Observations on the anatomy of the funiculus spermaticus and the testis in Brachyteles sp. (SPIX, 1823) primates - Atelidae.

BACKGROUND: Analysing the literature about the reproductive anatomy on New World Primates, one can see the need of standardisation on the description methods and, more importantly, the lack of detailed information. The problem is aggravated by the difficult access to specimens of the endangered species such as Brachyteles sp. This paper's objective was to extend knowledge on the male reproductive anatomy of these primates. The testis and funiculus spermaticus of Brachyteles are described in detail. METHODS: We utilised one individual of Brachyteles arachnoides, two hybrids (B. arachnoides × Brachyteles hypoxanthus) and photographs of the testis of a third fresh specimen of a hybrid individual. RESULTS: The septum formed by tunica dartos adheres to the testis and separates the scrotum in two testicular cavities. Passed the spermatic cord, the external spermatic fascia continues with the tunica dartos, covering the cranial half of the testis. The fascia cremasterica divides itself in bundles of fibres and forms loops around the testicles creating a sac like structure that seems to be unique among Neotropical Primates. The appendix testis is described for the first time in platyrrhini. It is presented as a sessile structure in the extremitas capitata of the testis. Previous literature on the reproductive anatomy of platyrrhini is limited. Despite that, it can be said that the large size and volume of the testis, and complex structure of the cremaster, could consist of a heat loss reduction strategy in cold and humid forest environments. CONCLUSIONS: Except for the larger size of the testicles in hybrid individuals, no other significant morphological differences were found between B. arachnoides and hybrids (B. arachnoides × B. hypoxanthus).

Histochemical analysis, smooth muscle immunolocalization and volumetric density of the elastic system fibres of the ostrich (Struthio camelus) phallus.

There are few scientific reports on the histology of the phallus of ratite birds. The aim of this study was to conduct a histochemical analysis to determine the distribution of smooth muscle cells and the volumetric density (Vv) of the fibres of the elastic system in the ostrich phallus. Adult ostriches, 14 months old, were used. The phalluses were fixed in Bouin's solution and then transferred to a buffered formalin solution. They were then processed using standard histological stains for paraffin and slices were obtained. The following techniques were performed: HE, Picrosirius red, Alcian Blue at pH 1.0 and 2.5. The Periodic acid-Schiff reagent and Weigert's Resorcin-Fuchsin with previous oxidation were performed. The M42 test system was used to quantify the elastic system fibres. For immunohistochemical analysis, an anti alpha smooth muscle actin monoclonal antibody was used. The surface of the phallus is covered by a non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, which becomes stratified cylindrical in the region of the spermatic sulcus. No glands associated with the connective tissue were observed. The Vv of the elastic system fibres was 4.75%. Smooth muscle cells were visualized only in the walls of blood vessels through immunostaining, with an absence in the lymphatic sinuses. Despite similarities with other birds, such as the presence of a fibrous external axis, a lymphatic core, and a spermatic groove, the ostrich phallus shows marked differences, including the absence of an elastic core, a non-keratinized lining epithelium, and the absence of glands throughout its extension.

Brain volumetry from CT-scan endocasts of three neotropical carnivores.

Studies on brain anatomy can clarify specific evolutionary and behavioural aspects of wild animals. The rich diversity in a broad range of habitats makes carnivorans especially eligible for studying the relations between the brain form and behaviour, cognitive, sensorial and motor traits. This study compared the brain's contour and total and segmented brain volumetry in three species of neotropical carnivorans. CT images of 17 skulls of three species were acquired: Conepatus chinga (n = 6), Galictis cuja (n = 6) and Lontra longicaudis (n = 5). Three-dimensional endocasts allowed for estimating the brain's total and segmented volumes (olfactory bulb, rostral cerebrum, caudal cerebrum and cerebellum/brain stem). The average volume percentage of the segments was compared interspecifically and intraspecifically between the sexes. The otter has a notably more complex gyrification, typical for semiaquatic carnivorans. Proportionally, the olfactory bulb was significantly larger in hog-nosed skunks, possibly due to a better sense of smell for capturing insects. The proportional volumes of the rostral cerebrum, caudal cerebrum and cerebellum/brain stem segments did not differ between these species. Social behaviour traits and tactile, motor and balance skills were probably not sufficiently distinct to reflect differences in the brain segments analysed in these three species.

Hiperparatireoidismo nutricional secundário em gecko-leopardo (eublepharis macularius) ­ relato de caso / Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in a leopard gecko (eublepharis macularius) - case report / Hiperparatiroidismo nutricional secundario en gecko-leopardo (eublepharis macularius) ­ caso clínico

O hiperparatireoidismo nutricional secundário é uma deficiência comum em répteis de cativeiro, podendo ocorrer pelo déficit de cálcio, o que leva, neste caso, ao sequestro desse mineral dos ossos para a manutenção do metabolismo. No geral, essa deficiência acontece devido ao manejo ambiental e alimentar incorretos, como a falta de cálcio na dieta ou falta de exposição à radiação ultravioleta, não permitindo a bioativação da vitamina D e, consequentemente, impedindo a absorção de cálcio na alimentação. Este estudo relata um caso de um gecko-leopardo, atendido no Consultório Veterinário Ilha Animal., na cidade do Rio de Janeiro ­ RJ. Na anamnese foi relatado que o paciente sofria de apatia, postura cifótica e andar incoordenado, além dos citados erros de manejo. Foi realizado exame radiográfico, onde foi observado redução da densidade e deformidade óssea, o que permitiu o diagnóstico de osteodistrofia metabólica, considerando também os sinais clínicos e a anamnese. Com o tratamento oral, houve melhoras do animal.

Secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism is a common deficiency in captive reptiles. It can occur due to a calcium deficit, which leads, in this case, to the sequestration of this mineral from the bones to maintain metabolism. In general, this deficiency occurs due to incorrect environmental and food management, such as a lack of calcium in the diet or lack of exposure to ultraviolet radiation, not allowing the bioactivation of vitamin D and, consequently, preventing the absorption of calcium in the diet. This study reports a case of a leopard gecko, seen at the Ilha Animal Veterinary Clinic. In the anamnesis it was reported that the patient suffered from apathy, kyphotic posture and uncoordinated walking, in addition to the aforementioned handling errors. A radiographic examination was performed, where a reduction in bone density and deformity was observed, which allowed the diagnosis of metabolic osteodystrophy, also considering clinical signs and anamnesis. With oral treatment, the animal improved. The objective of the work is to report the clinical case and review the literature on secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism.

El hiperparatiroidismo nutricional secundario es una deficiencia común en reptiles en cautiverio que puede ocurrir debido a un déficit de calcio, lo que lleva, en este caso, al secuestro de este mineral de los huesos para mantener el metabolismo. En general, esta deficiencia se produce por un incorrecto manejo ambiental y alimentario, como la falta de calcio en la dieta o la falta de exposición a la radiación ultravioleta, no permitiendo la bioactivación de la vitamina D y, en consecuencia, impidiendo la absorción del calcio en la dieta. Este estudio reporta un caso de gecko leopardo, visto en la Clínica Veterinaria Animal Ilha. En la anamnesis se informó que el paciente padecía apatía, postura cifótica y descoordinación en la marcha, además de los errores de manejo antes mencionados. Se realizó examen radiográfico, donde se observó reducción de la densidad ósea y deformidad, lo que permitió el diagnóstico de osteodistrofia metabólica, considerando además los signos clínicos y la anamnesis. Con el tratamiento oral el animal mejoró. El objetivo del trabajo es reportar el caso clínico y revisar la literatura sobre hiperparatiroidismo nutricional secundario.

Coronary anatomy in neotropical carnivores: A comparative analysis.

This study aims to investigate the anatomy of coronary arteries and their primary branches in neotropical carnivores, given the functional significance of coronary circulation and the limited existing descriptions in this order. For this purpose, coronary arteries were dissected, and their branches were counted in 74 hearts from 20 species belonging to five families: Canidae, Mustelidae, Procyonidae, Mephitidae, and Felidae. In all specimens of the suborder Caniformia, the subsinuosal interventricular branch originated at the end of the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery (LCA). In contrast, in all hearts of Felidae specimens, the subsinuosal branch was derived from the right coronary artery. Among the 50 neotropical specimens of the suborder Caniformia, 13.1 ± 5.2 ventricular branches originated from the LCA and only 4.6 ± 1.4 from the right (p < 0.0001), characterizing a consistent left dominance. However, in the 24 specimens of the Felidae family, 10.5 ± 4.0 ventricular branches were found originating from the LCA and 10.4 ± 3.4 from the right, with no difference between the means (p = 0.82), defining a balanced pattern. It is suggested that the type of coronary circulation may correlate with the phylogeny of carnivorans.

Bubble plastic use in rats hernioplasty: Uso do plástico bolha em hernioplastias de ratos.

Purpose: Despite the high frequency of hernioplasties worldwide, their complications and recurrences are still a challenge to be overcome. The search for prostheses that aim to promote the correction of hernia defects has been a challenge. For this purpose, the materials used in hernioplasties must be biocompatible, promote the formation of little or no peritoneal adhesion, possess compatible texture and flexibility, providing the necessary resistance to protect the viscera and allow the movement of the abdomen. Methods: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of bubble plastic (low density polyethylene, LDPE) as a material for the correction of hernia in the abdominal wall. For this, twenty male rats (Rattus norvegicus, Wistar variety) were used and divided into four groups of five animals. The animals were evaluated at 7, 15, 30 and 90 days after surgery according to clinical, thermographic and morphological parameters (macroscopic and microscopic). Results: The results showed that the bubble plastic induced inflammatory reaction in the initial period (7 day), followed by a reduction (30 day) to increase considerably at 90 days after the operation. Conclusion: So, bubble plastic can be used for temporary implants (up to 30 days).

Linear CT-scan measurements of cerebral ventricles in senile Poodle dogs.

Breed traits seem to influence the dimensions of the cerebral ventricles in dogs. The ratios between the ventricles and the brain are crucial diagnostic criteria for suspected canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD). This study aimed to establish linear computed tomography (CT)-scan measurements of the cerebral ventricles in 55 Poodle dogs aged >7 years. To this end, cross-sectional CT images were evaluated. The measurements in the whole sample were: height of the right ventricle, 6.0 ± 1.6 mm; height of the left ventricle, 5.8 ± 1.6 mm; width of the right ventricle, 6.9 ± 1.4 mm; width of the left ventricle, 7.0 ± 1.3 mm; height of the third ventricle, 3.4 ± 0.8 mm; height of the right cerebral hemisphere, 39.5 ± 2.0 mm; and height of the left cerebral hemisphere, 40.2 ± 2.6 mm. The average ventricular measurements were higher in dogs older than 11 years (p < 0.05). However, the average ratio of the ventricle height to the height of the brain did not reveal differences between age groups, sex, or antimeres. In addition, none of the images showed fused lateral ventricles. Thus, these data can assist in interpreting ventricle size in senile Poodle dogs (aged >7 years).

