ACE2, angiotensin I converting enzyme (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) 2; AD, Alzheimer's disease; ADP, adenosine diphosphate; ADRD, AD-related dementias; Aß, amyloid ß; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; Circadian regulation; DAMPs; DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns; Diabetes; ER, estrogen receptor; ETC, electron transport chain; FCCP, trifluoromethoxy carbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone; FPR-1, formyl peptide receptor 1; GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; HBP, hexoamine biosynthesis pathway; HTRA, high temperature requirement A; Hexokinase biosynthesis pathway; I3A, indole-3-carboxaldehyde; IRF-3, interferon regulatory factor 3; LC3, microtubule associated protein light chain 3; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; LRR, leucine-rich repeat; MAVS, mitochondrial anti-viral signaling; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopy; Mdivi-1, mitochondrial division inhibitor 1; Microbiome; Mitochondrial DNA; Mitochondrial electron transport chain; Mitochondrial quality control; NLRP3, leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing protein (NLR)-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3; NOD, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain; NeuN, neuronal nuclear protein; PET, fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography; PKA, protein kinase A; POLß, the base-excision repair enzyme DNA polymerase ß; ROS, reactive oxygen species; Reactive species; SAMP8, senescence-accelerated mice; SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids; SIRT3, NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-3; STING, stimulator of interferon genes; STZ, streptozotocin; SkQ1, plastoquinonyldecyltriphenylphosphonium; T2D, type 2 diabetes; TCA, Tricarboxylic acid; TLR9, toll-like receptor 9; TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide; TP, tricyclic pyrone; TRF, time-restricted feeding; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; cGAS, cyclic GMP/AMP synthase; hAPP, human amyloid precursor protein; hPREP, human presequence protease; i.p., intraperitoneal; mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin; mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA; αkG, alpha-ketoglutarate