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Prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) is expressed in all stages of prostate cancer, including in advanced androgen-independent tumors and bone metastasis. PSCA may associate with prostate carcinogenesis and lineage plasticity in prostate cancer. PSCA is also a promising theranostic marker for a variety of other solid tumors, including pancreatic adenocarcinoma and renal cell carcinoma. Here, we identified a novel fully human PSCA antibody using phage display methodology. The structure-based affinity maturation yielded a high-affinity binder, F12, which is highly specific and does not bind to 6,000 human membrane proteins based on a membrane proteome array assay. F12 targets PSCA amino acids 63-69 as tested by the peptide scanning microarray, and it cross-reacts with the murine PSCA. IgG1 F12 efficiently internalizes into PSCA-expressing tumor cells. The antimitotic reagent monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE)-conjugated IgG1 F12 (ADC, F12-MMAE) exhibits dose-dependent efficacy and specificity in a human prostate cancer PC-3-PSCA xenograft NSG mouse model. This is a first reported ADC based on a fully human PSCA antibody and MMAE that is characterized in a xenograft murine model, which warrants further optimizations and investigations in additional preclinical tumor models, including prostate and other solid tumors.
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Antígenos de Neoplasias , Proteínas Ligadas a GPI , Inmunoconjugados , Proteínas de Neoplasias , Neoplasias de la Próstata , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de Xenoinjerto , Humanos , Masculino , Neoplasias de la Próstata/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Próstata/patología , Neoplasias de la Próstata/inmunología , Inmunoconjugados/farmacología , Animales , Antígenos de Neoplasias/inmunología , Ratones , Proteínas Ligadas a GPI/inmunología , Proteínas de Neoplasias/inmunología , Proteínas de Neoplasias/antagonistas & inhibidores , Línea Celular Tumoral , Oligopéptidos/inmunología , Oligopéptidos/farmacología , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/inmunología , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Unique characteristics of the naked mole-rat (NMR) have made it increasingly popular as a laboratory animal model. These rodents are used to study many fields of research including longevity and aging, cancer, circadian rhythm, pain, and metabolism. Currently, the analgesic dosing regimens used in the NMR mirror those used in other rodent species. However, there is no pharmacokinetic (PK) data supporting the use of injectable analgesics in the NMR. Therefore, we conducted 2 independent PK studies to evaluate 2 commonly used analgesics in the NMR: meloxicam (2 mg/kg SC) and buprenorphine (0.1 mg/kg SC). In each study, blood was collected at 8 time points after subcutaneous injection of meloxicam or buprenorphine (0 [predose], 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 h). Three NMRs were used per time point for a total of 24 animals per PK study. Plasma concentrations of meloxicam were highest between 0.5 and 1 h postinjection. Levels remained above the extrapolated dog and cat therapeutic threshold levels (390 to 911 ng/mL) for at least 24 h. Plasma concentrations of buprenorphine were highest between 0.25 and 0.5 h postinjection. Levels remained above the human therapeutic threshold (1 ng/mL) for up to 21 h. No skin reactions were seen in association with injection of either drug. In summary, these data support dosing meloxicam (2 mg/kg SC) once every 24 h and buprenorphine (0.1 mg/kg SC) once every 8 to 12 h in the NMR. Further studies should be performed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of these drugs by correlating plasma concentrations with postoperative pain assessments.
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Mesothelin (MSLN) has been a validated tumor-associated antigen target for several solid tumors for over a decade, making it an attractive option for therapeutic interventions. Novel antibodies with high affinity and better therapeutic properties are needed. In the current study, we have isolated and characterized a novel heavy chain variable (VH) domain 3C9 from a large-size human immunoglobulin VH domain library. 3C9 exhibited high affinity (KD [dissociation constant] <3 nM) and binding specificity in a membrane proteome array (MPA). In a mouse xenograft model, 3C9 fused to human IgG1 Fc was detected at tumor sites as early as 8 h post-infusion and remained at the site for over 10 days. Furthermore, 3C9 fused to a human Fc domain drug conjugate effectively inhibited MSLN-positive tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model. The X-ray crystal structure of full-length MSLN in complex with 3C9 reveals interaction of the 3C9 domains with two distinctive residue patches on the MSLN surface. This newly discovered VH antibody domain has a high potential as a therapeutic candidate for MSLN-expressing cancers.