Características raciais parecem influenciar as dimensões dos ventrículos cerebrais em cães. As proporções entre os ventrículos e o cérebro são cruciais para os casos suspeitos de disfunção cognitiva canina (DCC). Este estudo objetivou estabelecer medidas lineares dos ventrículos cerebrais de 55 cães da raça Poodle com idade acima de sete anos. Para tal, foram avaliadas imagens de cortes transversais obtidas por tomografia computadorizada. As medidas na amostragem total foram: altura do ventrículo direito 6,0 ± 1,6 mm, altura do ventrículo esquerdo 5,8 ± 1,6 mm, largura do ventrículo direito 6,9 ± 1,4 mm, largura do ventrículo esquerdo 7.0 ± 1,3 mm, altura do terceiro ventrículo 3,4 ± 0,8 mm, altura do hemisfério cerebral direito 39,5 ± 2,0 mm e altura do hemisfério cerebral esquerdo 40,2 ± 2,6 mm. As médias das medidas ventriculares foram maiores em cães acima de 11 anos de idade (p < 0,05). Contudo, a relação entre altura ventricular e altura cerebral não revelou diferenças entre grupos etários, sexo ou antímeros. Além disso, nenhuma imagem revelou ventrículos fusionados. Assim, os dados do presente estudo podem auxiliar na interpretação das dimensões ventriculares em cães da raça Poodle acima dos sete anos de idade.

Morphometry and skeletopy of kidneys and renal vessels in Alouatta guariba clamitans (Primates: Atelidae): case reports.

Various animal models are used for research; however, non-human primates are well suited for biomedical research owing to their genetic homology with humans. The objective of this research was the anatomical characterization of red howler's kidneys in view of the scarcity of information in the literature. Protocols were approved by the Committee for Ethics in the Use of Animals at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (number 018/2017). The study was conducted at the Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Domestic and Wild Animal Morphology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro. Specimens of Alouatta guariba clamitans were collected from the Serra dos Órgãos National Park road in Rio de Janeiro and subsequently frozen. Four adult cadavers (two males and two females) were used, identified, and injected with a 10% formaldehyde solution. Later, the specimens were dissected, and measurements and topography of the kidneys and renal vessels were recorded. The kidneys of A. g. clamitans resemble a "bean seed," with a smooth surface. The longitudinal section shows two distinct regions, cortical and medullary; in addition, the kidneys are unipyramidal. The renal arteries emerged from the abdominal aorta as a single vessel posterior to the renal veins. The renal veins drained directly into the caudal vena cava as a single vessel in all specimens.

Vários modelos animais são usados para pesquisa, no entanto, primatas não humanos são adequados para pesquisas biomédicas devido à sua homologia genética com humanos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi a caracterização anatômica dos rins do Bugio, tendo em vista a escassez de informações na literatura. Os protocolos foram aprovados pelo Comitê de Ética no Uso de Animais da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (número 018/ 2017). O estudo foi realizado no Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Morfologia de Animais Domésticos e Silvestres da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. Espécimes de Alouatta guariba clamitans foram coletados da estrada para o Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos no Rio de Janeiro, e posteriormente congelados. Foram utilizados quatro cadáveres adultos (dois machos e duas fêmeas), identificados e injetados com solução de formaldeído a 10%. Os rins de A. g. clamitans assemelham-se a uma "semente de feijão", com superfície lisa. Ao corte longitudinal apresenta duas regiões distintas, cortical e medular, além disso, apresenta-se unipiramidal. As artérias renais emergiram da aorta abdominal como um único vaso, posteriormente às veias renais. As veias renais drenaram diretamente para a veia cava caudal como um único vaso em todos os espécimes.

Remoção endoscópica de corpo estranho ventricular em gallus gallus domesticus da raça brahma: relato de caso / Endoscopic removal of a ventricular foreign body in a brahma gallus domesticus: case report / Extracción endoscópica de un cuerpo extraño ventricular en un brahma gallus domesticus: informe de un caso

Relatos de ingestão de corpos estranhos dos mais diferentes materiais são comuns em aves, especialmente nas mais jovens. Os corpos estranhos podem causar intoxicação (dependendo da composição do material) ou mesmo perfuração do canal alimentar ou obstrução gastrintestinal. Quando há suspeita de ingestão de corpos estranhos, exames de imagem como a radiologia, ultrassonografia e endoscopia são ferramentas valiosas para o diagnóstico. Objetivou-se relatar um caso de uma ave da espécie Gallus gallus domesticus, raça Brahma, sete meses de idade, macho, pesando 4,3 Kg com quadro de sensibilidade na cavidade corporal e histórico de regurgitação, hiporexia e prostração há cinco dias. As radiografias simples indicaram a presença de corpo estranho radiopaco (parafuso) alojado na região do ventrículo (moela). Após tratamento clínico com lavagens gástricas por cinco dias sem êxito, optou-se por realizar uma endoscopia digestiva alta sob anestesia geral com quetamina e isoflurano. O corpo estranho foi satisfatoriamente removido com pinça de alça de polipectomia e a ave apresentou rápida melhora clínica sem complicações. A endoscopia mostrou-se um procedimento pouco invasivo e eficaz para a resolução do presente caso. Os clínicos veterinários de aves devem considerar a possibilidade de usar a endoscopia como ferramenta para diagnóstico e resolução de corpos estranhos no canal alimentar das aves.(AU)

