Polar bear encephalitis: establishment of a comprehensive next-generation pathogen analysis pipeline for captive and free-living wildlife.

This report describes three possibly related incidences of encephalitis, two of them lethal, in captive polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Standard diagnostic methods failed to identify pathogens in any of these cases. A comprehensive, three-stage diagnostic 'pipeline' employing both standard serological methods and new DNA microarray and next generation sequencing-based diagnostics was developed, in part as a consequence of this initial failure. This pipeline approach illustrates the strengths, weaknesses and limitations of these tools in determining pathogen caused deaths in non-model organisms such as wildlife species and why the use of a limited number of diagnostic tools may fail to uncover important wildlife pathogens.

Hemocompatibility of low-friction boron-carbon-nitrogen containing coatings.

Mechanical heart valves are exposed to extreme mechanical demands, which require a surface showing not only nonhaemostatic properties, but also wear resistance and low friction. As alternative to different forms of amorphous carbon (a-C), so-called diamond-like carbon (DLC), the suitability of boron carbonitride (BCN) coatings is tested here for hemocompatible coatings. They have similar mechanical properties like a-C surfaces, but superior chemical stability at ferrous substrates or counterparts. BCN films with different nitrogen content were compared with hydrogenated a-C films regarding their mechanical properties, surface energy, adsorption of albumin and fibrinogen, blood platelet adherence, and activation of the contact system of the clotting cascade and kinin system. Similar mechanical properties and biological response have been found in the BCN films with respect to a-C, indicating the potential of these coatings for biomedical applications. The increase in the crystallinity and tribological properties of the BCN samples with a higher incorporation of N was also followed by a lower protein adsorption and low activation of the contact system, but an increased adherence of thrombocytes.

[Pathophysiology and epidemiology of osteoporosis]. / Pathophysiologie und Epidemiologie der Osteoporose.

The international consensus definition characterizes the osteoporosis by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration. New genetic aspects of the pathogenesis of osteoporosis underline these characteristics. In the younger age, a reduced bone mineral density and a reduction of the bone structure are predictors of a genetically caused osteoporosis. The short-term maximal mechanical load of the bone structure by Frost (4) was pointed out to be an important pathophysiological element for the balance of the bone metabolism. Sex hormones and other calcium regulating hormones determine the effect of this biomechanical signal. The deficiency of the osteoblast's activity in the older age is caused by a reduced proliferating cell pool of bone tissue. The epidemiologic data of the osteoporosis were derived from incidence of the hip fractures. A densitometrical osteoporosis screening test analyzes only the bone density but not the organisation of the bone structure. There is too little informations about the disease of osteoporosis. It is to hope that, in the future, the European-Vertebral-Osteoporosis-Study will give additional knowledge about osteoporosis.

Abnormal bone mineralization after fluoride treatment in osteoporosis: a small-angle x-ray-scattering study.

Sodium fluoride treatment of osteoporosis is known to stimulate bone formation and to increase bone mass, but recent clinical trials failed to prove its antifracture effectiveness. The formation of bone with abnormal structure and, therefore, increased fragility is discussed as a possible explanation. Until now, however, exact information on the mineral structure of osteoporotic bone after fluoride treatment has been lacking. Bone biopsies were taken from three patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis before and after fluoride treatment (60 mg NaF/day for 1-2 years), from one patient with iatrogenic fluorosis, as well as from three normal controls. The mineral in these samples was investigated by a combination of backscattered electron imaging and small-angle x-ray scattering. Depending on the total dose of fluoride, an increasing amount of new bone is laid down on the surface of preexisting trabeculae. Its mineral structure is identical to that of heavy fluorosis and is characterized by the presence of additional large crystals, presumably located outside the collagen fibrils. These large crystals, which are not present in the controls or in osteoporotic bone before fluoride treatment, contribute to increase the mineral density without significantly improving the biomechanical properties of the bone. The possible success of fluoride treatment depends not only on the amount of newly formed bone but also on the rate of bone turnover. Indeed, as soon as significant amounts of fluoride are present, bone turnover leads to the replacement of old (normal) bone by new (pathologically mineralized) bone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)