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The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) requires the development of next-generation biologics with high neutralization breadth. Here, we characterized a human VH domain, F6, which we generated by sequentially panning large phage-displayed VH libraries against receptor binding domains (RBDs) containing VOC mutations. Cryo-EM analyses reveal that F6 has a unique binding mode that spans a broad surface of the RBD and involves the antibody framework region. Attachment of an Fc region to a fusion of F6 and ab8, a previously characterized VH domain, resulted in a construct (F6-ab8-Fc) that broadly and potently neutralized VOCs including Omicron. Additionally, prophylactic treatment using F6-ab8-Fc reduced live Beta (B.1.351) variant viral titers in the lungs of a mouse model. Our results provide a new potential therapeutic against SARS-CoV-2 variants including Omicron and highlight a vulnerable epitope within the spike that may be exploited to achieve broad protection against circulating variants.
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Yeast surface display (YSD) is a powerful methodology for discovery and engineering of antibodies, and the yeast mating has been used to overcome low transformation efficiency of yeast in antibody library generation. We developed an optimized method of yeast mating for generating a large, combinatorial antibody fragment library and heterodimeric protein library by cellular fusion between two haploid cells carrying different library each other. This method allows for increased diversity in screening of target-specific fragment antigen-binding (Fab) antibodies as well as in the development of heterodimeric Fc variants for bi-specific antibody generation and T-cell receptor (TCR). Here we describe the efficient isolation of human antibodies against the activated GTP-bound form of the oncogenic Ras mutant (KRasG12D-GTP) by sequential isolation of their heavy chains (HCs) followed by combination with light chains (LCs) via the yeast mating process. This strategy facilitates guided selection of the antigen-specific HC with either a fixed functional LC, which has cytosol penetrating ability, or an LC library to generate the Fab. It also allows for deeper exploration of a sequence space with fixed diversity, leading to a higher probability of successful isolation of human antibodies with high specificity and affinity.
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Biblioteca de Péptidos , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Anticuerpos/metabolismo , Guanosina Trifosfato/metabolismo , Humanos , Fragmentos Fab de Inmunoglobulinas/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismoRESUMEN
Engaging clinical nurses in nursing research requires value for the nurses and a structured process. One way to involve nurses in research is through development of a research compendium. A professional development specialist can lead the creation of a research compendium. Identifying key stakeholders, developing a technologic infrastructure, piloting the compendium, gaining feedback, and identifying outcomes that will be evaluated are key. [J Contin Educ Nurs. 2022;53(3):106-108.].
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Educación Continua en Enfermería , Investigación en Enfermería , Humanos , TecnologíaRESUMEN
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) requires the development of next-generation biologics that are effective against a variety of strains of the virus. Herein, we characterize a human V H domain, F6, which we generated by sequentially panning large phage displayed V H libraries against receptor binding domains (RBDs) containing VOC mutations. Cryo-EM analyses reveal that F6 has a unique binding mode that spans a broad surface of the RBD and involves the antibody framework region. Attachment of an Fc region to a fusion of F6 and ab8, a previously characterized V H domain, resulted in a construct (F6-ab8-Fc) that neutralized Omicron pseudoviruses with a half-maximal neutralizing concentration (IC 50 ) of 4.8 nM in vitro . Additionally, prophylactic treatment using F6-ab8-Fc reduced live Beta (B.1.351) variant viral titers in the lungs of a mouse model. Our results provide a new potential therapeutic against SARS-CoV-2 VOCs - including the recently emerged Omicron variant - and highlight a vulnerable epitope within the spike protein RBD that may be exploited to achieve broad protection against circulating variants.