Reports of ingestion of foreign bodies from most different materials are common in birds, especially younger ones. Foreign bodies can cause intoxication (depending on the composition of the material) or even perforation of the alimentary canal and gastrointestinal obstruction. When foreign body ingestion is suspected, imaging tests such as radiology, ultrasound, and endoscopy are valuable diagnostic tools. The objective of this paper was to report a case of an avian of the species Gallus gallus domesticus, Brahma breed, seven months old, male, weighing 4.3 kg, with sensitivity in the body cavity, and a history of regurgitation, hyporexia, and prostration for five days. Plain radiographs indicated the presence of a radiopaque foreign body (screw) lodged in the ventricle region (gizzard). After clinical treatment with gastric lavages for five days without success, it was decided to perform an upper digestive endoscopy under general anesthesia with ketamine and isoflurane. The foreign body was satisfactorily removed with polypectomy loop forceps, and the bird showed rapid clinical improvement without complications. Endoscopy proved to be a minimally invasive and effective procedure for resolving the present case. Avian veterinary practitioners may consider using endoscopy to diagnose and resolve foreign bodies in the alimentary canal of birds.(AU)

Los informes de ingestión de cuerpos extraños de los más diferentes materiales son comunes en las aves, especialmente en las más jóvenes. Los cuerpos extraños pueden causar intoxicación (dependiendo de la composición del material) o incluso perforación del tubo digestivo u obstrucción gastrointestinal. Cuando se sospecha la ingestión de un cuerpo extraño, las pruebas de imagen como la radiología, la ecografía y la endoscopia son valiosas herramientas diagnósticas. El objetivo fue reportar un caso de un ave de la especie Gallus gallus domesticus, raza Brahma, de siete meses de edad, macho, con un peso de 4,3 kg, con sensibilidad en la cavidad corporal y antecedentes de regurgitación, hiporexia y postración de cinco días de evolución. Las radiografías simples indicaron la presencia de un cuerpo extraño radiopaco (tornillo) alojado en la región del ventrículo (molleja). Tras tratamiento clínico con lavados gástricos durante cinco días sin éxito, se decide realizar endoscopia digestiva alta bajo anestesia general con ketamina e isoflurano. El cuerpo extraño se extrajo satisfactoriamente con pinzas de asa de polipectomía y el ave mostró una rápida mejoría clínica sin complicaciones. La endoscopia demostró ser un procedimiento mínimamente invasivo y efectivo para la resolución del presente caso. Los veterinarios aviares deberían considerar la posibilidad de utilizar la endoscopia como herramienta para el diagnóstico y resolución de cuerpos extraños en el tubo digestivo de las aves.(AU)

Brachial plexus formation in Jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi).

Puma yagouaroundi is a wild felid with wide distribution on the American continent. This paper aims to describe the origin and motor distribution of the nerves of the brachial plexus of P. yagouaroundi and compare the findings with the available descriptions for the Carnivora order. Fourteen brachial plexuses of specimens collected dead on highways were dissected (five males and two females). In most cases (57%), the brachial plexus originated from the ventral spinal branches of C5, C6, C7, C8 and T1. The C7 branch was the one that most contributed to the formation of the plexus nerves (57.7%). Among all dissected nerves, 23.6% were unisegmental and 76.4% plurisegmental. The radial nerve was the thickest and innervated the largest number of muscles, while the caudal pectoral nerve showed the most varied formation. Intraspecific polymorphisms occurred in the plexus, although the distribution of the nerves to the muscles had an evident constancy among the individuals. Due to the similarities, locoregional blocking techniques may consider the same anatomical landmarks stipulated for domestic cats. Comparison with the descriptions of other carnivorans allows speculating a polymorphism at the plexus origin, in contrast to the conservative innervation of the muscles in the order Carnivora.

Echocardiographic evaluation of working dogs of the Military Police of Rio de Janeiro: effects of the breed and body weight.

The Military Police of Rio de Janeiro state use dogs as a decisive tool for patrol and detection of drugs, weapons, and explosives. Complementary tests, such as echocardiography, are essential to maintain the integrity of these animals. This study aimed to evaluate the echocardiographic parameters of the working dogs belonging to the Military Police of Rio de Janeiro and compare them with the available data. Echocardiographic evaluation was performed on 48 healthy adult dogs from the Canine Action Battalion of the Military Police of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The sample consisted of 13 Labrador Retrievers, 12 Malinois Belgian Shepherds, 10 German Shepherds, 8 Dobermann Pinschers, and 5 Dutch Shepherds. Echocardiographic variables were correlated with body weight (BW). A positive correlation (P=0.0142, r=0.6837) between BW and the diameter of the left atrium was found in Malinois Belgian Shepherds. In German Shepherds, a positive correlation between BW and the internal diameter of the right ventricle during diastole (P=0.0320, r=0.6757) was observed; in addition, a positive correlation between BW and left ventricular internal diameter (P=0.0344, r=0.6689) during diastole was also found. Echocardiographic evaluations of these working dogs differed slightly from those previously established for similar-sized dog breeds.

