Antioxidants/pharmacology; Betaine/pharmacology; Smoking/adverse effects; Thrombocytopenia/prevention & control; Thrombosis/prevention & control; Administration, Oral; Animals; Blood Platelets/cytology; Blood Platelets/drug effects; Blood Platelets/metabolism; Cytochromes c/genetics; Cytochromes c/metabolism; Fibrinogen/genetics; Fibrinogen/metabolism; Gene Expression/drug effects; Interleukin-6/genetics; Interleukin-6/metabolism; Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Myocytes, Cardiac/cytology; Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects; Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/genetics; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism; Oxidative Stress/drug effects; Partial Thromboplastin Time; Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/genetics; Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/metabolism; Platelet Aggregation/drug effects; Primary Cell Culture; Prothrombin Time; Superoxide Dismutase/genetics; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism; Thrombocytopenia/etiology; Thrombocytopenia/metabolism; Thrombocytopenia/pathology; Thrombosis/etiology; Thrombosis/metabolism; Thrombosis/pathology; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism

Betaine; Heart; Inflammation; Nose-only exposure; Oxidative stress; Thrombosis; Water-pipe smoke