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Neuro-endocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) accounts for about 20% of lethal metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). NEPC has the most aggressive biologic behavior of all prostate cancers and is associated with poor patient outcome. Effective treatment for NEPC is not available because NEPC exhibit distinct cell-surface expression profiles compared to other types of prostate cancer. Recently, the carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5 (CEACAM5) (known as CEA or CD66e) was suggested to be a specific surface protein marker for NEPC. Therefore, we identified a new, fully-human anti-CEACAM5 monoclonal antibody, 1G9, which bound to the most proximal membrane domains, A3 and B3, of CEACAM5 with high affinity and specificity. It shows no off-target binding to other CEACAM family members, membrane distal domains of CEACAM5, or 5800 human membrane proteins. IgG1 1G9 exhibited CEACAM5-specific ADCC activity toward CEACAM5-positive prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) based on scFv 1G9 induced specific and strong antitumor activity in a mouse model of prostate cancer. Our results suggest that IgG1 and CAR-T cells based on 1G9 are promising candidate therapeutics for CEACAM5-positive NEPC and other cancers.
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Antígeno Carcinoembrionario/genética , Tumores Neuroendocrinos/terapia , Neoplasias de la Próstata Resistentes a la Castración/terapia , Neoplasias de la Próstata/terapia , Receptores Quiméricos de Antígenos/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos Antiidiotipos/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antiidiotipos/farmacología , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/inmunología , Antígeno Carcinoembrionario/inmunología , Antígeno Carcinoembrionario/uso terapéutico , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Ligadas a GPI/genética , Proteínas Ligadas a GPI/inmunología , Proteínas Ligadas a GPI/uso terapéutico , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Inmunoterapia Adoptiva/tendencias , Masculino , Ratones , Tumores Neuroendocrinos/inmunología , Tumores Neuroendocrinos/patología , Próstata/patología , Próstata/cirugía , Neoplasias de la Próstata/inmunología , Neoplasias de la Próstata/patología , Neoplasias de la Próstata Resistentes a la Castración/inmunología , Neoplasias de la Próstata Resistentes a la Castración/patología , Receptores Quiméricos de Antígenos/genética , Receptores Quiméricos de Antígenos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
The pancaner molecule CD276 (B7-H3) is an attractive target for antibody based therapy. We identified from a large (1011) phage-displayed single-chain variable fragment (scFv) library, a fully human antibody, B11, which bound with high avidity (KD=0.4 nM) to CD276. B11 specifically bound to the V1/V2 domain of CD276 and competed with the antibody 8H9 (Omburtamab). It was used to design an IgG-format bispecific T cell engager B11-BiTE, which was more effective than 8H9-BiTE in 14 different cancer cell lines. B11-BiTE also exhibited strong ADCC/ADCP. Therefore, the fully human B11-BiTE is a promising candidate for treatment of tumors expressing CD276.
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Hepatitis B viruses belong to a family of circular, double-stranded DNA viruses that infect a range of organisms, with host responses that vary from mild infection to chronic infection and cancer. The white sucker hepatitis B virus (WSHBV) was first described in the white sucker (Catostomus commersonii), a freshwater teleost, and belongs to the genus Parahepadnavirus. At present, the host range of WSHBV and its impact on fish health are unknown, and neither genetic diversity nor association with fish health have been studied in any parahepadnavirus. Given the relevance of genomic diversity to disease outcome for the orthohepadnaviruses, we sought to characterize genomic variation in WSHBV and determine how it is structured among watersheds. We identified WSHBV-positive white sucker inhabiting tributaries of Lake Michigan, Lake Superior, Lake Erie (USA), and Lake Athabasca (Canada). Copy number in plasma and in liver tissue was estimated via qPCR. Templates from 27 virus-positive fish were amplified and sequenced using a primer-specific, circular long-range amplification method coupled with amplicon sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq. Phylogenetic analysis of the WSHBV genome identified phylogeographical clustering reminiscent of that observed with human hepatitis B virus genotypes. Notably, most non-synonymous substitutions were found to cluster in the pre-S/spacer overlap region, which is relevant for both viral entry and replication. The observed predominance of p1/s3 mutations in this region is indicative of adaptive change in the polymerase open reading frame (ORF), while, at the same time, the surface ORF is under purifying selection. Although the levels of variation we observed do not meet the criteria used to define sub/genotypes of human and avian hepadnaviruses, we identified geographically associated genome variation in the pre-S and spacer domain sufficient to define five WSHBV haplotypes. This study of WSHBV genetic diversity should facilitate the development of molecular markers for future identification of genotypes and provide evidence in future investigations of possible differential disease outcomes.
