the venoms. METHODS: The venom obtained from the toads parotid glands was analyzed by HPLC-MS-MS. The preparation sold in the capital city of Paraguay to treat cancer that is advertised as made using the toad was analyzed by HPLC-MS-MS. The effect of the R. schneideri venom and the preparation was investigated on human breast cancer cells. The antiprotozoal activity was evaluated on Leishmania braziliensis, L. infantum and murine macrophages. RESULTS: From the venoms of R. ornata, R. schneideri and R. scitula, some 40 compounds were identified by spectroscopic and spectrometric means. Several minor constituents are reported for the first time. The preparation sold as made from the toad did not contained bufadienolides or compounds that can be associated with the toad but plant compounds, mainly phenolics and flavonoids. The venom showed activity on human breast cancer cells and modified the cell cycle proliferation. The antiprotozoal effect was higher for the R. schneideri venom and can be related to the composition and relative ratio of constituents compared with R. ornata and R. scitula. CONCLUSIONS: The preparation sold in the capital city of Paraguay as containing the toad venom, used popularly to treat cancer did not contain the toad venom constituents. Consistent with this, this preparation was inactive on proliferation of human breast cancer cells. In contrast, the toad venoms of Rhinella species altered the cell cycle progression, affecting the proliferation of malignant cells. The findings suggest that care should be taken with the providers of the preparation and that the crude drug present a strong activity towards human breast cancer cell lines. The antiprotozoal effect of the R. schneideri venom was moderate while the venom of R. ornata was devoid of activity and that of R. scitula was active at very high concentration.

A New C23 Steroid from the Venom of Bufo bufo gargarizans.

A new C23 steroid, (3ß,5ß,14ß)-methyl (3-hydroxy-14,15-epoxy-20-oxo-21-norcholan-24-oate) (1), together with four known ones (2-5), were isolated from the venom of Bufo bufo gargarizans. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis. The cytotoxicity of these compounds was also evaluated against human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells. Compound 3 showed significant cytotoxicity with an IC50 value of 16.8 +/- 0.7 µM.

Huachansu mediates cell death in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma by induction of caspase-3 and inhibition of MAP kinase.

Huachansu (HCS), a hot water extract of the skin glands of Bufo gargarizans (B. melanostictus), has been used extensively in the treatment of various solid tumors in Asia, particularly in China. However, its effect on the growth of malignancies of hematopoietic origin, particularly lymphomas, is limited. Here we investigated the antiproliferative effect and molecular mechanisms of HCS using non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) Raji, Ramos, and Namalwa cells and the mantle cell lymphoma cells SP53. HCS inhibited proliferation in these cell lines with an IC50 ranging from 3.1 to 25 µl/ml. At a concentration of 25 µl/ml, HCS triggered a sub-G1 arrest in Ramos cells and induced early to late apoptotic cell death. Cleaved caspase-3 was formed in a concentration-dependent manner in Ramos cells following treatment with HCS for 24 h. Intriguingly, when the Ramos cells were treated with the caspase inhibitor ZDEVD, the apoptotic activity of HCS was partially blocked. Furthermore, HCS also blocked the expression of survivin and pRB proteins in a concentration-dependent manner in Ramos cells. Mechanistically, HCS downregulated both the MAPK gene and proteins in Ramos cells. Collectively, our data suggest that HCS is effective in inducing cell death and apoptosis, in part, by activating caspase-3 activity and suppressing MAP kinase in NHL cells.

Huachansu injection inhibits metastasis of pancreatic cancer in mice model of human tumor xenograft.

BACKGROUND: Huachansu injection (HCS) is a water-soluble preparation made from Bufo gargarizans's skin, which has been widely used in clinics for tumor therapy in China. Though the anti-cancer activity of HCS has been verified through studies in vitro and in vivo, there is little research about its potential anti-metastasis effect. The primary objective of this study was to assess the effects of HCS on both the invasion of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and on the progression of liver metastasis in vivo in this study. METHODS: HCS anti-metastasis potential was accessed using both assay of Cell viability and invasion in vitro, and then further Establishing xenograft model in nude mice. In the cell-based assay, mRNA and protein expression of MMP-2, MMP-9 and VEGF was detected by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and western blotting. In animal experiment, liver metastasis nodules and change of liver-body ratio was observed. Meanwhile, correlation of the CA19-9 and CEA content in serum with the progression of liver metastasis was analyzed. RESULT: We observed that HCS prevented the invasion of cancer cells, with inhibiting the expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9, and reduced not only the number of metastasis nodules but the ratio of liver-body weight as well. Furthermore, HCS decreased the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9 and VEGF in liver metastasis, while also reducing CA19-9 contents in serum. In addition, correlation analysis indicated that the level of CA19-9 in serum was closely related to the number of liver metastasis nodules. CONCLUSION: Our experimental results suggest that HCS has some anti-metastasis potential to suppress the growth of liver metastasis by decreasing the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 as well as VEGF.