Event-Triggered Reduced-Order Filtering for Continuous Semi-Markov Jump Systems With Imperfect Measurements.

This article conducts the issue of event-triggered reduced-order filtering for continuous-time semi-Markov jump systems with imperfect measurements as well as randomly occurring uncertainties (ROUs). Specifically, the sojourn-time-dependent transition probability matrix (TPM) is presumed to be polytopic and a quantizer is introduced to quantize output signals aiming to reflect the reality. Both ROUs and sensor failures are generated by individual random variables belonging to be mutually independent Bernoulli-distributed white sequences. First, sufficient conditions for the existence of the event-triggered reduced-order filter are obtained by utilizing the dissipativity-based technique to ensure the asymptotical stability with a strictly dissipative performance of the filtering error system. The time-varying TPM is then fractionalized, which enhances the results as stated. Furthermore, the required reduced-order filter parameters are obtained by introducing slack symmetric matrix as well as cone complementarity linearization algorithm. The effectiveness of the suggested event-triggered reduced-order filter design method is shown through simulation results.

Research on Assimilation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Remote Sensing Data and AquaCrop Model.

Taking the AquaCrop crop model as the research object, considering the complexity and uncertainty of the crop growth process, the crop model can only achieve more accurate simulation on a single point scale. In order to improve the application scale of the crop model, this study inverted the canopy coverage of a tea garden based on UAV multispectral technology, adopted the particle swarm optimization algorithm to assimilate the canopy coverage and crop model, constructed the AquaCrop-PSO assimilation model, and compared the canopy coverage and yield simulation results with the localized model simulation results. It is found that there is a significant regression relationship between all vegetation indices and canopy coverage. Among the single vegetation index regression models, the logarithmic model constructed by OSAVI has the highest inversion accuracy, with an R2 of 0.855 and RMSE of 5.75. The tea yield was simulated by the AquaCrop-PSO model and the measured values of R2 and RMSE were 0.927 and 0.12, respectively. The canopy coverage R2 of each simulated growth period basically exceeded 0.9, and the accuracy of the simulation results was improved by about 19.8% compared with that of the localized model. The results show that the accuracy of crop model simulation can be improved effectively by retrieving crop parameters and assimilating crop models through UAV remote sensing.

Body composition from birth to 6 months in term small-for-gestational-age Indian infants: effect of catch-up growth.

The objective of this prospective observational study was to assess the growth and body composition of term small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants from birth to 6 months and evaluate the effect of catch-up growth (CUG) on body composition. Term SGA newborns were recruited at birth. Anthropometry and body composition were evaluated at 3 days, 6, 10 and 14 weeks, and 6 months. Fat and fat-free mass (FM and FFM) were compared between infants with and without CUG (increase in weight Z-score by > 0·67) by air displacement plethysmography. Factors that could affect body composition and CUG, including parents' BMI and stature, infants' birth weight, sex and feeding, were evaluated. A total of 143 SGA newborns (sixty-six boys) with birth weight of 2336 (sd 214) g were enrolled; 109 were followed up till 6 months. Median weight Z-score increased from -2·3 at birth to -1·3 at 6 months, with 51·9 % of infants showing CUG. Infants with CUG had higher FM (1796 (sd 491) g v. 1196 (sd 474) g, P < 0·001) but similar FFM (4969 (sd 508) g v. 4870 (sd 622) g, P = 0·380), and consequently higher FM percentage (FM%) (26·5 (sd 5·8) v. 19·7 (sd 6·9), P < 0·001), compared with those without CUG. Lower birth weight, exclusive breast-feeding and higher parental stature were positively associated with CUG. In conclusion, CUG in term SGA infants in the first 6 months of life was almost entirely attributable to greater gain in FM. Follow-up of this cohort will provide insight into the long-term effect of disproportionate gain in FM in early infancy in SGA babies.