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Cipriniformes/virología , Enfermedades de los Peces/virología , Variación Genética/genética , Genoma Viral/genética , Virus de la Hepatitis B/genética , Alberta , Animales , Marcadores Genéticos/genética , Great Lakes Region , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Filogenia , Filogeografía , Internalización del Virus , Replicación Viral/genéticaRESUMEN
We report 26 genome sequences of the white sucker hepatitis B virus (WSHBV) from the white sucker, Catostomus commersonii The genome length ranged from 3,541 to 3,543 bp, and nucleotide identity was 96.7% or greater across genomes. This work suggests a geographical range of this virus that minimally extends from the Athabasca River, Alberta, Canada, to the Great Lakes, USA.
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The development of an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 is urgently needed. We generated SARS-CoV-2 RBD-Fc fusion protein and evaluated its potency to elicit neutralizing antibody response in mice. RBD-Fc elicited a higher neutralizing antibodies titer than RBD as evaluated by a pseudovirus neutralization assay and a live virus based microneutralization assay. Furthermore, RBD-Fc immunized sera better inhibited cell-cell fusion, as evaluated by a quantitative cell-cell fusion assay. The cell-cell fusion assay results correlated well with the virus neutralization potency and could be used for high-throughput screening of large panels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and vaccines without the requirement of live virus infection in BSL3 containment. Moreover, the anti-RBD sera did not enhance the pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 infection of K562 cells. These results demonstrate that Fc fusion can significantly improve the humoral immune response to recombinant RBD immunogen, and suggest that RBD-Fc could serve as a useful component of effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.
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Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/prevención & control , Fragmentos Fc de Inmunoglobulinas/inmunología , Pandemias/prevención & control , Neumonía Viral/prevención & control , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/inmunología , Vacunas Virales/inmunología , Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina 2 , Animales , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/sangre , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Betacoronavirus/inmunología , COVID-19 , Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , Fusión Celular , Línea Celular , Infecciones por Coronavirus/inmunología , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Células HEK293 , Ensayos Analíticos de Alto Rendimiento/métodos , Humanos , Inmunidad Humoral/inmunología , Fragmentos Fc de Inmunoglobulinas/genética , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Pruebas de Neutralización , Peptidil-Dipeptidasa A/genética , Dominios Proteicos/inmunología , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/inmunología , SARS-CoV-2 , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/genética , Vacunas de Subunidad/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Raised mucoid skin lesions have been observed on smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) for years. Here, we report the draft genome of a novel adomavirus (Micropterus dolomieu adomavirus 2) associated with this disease. The circular genome is 17,561 bp and most similar to that of alpha-adomaviruses.