No Rio de Janeiro, a Polícia Militar usa cães para patrulhar e detectar rotineiramente drogas, armas e explosivos. A realização de testes complementares como ecocardiogramas, é importante para manter a integridade dos animais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os parâmetros ecocardiográficos de cães trabalhadores da Polícia Militar do Rio de Janeiro e compará-los com os dados disponíveis na literatura. A avaliação ecocardiográfica foi realizada em quarenta e oito cães adultos saudáveis do Batalhão de Ação Canina da Polícia Militar do Rio de Janeiro. A amostra consistia de 13 Retriever de Labrador, 12 Pastores Belgas de Malinois, 10 Pastores Alemães, 8 Dobermann Pinschers e 5 Pastores Holandeses. Todas as variáveis ecocardiográficas foram correlacionadas com o peso corporal (PC). Foi encontrada uma correlação positiva (P=0,0142, r=0,6837) entre o peso e o diâmetro do átrio esquerdo nos Pastores Belgas de Malinois. Foi observada uma correlação positiva (P=0,0320, r= 0,6757) entre o peso corporal e o diâmetro interno do ventrículo direito durante a diástole para os pastores alemães. Além disso, foi encontrada uma correlação positiva (P= 0,0344, r=0,6689) entre o PC e o diâmetro interno do ventrículo esquerdo durante a diástole para Pastores Alemães ou Holandeses. As avaliações ecocardiográficas desses cães de trabalho diferiram ligeiramente dos padrões estabelecidos na literatura para raças porte semelhantes.

Ingluviotomia para remoção de corpo estranho em calopsita doméstica (Nymphicus hollandicus). Relato de caso / Ingluviotomía para la remoción de cuerpos extraños en cacatúas domésticas (Nymphicus hollandicus). Un informe de caso / Ingluviotomy for Foreign Body Removal in Domestic Calopsite (Nymphicus hollandicus). Case Report

Resumo As aves apresentam anatomia e fisiologia únicas. Seu sistema digestório é composto por esôfago, estômago (proventrículo e ventrículo), intestino delgado e intestino grosso. O esôfago apresenta uma dilatação chamada de inglúvio na maioria das aves, que armazena alimentos. Lesões e massas nesses locais ocorrem por diversos motivos, provocando dificuldades alimentares e emagrecimento. A ingestão de substâncias inadequadas pode formar uma massa, repousar no papo e gerar possível intoxicação. O objetivo do trabalho foi descrever um caso de ingluviotomia decorrente de ingestão de corpo estranho em calopsita (Nymphicus hollandicus). A ingluviotomia é um procedimento cirúrgico de urgência, podendo ser optado para a remoção de corpo estranho no inglúvio, sendo que a resolução cirúrgica do problema e a recuperação clínica ocorre sem maiores problemas desde que empregada um conduta clínico-cirúrgica adequada.

Resumen Los pájaros tienen una anatomía y fisiología únicas. Su sistema digestivo consta de esófago, estómago (proventrículo y ventrículo), intestino delgado e intestino grueso. En la mayoría de los pájaros, el esófago tiene una dilatación llamada ingluvie que almacena alimento. En este lugar pueden ocurrir lesiones y masas debido a varias razones, ocasionando dificultades dietarias y pérdida de peso. La digestión de sustancias inadecuadas puede formar una masa, quedarse ahí hasta germinar e intoxicarse. El objetivo de este estudio es hacer un informe de una ingluviotomía debido a la ingestión de un cuerpo extraño en una cacatúa ninfa (Nymphicus hollandicus). La ingluviotomía es un procedimiento quirúrgico de urgencia y se puede escoger para remover un cuerpo extraño en el ingluvium. La resolución quirúrgica del problema y la recuperación clínica ocurren sin mayores problemas si se usa un enfoque clínico-quirúrgico adecuado.

Abstract Birds have a unique anatomy and physiology. Their digestive system consists of esophagus, stomach (proventricle and ventricle), small intestine and large intestine. The esophagus has a dilatation called ingluvies in most birds, which stores food. Injuries and masses in these places can occur for several reasons, causing dietary difficulties and weight loss. Ingestion of inappropriate substances can form a mass, rest in the crop and cause intoxication. The aim of this study was to describe a case of ingluviotomy resulting from the ingestion of a foreign body in cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus). Ingluviotomy is an urgent surgical procedure, and it can be chosen to remove a foreign body in the ingluvium. The surgical resolution of the problem and clinical recovery occur without major problems as long as an appropriate clinical-surgical approach is used.

Evolutionary history or function? Which preponderates in the expression of the muscle mass of the thoracic limb in wild carnivorans?

Thoracic limbs are extremely versatile and exhibit informative characteristics about habits of the Carnivora order in the wild. Despite this relevance, comparative studies with quantitative variables on thoracic limb muscles are still scarce in carnivorans. The aims of this study were to measure the mass of the intrinsic muscles of the thoracic limb of neotropical species of the Carnivora order and to establish comparative conjectures. For this purpose, 39 thoracic limbs of 10 neotropical carnivorans species were dissected. The mass of each muscle was measured on a digital scale, muscles were grouped by function, and the mass average percentage that each functional group of muscles occupied in the thoracic limb was calculated. The data of the present study was added to that available in the literature for 22 other carnivoran species. Three groups of species were considered: Canidae, Musteloidea, and Feliformia. Comparatively, the eight canid species included in this analyses concentrate muscle mass proximally in the thoracic limb to prioritize essential cursoriality. The nine musteloids had more muscle mass in the distal muscles due to the demand for versatility and manual strength, and the 14 Feliformia species exhibited an intermediate trend. The analysis of clusters revealed a great overlap of the percentage distribution of muscle mass with the phylogeny previously established for carnivorans. It could be verified that the distribution of muscle masses meets the demand of the locomotor habits of the species up to a certain level, from which phylogeny begins to limit morphological adaptations.