Use of Paracetamol for Treatment of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Preterm Neonates: A 5-Year Experience From a Tertiary Hospital in India.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated ductal closure rates in preterm neonates with hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (hsPDA) who received paracetamol (PCM) as first-line therapy. METHODS: In this retrospective chart review, we included inborn preterm (< 37 weeks) neonates (January 2017-December 2021) with hsPDA (ductal diameter > 1.5 mm and left atrium-to-aortic root ratio (La/Ao > 1.4) who were treated with oral or intravenous PCM. Primary outcome was hsPDA closure (defined as small or no PDA) following 3-day treatment. Secondary outcomes were need for retreatment and surgical ligation, pulmonary hypertension (PH), and in-hospital morbidities. RESULTS: Out of 2784 preterm birth, 117 neonates were diagnosed with hsPDA. Out of 96 neonates who received PCM in the first course, 20 died before the completing the first course. The median (IQR) gestation and birth weight of neonates who received PCM were 28 (26, 29) weeks and 841 (714, 1039) g, respectively. Out of 76 neonates who completed treatment with first course of PCM (57 intravenous, 19 oral), 43 (56.6%) achieved successful closure and five (6.6%) developed PH. Out of 14 neonates who received a second course of PCM, 10 achieved closure of hsPDA while one neonate expired. CONCLUSION: Paracetamol is associated with successful closure of hsPDA in 56.6% of preterm neonates after one course and 70% of premies after two courses.

Dynamic Event-Triggered Safe Control for Nonlinear Game Systems With Asymmetric Input Saturation.

This article focuses on the Pareto optimal issues of nonlinear game systems with asymmetric input saturation under dynamic event-triggered mechanism (DETM). First, the safe control is guaranteed by transforming the system with safety constraints into the one without state constraints utilizing barrier function. The united cost function integrating nonquadratic utility function is constructed to provide the foundation to achieve the Pareto optimal solutions. Then, the adaptive dynamic programming method with concurrent learning is proposed to approximate the Pareto optimal strategies wherein both current and historical data are utilized. To further lessen the consumptions of computation/communication resources, the DETM is integrated into the adaptive algorithm framework which can avoid Zeno phenomena. All the signals of the closed-loop system are proved to be uniformly ultimately bounded. Finally, the simulation results are given to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method from several aspects.

Modified Kramer's versus Kramer's Method for Clinical Assessment of Jaundice in Term and Near-Term Neonates.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the performance of Modified Kramer's and Kramer's methods in terms of agreement with total serum bilirubin (TSB). METHODS: This cross-sectional study was done in Level-III neonatal unit in New Delhi. Visibly jaundiced neonates born at ≥35 wk of gestation were enrolled and examined by (i) conventional Kramer's, (ii) Modified Kramer's in artificial (MK-A) and (iii) natural daylight (MK-N), and finally sampled for estimation of TSB by point-of-care spectrophotometry. The primary outcomes were agreement of Kramer's and Modified Kramer's with TSB and accuracy in terms of proportion of bilirubin estimates lying within ±2 mg/dL of TSB; secondary outcome was agreement of MK-A and MK-N with TSB. RESULTS: A total of 144 neonates with median gestation of 37 wk and mean birth weight of 2788 g were enrolled. Bland Altman analysis between Kramer's and TSB yielded mean difference of 1.7 mg/dL, 95% limits of agreement (LOA) -3.1 to 6.6 mg/dL. For Modified Kramer's and TSB, mean difference was -0.02 mg/dL, 95% LOA -4.7 to 4.7 mg/dL under artificial light; 0.02 mg/dL, 95% LOA -4.2 to 4.2 mg/dL under natural daylight. MK-N had highest proportion of bilirubin estimates lying within ±2 mg/dL of TSB (68.7%) as compared to MK-A (59.7%) [OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.09 to 2.86] and Kramer's (45.8%) [OR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.27 to 2.15]. CONCLUSIONS: Though all the three methods had poor agreement with TSB, Modified Kramer's method when performed in natural light had reasonable accuracy, however limited clinical utility, in evaluation of clinical jaundice.

Security and Safety-Critical Learning-Based Collaborative Control for Multiagent Systems.

