Identification of Novel Vacuolin-1 Analogues as Autophagy Inhibitors by Virtual Drug Screening and Chemical Synthesis.

Autophagy is a fundamental cellular degradation process which is essential for cell homeostasis, and dysfunctional autophagy has been associated with a variety of human diseases, such as cancer. Several autophagy chemical modulators have been applied in a number of preclinical or clinical trials against these autophagy related diseases, especially cancer. Small molecule vacuolin-1 potently and reversibly inhibits both endosomal-lysosomal trafficking and autophagosome-lysosome fusion, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying vacuolin-1 mediated autophagy inhibition remain unknown. Here, we first performed the virtual drug screening and identified 14 vacuolin-1 analogues as autophagy inhibitors. Based on these virtual screening results, we further designed and synthesized 17 vacuolin-1 analogues, and found that 13 of them are autophagy inhibitors and a couple of them are as potent as vacuolin-1. In summary, these studies expanded the pool of useful autophagy inhibitors and reveal the structural-activity relationship of vacuolin-1 analogues, which is useful for future development of vacuolin-1 analogues with high potency and for identification of the molecular targets of vacuolin-1.