In vitro biomineralization and osteogenesis of Cissus quadrangularis stem extracts: An osteogenic regulator for bone tissue engineering.

Contemporary demand calls for a high restorative index as an indispensable requirement for bone tissue engineering scaffolds, where therapeutic agents of natural origin function as a modulator for new bone formation become of utmost importance. The study presents a systematic investigation of the edible stem part of Cissus quadrangularis (CQ) as a natural resource of bioactive metabolites capable of invoking early biomineralization and osteogenesis in vitro. Phytochemical screening of CQ stem extracts (sequential solvent extraction: polarity hexane