This article presents a novel learning-based collaborative control framework to ensure communication security and formation safety of nonlinear multiagent systems (MASs) subject to denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, model uncertainties, and barriers in environments. The framework has a distributed and decoupled design at the cyber-layer and the physical layer. A resilient control Lyapunov function-quadratic programming (RCLF-QP)-based observer is first proposed to achieve secure reference state estimation under DoS attacks at the cyber-layer. Based on deep reinforcement learning (RL) and control barrier function (CBF), a safety-critical formation controller is designed at the physical layer to ensure safe collaborations between uncertain agents in dynamic environments. The framework is applied to autonomous vehicles for area scanning formations with barriers in environments. The comparative experimental results demonstrate that the proposed framework can effectively improve the resilience and robustness of the system.

Need for Repeat-Hospitalization in Very Low Birth Weight or Very Preterm Infants: A Prospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of repeat-hospitalization amongst neonates with gestation <32 wk or birth weight <1500 g within 6 mo of birth. METHODS: All live births with gestation <32 wk or birth weight <1500 g born at a level-III NICU were prospectively enrolled and followed up through routine visits, multimedia and telephonically, fortnightly for re-hospitalization details till 6 mo of postnatal age. Main outcome measures were incidence, causes and risk factors for repeat-hospitalization. RESULTS: Of the 131 neonates enrolled, incidence and incidence density of repeat-hospitalization were 16% (95% CI 10.2-23.4) and 3.6 per 100 person-months, respectively. The most common causes for repeat-hospitalizations were pneumonia (n = 8; 29.6%), sepsis (n = 5, 18.5%), gastroenteritis (n = 3, 11.1%) and severe anemia (n = 2, 7.4%). Majority of repeat-hospitalizations (92.6%; 95% CI 74.1-98.5) occurred within 2 mo of discharge. The median hospital stay during repeat-hospitalizations was 4 d (IQR 1-21). On multivariate analysis, lower socioeconomic status was significantly associated with repeat-hospitalization (aOR 5.9, 1.3-23). Death after discharge occurred in 3 (2.3%) infants and were due to sudden infant death syndrome, complex cyanotic heart disease and pneumonia with multiple co-morbidities (one each). All deaths occurred at home. CONCLUSIONS: Nearly one-sixth of very low birth weight (VLBW) or very preterm infants required repeat-hospitalization after discharge, primarily within 2 mo of discharge. Infections, especially pneumonia, being the most common reason. A comprehensive follow-up package of post-discharge care for prevention of morbidities and timely hospital care for ongoing morbidities is required for optimal long-term survival of these infants.

Feeding Outcomes in Preterm Neonates with Antenatal Abnormal Umbilical Artery Doppler Profile: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Neonates with absent-or-reversed umbilical artery end-diastolic flow (AREDF) are at an increased risk of feeding problems. In this retrospective study, authors evaluated the incidence of feed intolerance in 213 preterm neonates (January 2017-May 2022) with AREDF. The median (IQR) gestation and birth weight were 32 (30, 33) wk and 1120 (840, 1425) g, respectively. Of 213 neonates, 103 (48.4%; 95% CI 41.5%, 55.3%) neonates developed feed intolerance. Twelve of 213 neonates developed any stage necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) (5.6%; 95% CI 2.9%, 9.6%) at a median age of 10 d. On multivariate regression, gestation was the only independent predictor of feed intolerance (OR 1.48; 95% CI 1.28, 1.70; for every 1 wk decrease below 36 wk). Almost 50% of preterm neonates with AREDF develop feed intolerance. Alternative feeding strategies warrant exploration to optimise nutrition in these neonates.

Role of additional posterior barrage laser in type 1 zone 2 retinopathy of prematurity: A randomized trial.