Os membros torácicos são extremamente versáteis e exibem características informativas sobre os hábitos das espécies da ordem Carnivora em vida livre. A despeito desta relevência, estudos comparativos com variéveis quantitativas dos músculos do membro torácico são escassos em carnívoros. Os objetivos deste estudo foram aferir a massa dos músculos intrínsecos do membro torácico de espécies neotropicais da ordem Carnivora e estabelecer conjecturas comparativas. Para este fim, foram dissecados 39 membros torácicos de dez espécies de carnívoros neotropicais. A massa de cada músculo foi mensurada em uma balança digital, os músculos foram agrupados por função e calculou-se a massa percentual média a que cada grupo funcional de músculos correspondia no membro torácico. Os dados do presente estudo foram analisados conjuntamente às informações disponíveis na literatura para outras 22 espécies da ordem Carnivora. Três grupos de espécies foram considerados: Canidae, Musteloidea e Feliformia. Comparativamente, as oito espécies de canídeos incluídas nesta análise demonstraram concentração de massa muscular mais proximalmente no membro torácico em razão dos hábitos essencialmente cursoriais. As nove espécies da superfamília Musteloidea exibiram mais massa nos músculos distais devido à maior demanda por versatilidade e força manual. As 14 espécies da subordem Feliformia apresentaram um padrão intermediário. A análise de clusters revelou nítida sobreposição entre o percentual de distribuição da massa muscular com a filogenia previamente estabelecida para a ordem Carnivora. Verificou-se que a distribuição da massa dos músculos atende à demanda dos hábitos locomotores das espécies até um certo nível, a partir do qual a filogenia começa a limitar as adaptações morfológicas.

Anatomical variations in cervical vertebrae in two species of neotropical canids: What is the meaning?

Anatomical variation in wild canids is rarely described. Altered shapes, uni- or bilaterally situated, were observed in ventral laminae of C6 and/or in C7 vertebral body of two fox species: Lycalopex gymnocercus and Cerdocyon thous. The specimens were young adults, collected dead on highways in southern Brazil. Deformities were considered anatomical variations because apparently there was no interference in function. The occurrence of such variations in two related species from the same area can suggest an environmental common cause rather than genetic issues. Future studies may deepen the understanding between cause and effect of these vertebral deformities in wild canids.

Morphometry, topography and arterial supply of the thyroid gland in brazilian shorthair cat

Thyroid gland diseases are the most common endocrinopathies in feline practice. Diagnosis and surgical treatment must base on solid anatomical knowledge about the gland size, localization, and blood supply. However, some textbooks provide a general anatomical description of the thyroid gland of domestic carnivores. Thus, specific details of the feline gland are missing. The present study aimed to investigate the dimensions, topography, and arterial supply of the thyroid gland in Brazilian shorthair cats and, therefore, provide additional data to diagnose and treat feline thyroid diseases. Thirty Brazilian shorthair cats formalin-fixed cadavers (15 male and 15 female) were injected with red-stained latex solution by a canula in the thoracic aorta. The necropsy unit of the Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro donated the specimens. The study included only adult animals with no history of thyroid disease. After the fixation period, the cadavers were dissected to investigate the measurements (length, width at cranial and caudal poles, and thickness), topography, and in situ arterial supply of the thyroid lobes. The mean measurements of the length, cranial pole width, caudal pole width, and thickness in the right lobe were 19.39 ± 3.10 mm, 5.36 ± 1.40 mm, 3.67 ± 0.93 mm, and 1.30 ± 0.29 mm, respectively; and 20.29 ± 3.35 mm, 4.85 ± 1.58 mm, 3.88 ± 0.91 mm, 1.64 ± 0.65 mm in the left lobe, respectively. There were no statistical differences (P > 0.05) in the comparison of the measures between sexes or antimers (sides). Pearson's linear correlation detected a positive, moderate (r = 0.55), and significant (P < 0.05) correlation between the right and left lobe lengths. In 70% of the cats, both left and right lobes had the cranial poles located at the same level. Typically, the lobes extended between the first to the eighth tracheal ring. However, the cranial pole of some lobes located as cranially as the cricoid cartilage level, and the caudal pole as caudally as the 12th tracheal ring. Fifty-six percent of the cats had a ventrally located isthmus. In all the sampling, one single thyroid artery emerged as a branch of the common carotid artery and provided branches directly to the thyroid lobe, isthmus and the adjacent muscles and esophagus. Besides establishing average dimensions of normal thyroid lobes in Brazilian shorthair cats, this study detected no significant difference between the average measurements of right and left lobes. Also, a positive linear correlation between the length and width of the right and left lobes became evident. Therefore, the practitioner must consider suspicious any length asymmetry between right and left thyroid lobes until further endocrine test proves otherwise. Most of the cats had the right and left thyroid lobe positioned at the same transversal level; however, positional asymmetries are not uncommon. Unlike dogs, Brazilian shorthair cats have only a single artery to supply each lobe: the thyroid artery. In a feline thyroidectomy, the surgeon must avoid blindly ligating the thyroid artery since this vessel also provided numerous branches to adjacent muscles and esophagus. In a bilateral thyroidectomy, the ventral region between lobes should be thoroughly inspected for the common presence of an isthmus. Sometimes, the surgeon may need to extend the incision caudally beyond the 12th tracheal ring level to visualize the gland tissue entirely.(AU)