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In March and April 2016, 150 white perch ( Morone americana) were collected from various localities in Chesapeake Bay and examined for coccidia. A previously undescribed species of coccidia was observed in the hepatic bile ducts and gallbladder of all white perch (100%) examined. We describe this species using morphological characteristics, histology, and gene sequences of the small-subunit ribosomal DNA ( rDNA), large-subunit rDNA, and mitochondrial genes cytochrome oxidase 1 ( COI), cytochrome oxidase b ( Cytb), and cytochrome oxidase 3 ( COIII). Oocysts of Goussia bayae n. sp. were subspherical with a single-layered smooth wall and measured (length [L] × width [W]) 26.2 × 21.8 µm, with a L/W ratio of 1.2. A micropyle was present but a micropyle cap, polar granules, and oocyst residuum were absent. Each oocyst contained 4 sporocysts that were ellipsoidal and measured (L × W) 12.6 × 7.8 µm, with a L/W ratio of 1.6. A pair of sporozoites was present, but sporocysts lacked a Stieda body and residuua. Meronts and gamonts were epicellular in biliary epithelial cells and oocysts were coelozoic in hepatic and common bile ducts and gallbladder. This is the first report of Goussia spp. from white perch and the first mitochondrial DNA sequence reported from a Goussia species. Phylogenetic analysis indicates basal placement of G. bayae to Eimeriidae, Choleoeimeria, and Sarcocystidae.
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Lubina/parasitología , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Eimeriidae/clasificación , Enfermedades de los Peces/parasitología , Animales , Bahías , Conductos Biliares Intrahepáticos/parasitología , Coccidiosis/parasitología , ADN Ribosómico/química , Eimeriidae/genética , Eimeriidae/ultraestructura , Complejo IV de Transporte de Electrones/genética , Femenino , Vesícula Biliar/parasitología , Masculino , Maryland , Mitocondrias/genética , Oocistos/ultraestructura , Filogenia , Ríos , VirginiaRESUMEN
Managing postoperative pain in rodents is an important part of any animal care and use program, and identifying an optimal analgesic plan for a surgical procedure is critical to providing for animal welfare. Opioids and NSAID are commonly used in rodents, but few studies have evaluated their efficacy in surgical models. The current study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of clinically relevant doses of buprenorphine (2 formulations) or meloxicam used in combination with ketamine and xylazine anesthesia in a Sprague-Dawley rat ovariohysterectomy surgical model. Rats received either subcutaneous saline once daily for 3 d, low-dose (0.05 mg/kg SC) or high-dose (0.1 mg/kg SC) buprenorphine twice daily for 3 d, a single injection of sustained-release buprenorphine (1.2 mg/kg SC), or low-dose (1 mg/kg SC) or high-dose (2 mg/kg SC) meloxicam once daily for 3 d. Clinical analgesic efficacy was assessed over 8 d according to cageside observation scoring, body weight, and behavioral testing. Ovariohysterectomy was associated with 2 d of postoperative pain, and all 3 buprenorphine dosing strategies and both doses of meloxicam demonstrated varying amounts of analgesia. Given the results of the current study, we recommend 0.05 mg/kg SC buprenorphine at least twice daily or a single dose of 1.2 mg/kg SC of sustained-release buprenorphine for rats undergoing midline laparotomy with ovariohysterectomy. Alternatively, meloxicam at 1 to 2 mg/kg SC once daily could be used for this indication.
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Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapéutico , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/uso terapéutico , Buprenorfina/uso terapéutico , Meloxicam/uso terapéutico , Dolor Postoperatorio/veterinaria , Analgesia , Analgésicos Opioides/administración & dosificación , Animales , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/administración & dosificación , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Buprenorfina/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Ciencia de los Animales de Laboratorio , Laparotomía/efectos adversos , Laparotomía/veterinaria , Meloxicam/administración & dosificación , Dimensión del Dolor , Dolor Postoperatorio/tratamiento farmacológico , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-DawleyRESUMEN
Chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) is a herpesvirus associated with fibropapillomatosis (FP) in sea turtles worldwide. Single-locus typing has previously shown differentiation between Atlantic and Pacific strains of this virus, with low variation within each geographic clade. However, a lack of multi-locus genomic sequence data hinders understanding of the rate and mechanisms of ChHV5 evolutionary divergence, as well as how these genomic changes may contribute to differences in disease manifestation. To assess genomic variation in ChHV5 among five Hawaii and three Florida green sea turtles, we used high-throughput short-read sequencing of long-range PCR products amplified from tumor tissue using primers designed from the single available ChHV5 reference genome from a Hawaii green sea turtle. This strategy recovered sequence data from both geographic regions for approximately 75% of the predicted ChHV5 coding sequences. The average nucleotide divergence between geographic populations was 1.5%; most of the substitutions were fixed differences between regions. Protein divergence was generally low (average 0.08%), and ranged between 0 and 5.3%. Several atypical genes originally identified and annotated in the reference genome were confirmed in ChHV5 genomes from both geographic locations. Unambiguous recombination events between geographic regions were identified, and clustering of private alleles suggests the prevalence of recombination in the evolutionary history of ChHV5. This study significantly increased the amount of sequence data available from ChHV5 strains, enabling informed selection of loci for future population genetic and natural history studies, and suggesting the (possibly latent) co-infection of individuals by well-differentiated geographic variants.