Purpose: The efficacy of additional barrage laser posterior to ridge in advanced stage 3 or stage 4 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is established, but its role in early stages is not defined. The objective was to study the efficacy of additional posterior barrage laser in type I zone 2 disease. Methods: In a randomized trial, patients with type I zone 2 ROP were recruited between February 2016 and May 2017. One eye of each baby was randomized into study and control groups, respectively. Laser photocoagulation anterior to ridge was given in the control group, and additional posterior barrage laser was performed in the study group. The outcome measures were time to complete ridge regression and final cycloplegic refraction at 3 months post-laser. Results: Forty patients (40 eyes per group) completed the required follow-up. The mean birth weight and gestational age were 1357 ± 338 g and 29.72 ± 2.57 weeks, respectively. The mean post-conceptional age during laser was 36.67 ± 3.23 weeks. The number of eyes achieving ridge regression in control and study groups was 8/40 (20%) and 27/40 (67%) at 2 weeks (P = 0.001) and 39/40 (97%) and 40/40 (100%) at 4 weeks (P = 0.4). The mean time to complete ridge regression was 3.74 ± 1.17 weeks and 2.62 ± 0.91 weeks in control and study groups, respectively (P < 0.001). The mean spherical equivalent at 12 weeks in control and study groups was -1.9 ± 2.3 Diopters and -2.4 ± 2.6 Diopters, respectively (P = 0.41). Conclusions: Additional posterior barrage laser leads to significantly faster regression of type 1 zone 2 ROP without increasing induced myopia and thereby might be a useful adjunct to conventional treatment in selected cases. Trial registration number: CTRI/2018/05/013779.

Antimicrobial resistance heterogeneity among multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens: Phenotypic, genotypic, and proteomic analysis.

Microbes evolve rapidly by modifying their genomes through mutations or through the horizontal acquisition of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) linked with fitness traits such as antimicrobial resistance (AMR), virulence, and metabolic functions. We conducted a multicentric study in India and collected different clinical samples for decoding the genome sequences of bacterial pathogens associated with sepsis, urinary tract infections, and respiratory infections to understand the functional potency associated with AMR and its dynamics. Genomic analysis identified several acquired AMR genes (ARGs) that have a pathogen-specific signature. We observed that blaCTX-M-15, blaCMY-42, blaNDM-5, and aadA(2) were prevalent in Escherichia coli, and blaTEM-1B, blaOXA-232, blaNDM-1, rmtB, and rmtC were dominant in Klebsiella pneumoniae. In contrast, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii harbored blaVEB, blaVIM-2, aph(3'), strA/B, blaOXA-23, aph(3') variants, and amrA, respectively. Regardless of the type of ARG, the MGEs linked with ARGs were also pathogen-specific. The sequence type of these pathogens was identified as high-risk international clones, with only a few lineages being predominant and region-specific. Whole-cell proteome analysis of extensively drug-resistant K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa strains revealed differential abundances of resistance-associated proteins in the presence and absence of different classes of antibiotics. The pathogen-specific resistance signatures and differential abundance of AMR-associated proteins identified in this study should add value to AMR diagnostics and the choice of appropriate drug combinations for successful antimicrobial therapy.

Umbilical Cord Blood IgA Levels and Bacterial Profile in Preterm Neonates Born with Maternal Risk Factors for Early-Onset Neonatal Sepsis.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the IgA levels and bacterial profile in umbilical cord blood (UCB) samples of mothers with risk factors compared to those without risk factors; and to understand the link between UCB culture positivity and neonatal outcomes [early-onset sepsis (EOS) or death within 7 d of life]. METHODS: This is a pilot prospective case-control study. Mothers with preterm deliveries (gestational age <34 wk) were enrolled in two groups- Cases: Those with antenatal risk factors (prolonged duration of rupture of membranes of ≥24 h or chorioamnionitis) and controls: Those without these two risk factors. Serum IgA levels was assayed and microbiological culture was tested in UCB samples. 16S sequencing to determine the UCB microbiome was performed in a subset of samples (n = 15). Neonates were followed-up for the occurrence of EOS or death until 7 d of life. RESULTS: Forty-nine mothers as cases and 50 mothers as controls were consecutively enrolled. No significant difference was observed in the IgA levels (60.5 vs. 58.1 mg/L; p = 0.71), neonatal blood culture positivity (4.1% vs. 8.0%; p = 0.41) and UCB culture positivity (30.6% vs. 26.0%; p = 0.61) in the two groups. No difference was observed between the groups in occurrence of EOS or death within 7 d of life. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria were the most abundant phyla. Serratia, Bifidobacterium, Collinsella, Meganomas and Blautia being the most common genera. CONCLUSIONS: Cord blood IgA concentration could not differentiate the neonates at-risk of infection due to its presence in both the groups.