Arteria renal doble en Cerdocyon thous / Double Renal Artery in Cerdocyon thous

RESUMEN Objetivo. El propósito de este estudio fue explorar la duplicidad de la arteria renal en un espécimen de Cerdocyon thous, centrándose en las posibilidades de la implicación clínico-quirúrgica de esta variación anatómica. Materiales y Métodos. Fueron disecados 32 especímenes de Cerdocyon thous, obtenidos de las colecciones del Laboratorio de Enseñanza e Investigación en Morfología de los Animales Domésticos y Salvajes del Departamento de Anatomía Animal y Humana, de la Universidad Federal Rural del Rio de Janeiro y del Laboratorio de Anatomía Animal de la Universidad Federal del Pampa. Resultados. Fue observada una variación numérica en la arteria renal izquierda en un cadáver hembra adulto. El riñón izquierdo tenía dos arterias renales, una craneal y otra caudal. La primera arteria renal del riñón izquierdo, midiendo 2,25 cm de longitud, se ha originado lateralmente desde la aorta abdominal a nivel de la tercera vértebra lumbar. Además, emanaba dos ramas prehiliares, una dorsal y otra ventral, con la rama ventral suministrando también a la glándula suprarrenal. La segunda arteria renal también se ha originado lateralmente desde la aorta abdominal a nivel de la tercera vértebra lumbar, midiendo 2,36 cm de longitud. También ha emitido dos ramas prehiliares, una craneal y otra caudal, las cuales emitieron la rama uretral. Conclusiones. Las variaciones numéricas de las arterias renales deben ser consideradas en la ejecución de procedimientos quirúrgicos, radiológicos y experimentales, con los fines de evitar errores ocasionados por la falta de conocimiento de la posibilidad de estas variaciones tanto en animales domésticos como salvajes.

ABSTRACT Objective. The aim of this study was explored the duplicity of renal artery in a specimen of Cerdocyon thous, focusing on the possibilities of clinical-surgical implication of this anatomical variation. Materials and methods. Were dissected 32 specimens of Cerdocyon thous, obtained from the collections of the Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Morfologia dos Animais Domésticos e Selvagens do Departamento de Anatomia Animal e Humana, da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro e Laboratório de Anatomia Animal da Universidade Federal do Pampa. Results. Were observed a numerical variation in the left renal artery in an adult female cadaver. The left kidney had two renal arteries, one cranial and another caudal. The first renal artery of the left kidney, measuring 2.25 cm in length, originated laterally from the abdominal aorta at the level of the third lumbar vertebra. Moreover, it emanated two pre-hilar branches, one dorsal and one ventral, with the ventral branch supplying also to the adrenal gland. The second renal artery also originated laterally from the abdominal aorta at the level of the third lumbar vertebra and measured 2.36 cm in length. It also emitted two pre-hilar branches, one cranial and another caudal, which emitted the ureteral branch. Conclusions. Numerical variations of the renal arteries should be considered in the execution of surgical, radiological and experimental procedures in order to avoid mistakes made due to lack of knowledge of the possibility these variations both in domestic and wild animals.

Clavicle in Carnivorans: A Forgotten Bone.

The clavicle is a bone whose development is related to the versatility of the thoracic limbs in mammals. Studies with vestigial structures are scarce and controversial, especially in the order Carnivora. The objective of this study was to verify the presence and to investigate the shape and constitution of the clavicle in neotropical carnivores. In order to do this, 108 cadavers of 19 different species were collected dead on highways and were analyzed. The clavicles were submitted to dissections, longitudinal length measurements, radiographs, histological sections and, in some cases, diaphanization. Sixteen of the 19 species had clavicles in both sides, being significantly larger (P < 0.05) and distinctly more radiopaque in the felids than in the other families. There were no macro or microscopic evidence of clavicle in the specimens of Nasua nasua (n = 6), Conepatus semistriatus (n = 2), and Conepatus chinga (n = 1). The clavicle of the males of Lycalopex gymnocercus, Galictis cuja, and Leopardus geoffroyi was significantly larger (P < 0.05). The predominating contour of the clavicles was a thin stick with cranial convexity. The histological sections demonstrated compact bone consisting of trabecula and lamellae filled by bone marrow and different levels of occupation by chondroid matrix. It can be proposed the clavicles of the order Carnivora, although vestigial and rarely absent, have their presence, constitution and shape more associated with the phylogenetic proximity and evolutionary history of the species than to the variety of movements the thoracic limbs perform in free-living conditions. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy Anat Rec, 303:1831-1841, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.

Morfometría y vascularización de la glándula tiroides en conejo (Oryctolagus cuniculus) / Morphometry and vascularization of the thyroid glands in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Las glándulas tiroides consisten en dos partes denominadas lobos que se encuentran en ambos lados de la laringe. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar las medidas, topografía y vascularización de la glándula tiroides de conejos Nueva Zelanda. Las disecciones anatómicas se realizaron en 36 cadáveres adultos, 17 machos y 19 hembras, con masa corporal media de 2,5 kg y longitud cara-sacral media de 40 cm. Los cadáveres fueron obtenidos del sector de necropsia de la Universidad. Los especímenes tuvieron la arteria aorta torácica canalada, por la cual se inyectó solución de formaldehído al 10 %, seguida de látex coloreado. En los machos, el lobo izquierdo de la glándula tiroidea midió 1,40 x 0,40 x 0,01 cm y el derecho 1,36 x 0,56 x 0,01 cm; en las hembras, el lobo izquierdo midió 1,50 x 0,49 x 0,01 cm y el derecho 1,37 x 0,48 x 0,01cm. No hubo diferencia significativa (p> 0,05) entre las medias de las medidas entre machos y hembras, pero la extensión del lóbulo izquierdo de las hembras y la anchura del lóbulo derecho de los machos fueran significativamente mayores (p <0,05). La extremidad craneal de los lobos tiroideos se encontraba al nivel del cartílago cricoide en casi todos los especímenes. El extremo caudal presentó topografía más variable, desde el tercer hasta el décimo anillo traqueal, habiendo predominado al nivel del quinto anillo. Invariablemente, la irrigación arterial fue determinada por las arterias tiroideas izquierda y derecha, originadas de la arteria carótida común. Las anastomosis entre las arterias tiroideas fueron comunes. La constancia en las dimensiones y irrigación de la glándula tiroidea puede ser ventajosa en la elección del Coelho como modelo experimental para el estudio de esta glándula.