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Production of natural gas using unconventional technologies has risen as demand for alternative fuels has increased. Impacts on the environment from waste generated from these processes are largely unexplored. In particular, the outcomes of organismal exposure to hydraulic fracturing waste have not been rigorously evaluated. We evaluated the effects of exposure to surrogate hydraulic fracturing waste (HF waste) on mucosal bacterial community structure of the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) epidermis. Brook trout are fish native to streams at risk to HF waste exposure. Here, fish were exposed to four treatments (control, 0.00%; low, 0.01%; medium, 0.10%; and high, 1.0% concentrations) of surrogate HF waste synthesized to mimic concentrations documented in the field. Epidermal mucus samples were collected and assessed 15 days post-exposure to determine if the associated bacterial community varied among treatments. We observed differences in epidermal mucosal bacterial community composition at multiple taxonomic scales among treatments. These community changes reflected compositional differences in taxa dominance and community similarity rather than losses or gains in taxonomic richness. The dominant bacterial genus that explained the greatest variation in community structure between exposed and unexposed fish was Flavobacterium. Two genera associated with salmonid diseases, Flavobacterium and Pseudomonas, were statistically more abundant in high treatments than controls. These results suggest that exposure to low levels of HF waste influences bacterial colonization and may lead to a disruption that favors bacterial populations associated with fish disease.
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OBJECTIVES: Incision and drainage (I&D) of skin abscesses is an important procedural skill for pediatric emergency medicine providers. Practical skills training using simulation provides an opportunity to learn and gain confidence with this invasive procedure. Our objective was to assess the perceived educational value of 2 versions of an abscess model as part of an educational workshop for teaching I&D. METHODS: A combined didactic and practical skills workshop was developed for use at 2 national conferences. The didactic content was created through an iterative process. To facilitate hands-on training, 2 versions of an abscess model were created: 1 constructed from a negative mold and the other using a 3-dimensional printer. Participants were surveyed regarding prior experience with I&D, procedural confidence, and perceptions of the educational utility of the models. RESULTS: Seventy physicians and 75 nurse practitioners participated in the study. Procedural confidence improved after training using each version of the model, with the greatest improvements noted among novice learners. Ninety-four percent of physicians, and 99% of nurse practitioners rated the respective models as either "educational" or "very educational," and 97% and 100%, respectively, would recommend the abscess models to others. CONCLUSIONS: A combined didactic and practical skills educational workshop using novel abscess models was effective at improving learners' confidence. Our novel models provide an effective strategy for teaching procedural skills such as I&D and demonstrate a novel use of 3-dimensional printers in medical education. Further study is needed to determine if these educational gains translate into improvement in clinical performance or patient outcomes.
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Absceso/cirugía , Competencia Clínica/estadística & datos numéricos , Drenaje/métodos , Educación Médica/métodos , Entrenamiento Simulado/métodos , Curriculum , Evaluación Educacional/métodos , Humanos , Enfermeras Practicantes , MédicosRESUMEN
Here, we report a draft genome sequence of a picorna-like virus associated with brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, gill tissue. The draft genome comprises 8,681 nucleotides, excluding the poly(A) tract, and contains two open reading frames. It is most similar to picorna-like viruses that infect invertebrates.