Patterns of antibiotic use, pathogens, and prediction of mortality in hospitalized neonates and young infants with sepsis: A global neonatal sepsis observational cohort study (NeoOBS).

BACKGROUND: There is limited data on antibiotic treatment in hospitalized neonates in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We aimed to describe patterns of antibiotic use, pathogens, and clinical outcomes, and to develop a severity score predicting mortality in neonatal sepsis to inform future clinical trial design. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Hospitalized infants <60 days with clinical sepsis were enrolled during 2018 to 2020 by 19 sites in 11 countries (mainly Asia and Africa). Prospective daily observational data was collected on clinical signs, supportive care, antibiotic treatment, microbiology, and 28-day mortality. Two prediction models were developed for (1) 28-day mortality from baseline variables (baseline NeoSep Severity Score); and (2) daily risk of death on IV antibiotics from daily updated assessments (NeoSep Recovery Score). Multivariable Cox regression models included a randomly selected 85% of infants, with 15% for validation. A total of 3,204 infants were enrolled, with median birth weight of 2,500 g (IQR 1,400 to 3,000) and postnatal age of 5 days (IQR 1 to 15). 206 different empiric antibiotic combinations were started in 3,141 infants, which were structured into 5 groups based on the World Health Organization (WHO) AWaRe classification. Approximately 25.9% (n = 814) of infants started WHO first line regimens (Group 1-Access) and 13.8% (n = 432) started WHO second-line cephalosporins (cefotaxime/ceftriaxone) (Group 2-"Low" Watch). The largest group (34.0%, n = 1,068) started a regimen providing partial extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)/pseudomonal coverage (piperacillin-tazobactam, ceftazidime, or fluoroquinolone-based) (Group 3-"Medium" Watch), 18.0% (n = 566) started a carbapenem (Group 4-"High" Watch), and 1.8% (n = 57) a Reserve antibiotic (Group 5, largely colistin-based), and 728/2,880 (25.3%) of initial regimens in Groups 1 to 4 were escalated, mainly to carbapenems, usually for clinical deterioration (n = 480; 65.9%). A total of 564/3,195 infants (17.7%) were blood culture pathogen positive, of whom 62.9% (n = 355) had a gram-negative organism, predominantly Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 132) or Acinetobacter spp. (n = 72). Both were commonly resistant to WHO-recommended regimens and to carbapenems in 43 (32.6%) and 50 (71.4%) of cases, respectively. MRSA accounted for 33 (61.1%) of 54 Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Overall, 350/3,204 infants died (11.3%; 95% CI 10.2% to 12.5%), 17.7% if blood cultures were positive for pathogens (95% CI 14.7% to 21.1%, n = 99/564). A baseline NeoSep Severity Score had a C-index of 0.76 (0.69 to 0.82) in the validation sample, with mortality of 1.6% (3/189; 95% CI: 0.5% to 4.6%), 11.0% (27/245; 7.7% to 15.6%), and 27.3% (12/44; 16.3% to 41.8%) in low (score 0 to 4), medium (5 to 8), and high (9 to 16) risk groups, respectively, with similar performance across subgroups. A related NeoSep Recovery Score had an area under the receiver operating curve for predicting death the next day between 0.8 and 0.9 over the first week. There was significant variation in outcomes between sites and external validation would strengthen score applicability. CONCLUSION: Antibiotic regimens used in neonatal sepsis commonly diverge from WHO guidelines, and trials of novel empiric regimens are urgently needed in the context of increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The baseline NeoSep Severity Score identifies high mortality risk criteria for trial entry, while the NeoSep Recovery Score can help guide decisions on regimen change. NeoOBS data informed the NeoSep1 antibiotic trial (ISRCTN48721236), which aims to identify novel first- and second-line empiric antibiotic regimens for neonatal sepsis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, (NCT03721302).

Procalcitonin for Detecting Culture-Positive Sepsis in Neonates: A Prospective, Multicenter Study.