The thyroid glands consist of two parts called lobes located on both sides of the larynx. The aim of this study was to characterize the measures, topography and arterial irrigation of New Zealand´s rabbits thyroid glands. The anatomical dissections were performed in 36 adult cadavers, 17 males and 19 females, with a mean body mass of 2.5 kg and a mean cranium-sacral length of 40 cm. The specimens were obtained from the necropsy unit of the University. The cadavers had the thoracic aorta artery cannulated, through which 10 % formaldehyde solution was injected, followed by injection colored latex. In males, the left lobe of the thyroid gland measured 1.40x0.40x0.01cm and the right 1.36x0.56x0.01cm; in females, the left lobe measured 1.50x0.49x0.01cm and the right one was 1.37x0.48x0.01cm. There was no significant difference (p> 0.05) between the means of the measurements between males and females, but the left lobe length of the females and the right lobe width of the males were significantly higher (p <0.05). The cranial extremity of the thyroid lobes was at the level of the cricoid cartilage in almost all specimens. The caudal end showed more variable topography, from the third to the tenth tracheal ring in few specimens, but predominated at the level of the fifth ring. Invariably, arterial irrigation was determined by the left and right thyroid arteries, originating from the common carotid artery. Anastomoses between the thyroid arteries were common. The constancy in dimensions and irrigation of the thyroid gland may be advantageous in choosing the rabbit as an experimental model for the study of this gland.

Duplicidad de la vena renal derecha en Didelphis aurita (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae): reporte de un caso / Double right renal vein in Didelphis aurita (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae): case report

El Didelphis aurita, conocido como comadreja de orejas negras, es un marsupial con amplia distribución en la América del Sur, frecuente tanto en los ambientes silvestres como antrópicos debido a su gran plasticidad ecológica. Animales de esta especie son comúnmente atendidos en la medicina de animales silvestres y vienen siendo empleados como modelos experimentales alternativos a especies tradicionales. El objetivo de ese trabajo fue relatar la ocurrencia de un caso de vena renal doble en un espécimen adulto, macho, de D. aurita. Para eso, se ha disecado un cadáver fijado y conservado en solución de formaldehído 10%, previamente inyectado con látex de color azul por la porción torácica de la arteria aorta para facilitar la disección. El espécimen poseía dos venas renales derechas, una vena craneal (11,3 mm) y otra caudal (10,0 mm) que drenaban distintamente para una vena cava caudal. La vena renal izquierda y las arterias renales eran únicas. Aunque la duplicidad de la vena renal es reportada en otras especies como perros, gatos y felideos silvestres, este es el primer relato en el género Didelphis. El conocimiento de las variaciones anatómicas vasculares es relevante para la correcta ejecución de procedimientos veterinarios y en la interpretación de hallazgos experimentales en relación con el sistema urogenital.

Didelphis aurita, known as black eared oposum, is a marsupial widely distributed in South America, frequently seen in both wild and anthropogenic environments due to its great ecological plasticity. This species is commonly treated in wildlife veterinary services and has been used as alternative experimental models instead of conventional species. The aim of this report was to describe a case of double renal vein in a male, adult, specimen of D. aurita. In order to make the dissection easier, the cadaver was fixed and preserved in 10 % formaldehyde solution, and previously injected with latex in blue color by the thoracic aorta to facilitate dissection. The specimen had two right renal veins, one cranial (11.3 mm) and other caudal (10.0 mm) that drained distinctly for caudal vena cava. The left renal vein and the renal arteries were single. Although double renal vein has been reported in other species, such as dogs, cats and wild felids, this is the first mention in the genus Didelphis. The knowledge of the vascular anatomical variations is relevant for the correct execution of veterinary procedures and the interpretation of experimental findings in urogenital system research.

Functional myology of the thoracic limb in Pampas fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus): a descriptive and comparative analysis.

The characteristics of the muscles of the thoracic limb were evaluated in 22 specimens of Lycalopex gymnocercus. Descriptive and comparative analyses showed similarity with other canids in terms of topography and tendon insertions. Differences with the domestic dog were observed in the pectoralis profundus, triceps brachii and interflexorii muscles. Intraspecific variations were observed in the rhomboideus capitis, serratus ventralis cervicis, extensor carpi radialis, extensor digiti I and II, lumbricales, flexor digiti I brevis, abductor digiti I brevis, and flexor digiti V muscles. The analyses of muscle architecture carried out in nine specimens showed that there was no difference in muscle percentage mass in the thoracic limb of males and females, but a young specimen showed significant lower percentage mass. The triceps brachii caput longus muscle showed the greatest mass, the subscapularis muscle showed the greatest physiological cross-sectional area value, and the extrinsic muscles, in general, presented the longest fascicles and higher architectural indexes. Muscle architecture data were compatible with those of a thoracic limb adapted to fast cursorial locomotion that prioritizes movements in a sagittal plane instead of rotation or adduction/abduction. There was a high association between functional percentage mass of the muscles in the thoracic limb and phylogeny in the Carnivora order. It may be inferred that carnivoran muscle mass is largely determined by phylogeny.