INTRODUCTION: It is unclear if serum procalcitonin (PCT) estimated at sepsis suspicion can help detect culture-positive sepsis in neonates. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of PCT in culture-positive sepsis in neonates. METHODS: This was a prospective study (February 2016 to September 2020) conducted in four level-3 units in India. We enrolled neonates suspected of sepsis in the first 28 days of life. Neonates with birth weight <750 g, asphyxia, shock, and major malformations were excluded. Blood for PCT assay was drawn along with the blood culture at the time of suspicion of sepsis and before antibiotic initiation. The investigators labeled the neonates as having culture-positive sepsis or "no sepsis" based on the culture reports and clinical course. PCT assay was performed by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, and the clinicians were masked to the PCT levels while assigning the label of sepsis. Primary outcomes were the sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios to identify culture-positive sepsis. RESULTS: The mean birth weight (SD) and median gestation (IQR) were 2,113 (727) g and 36 (32-38) weeks, respectively. Of the 1,204 neonates with eligible cultures, 155 (12.9%) had culture-positive sepsis. Most (79.4%) were culture-positive within 72 h of birth. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios at 2 ng/mL PCT threshold were 52.3% (95% confidence interval: 44.1-60.3), 64.5% (60.7-68.1), 1.47 (1.23-1.76), and 0.74 (0.62-0.88), respectively. Adding PCT to assessing neonates with 12.9% pretest probability of sepsis generated posttest probabilities of 18% and 10% for positive and negative test results, respectively. CONCLUSION: Serum PCT did not reliably identify culture-positive sepsis in neonates.

Feasibility, Sustainability, and Effectiveness of the Implementation of "Facility-Team-Driven" Approach for Improving the Quality of Newborn Care in South India.

OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of the study was to assess the feasibility and sustainability of the implementation of the point of care quality improvement (POCQI) methodology for improving the quality of neonatal care at the level 2 special newborn care unit (SNCU). Additional objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of the quality improvement (QI) and preterm baby package training model. METHODS: This study was conducted in a level-II SNCU. The study period was divided into baseline; intervention and sustenance phases. The primary outcome i.e., feasibility was defined as completion of training for 80% or more health care professionals (HCPs) through workshops, their attendance in subsequent review meetings and, successful accomplishment of at least two plan-do-study-act (PDSA) cycles in each project. RESULTS: Of the total, 1217 neonates were enrolled during the 14 mo study period; 80 neonates in the baseline, 1019 in intervention and 118 in sustenance phases. Feasibility of training was achieved within a month of initiation of intervention phase; 22/24 (92%) nurses and 14/15 (93%) doctors attended the meetings. The outcomes of individual projects suggested an improvement in proportion of neonates being given exclusive breast milk on day 5 (22.8% to 78%); mean difference (95% CI) [55.2 (46.5 to 63.9)]. Neonates on any antibiotics declined, proportion of any enteral feeds on day one and duration of kangaroo mother care (KMC) increased. Proportion of neonates receiving intravenous fluids during phototherapy decreased. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates the feasibility, sustainability, and effectiveness of a facility-team-driven QI approach augmented with capacity building and post-training supportive supervision.

Improved Event-Triggered Dynamic Output Feedback Control for Networked T-S Fuzzy Systems With Actuator Failure and Deception Attacks.

This article addresses the problem of event-triggered dynamic output feedback controller design for networked Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy systems subject to actuator failure and deception attacks. In order to save network resources effectively, two event-triggered schemes (ETSs) are introduced to test whether the measurement output and control input are transmitted under network communication. While the ETS brings advantages, it also leads to a mismatch between the premise variables of the system and the controller. To solve this problem, an asynchronous premise reconstruct method is considered, which relaxes the condition of the previous results that the premises of the plant and the controller are synchronous. Furthermore, two crucial factors, including actuator failure and deception attacks, are taken into consideration simultaneously. Then, the mean square asymptotic stability conditions of the resultant augmented system are derived by utilizing the Lyapunov stability theory. Besides, controller gains and event-triggered parameters are co-designed with the help of linear matrix inequality techniques. Finally, a cart-damper-spring system and a nonlinear mass-spring-damper mechanical system are presented to verify the theoretical analysis.