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BACKGROUND: COVID-19 vaccination is a global priority. Latin American countries have some of the highest COVID-19 death rates worldwide with vaccination hampered by a variety of reasons, including mis- and disinformation, vaccine hesitancy, and vaccine supply constraints. Addressing vaccine hesitancy through effective messages has been found to help increase vaccine uptake. Participatory processes could be used to co-design health messages for this purpose. OBJECTIVE: This article describes the methodology used to co-design evidence-based audio messages to be deployed in a cohort of individuals through an interactive voice response (IVR) mobile phone survey intervention, aimed towards increasing vaccination uptake in an adult population in Colombia. METHODS: Participants of the COVID-19 vaccination message co-design process included a sample of the general population of the country, representatives of the funder organisation, and research team members. The co-design process consisted of four phases: (1) formative quantitative and qualitative research, (2) message drafting based on the results of the formative research, (3) message content evaluation, and (4) evaluation of the voices to deliver the audio messages; and was informed by reflexive meetings. RESULTS: Three categories of evidence-based audio messages were co-designed, each corresponding to an arm of the mHealth intervention: (1) factual messages, (2) narrative messages, and (3) mixed messages. An additional fourth arm with no message was proposed for control. The iterative co-design process ended with a total of 14 audio messages recorded to be deployed via the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Co-developing health messages in response to health emergencies is possible. Adopting more context-relevant, participatory, people-centred, and reflexive multidisciplinary approaches could help develop solutions that are more responsive to the needs of populations and public health priorities. Investing resources in message co-design is deemed to have a greater potential for influencing behaviours and improving health outcomes.
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Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Adulto , Humanos , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/uso terapéutico , Colombia , COVID-19/prevención & control , Prioridades en Salud , Estudios InterdisciplinariosRESUMEN
Objective: Assessment of the pedagogical effect and technological acceptance of the serious game, CODIFICO, which has been designed to train medical students in ICD-10 diagnosis coding. Materials and Methods: We designed the serious game, CODIFICO, as an alternative way to teach ICD-10 diagnosis coding to undergraduate medical students. To assess the pedagogical effect of the game, we used the quasiexperimental pretest-posttest design. The participants began by completing a knowledge pretest on Blackboard. After the pretest, the teacher presented the game to the students and invited them to play it for 1 week. Then, the students completed the posttest on Blackboard. We applied the Wilcoxon test to establish the difference between the pretest and posttest. We designed a questionnaire to evaluate the participants' technology acceptance toward the game. Results: Sixty-one undergraduate medical students from a large Colombian private university took part. There was no statistically significant difference between the pretest and the posttest. However, the game had some positive effects on knowledge. The game was well accepted among the participants. Conclusion: The game, CODIFICO, was useful to teach diagnosis determination, not diagnostic coding. Some of the reasons that caused this situation were insufficient attention to the pedagogical theory, excessive reliance on clinical aspects of the medical training, limited resources, and lack of experience at the medical school to design gamification strategies.
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Educación de Pregrado en Medicina/métodos , Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades , Estudiantes de Medicina/psicología , Juegos de Video/normas , Adulto , Colombia , Educación de Pregrado en Medicina/normas , Educación de Pregrado en Medicina/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Aprendizaje , Masculino , Estudiantes de Medicina/estadística & datos numéricos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Juegos de Video/psicologíaRESUMEN
Introducción: La literatura pedagógica propone los juegos serios (serious games) como herramientas efectivas para el aprendizaje; sin embargo, los estudia como si fueran productos homogéneos que se diferencian solo por la temática. Así, sus diseños no se discuten y se dejan a la discreción de cada profesor-creador. Objetivo: Establecer la relación entre la efectividad en los resultados de aprendizaje y los criterios de diseño de los juegos para la educación médica. Métodos: Revisión sistemática de la literatura de juegos médicos, publicados entre 2011 y 2015 en inglés, español y portugués, siguiendo pautas de la Colaboración Cochrane. Sobre la base de la literatura, se construyó un sistema con 15 criterios de diseños para evaluar los juegos y se estableció una comparación con la efectividad reportada. Resultados: En los 26 artículos finales revisados los resultados de aprendizaje fueron positivos, en general, y los criterios de diseño de los juegos sí afectaron la efectividad en los resultados de aprendizaje. El grado de estos efectos y el nivel de evidencia científica variaron según los criterios de diseño. Conclusiones: La relación encontrada entre el diseño del juego y la efectividad en el aprendizaje debe conducir a desarrollos de juegos serios que potencien las propuestas ludificadas con un uso consciente de los criterios técnicos(AU)
Introduction: The pedagogical literature proposes serious games as effective tools for learning; however, it studies them as if they were homogeneous products that differ only by theme. Thus, their designs are not discussed and are left to the consideration of each teacher-creator. Objective: To establish the relationship between effectiveness in learning outcomes and the criteria for the design of games for medical education. Methods: Systematic review of the literature about medical games and published between 2011 and 2015, in English, Spanish and Portuguese, following the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines. Based on the literature, a system was constructed with 15 design criteria for assessing the games, and a comparison was established with the reported effectiveness. Results: In the 26 final articles that were reviewed, the learning outcomes were generally positive, and the game design criteria did affect the effectiveness of the learning outcomes. The degree of these effects and the level of scientific evidence varied according to the design criteria. Conclusions: The relationship found between game design and learning effectiveness should lead to developments of serious game that enhance the proposals made with a conscious usage of technical criteria(AU)
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Humanos , Rol , Efectividad , Afecto , AprendizajeRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The literature shows an optimistic landscape for the effectiveness of games in medical education. Nevertheless, games are not considered mainstream material in medical teaching. Two research questions that arise are the following: What pedagogical strategies do developers use when creating games for medical education? And what is the quality of the evidence on the effectiveness of games? METHODS: A systematic review was made by a multi-disciplinary team of researchers following the Cochrane Collaboration Guidelines. We included peer-reviewed journal articles which described or assessed the use of serious games or gamified apps in medical education. We used the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument (MERSQI) to assess the quality of evidence in the use of games. We also evaluated the pedagogical perspectives of such articles. RESULTS: Even though game developers claim that games are useful pedagogical tools, the evidence on their effectiveness is moderate, as assessed by the MERSQI score. Behaviourism and cognitivism continue to be the predominant pedagogical strategies, and games are complementary devices that do not replace traditional medical teaching tools. Medical educators prefer simulations and quizzes focused on knowledge retention and skill development through repetition and do not demand the use of sophisticated games in their classrooms. Moreover, public access to medical games is limited. DISCUSSION: Our aim was to put the pedagogical strategy into dialogue with the evidence on the effectiveness of the use of medical games. This makes sense since the practical use of games depends on the quality of the evidence about their effectiveness. Moreover, recognition of said pedagogical strategy would allow game developers to design more robust games which would greatly contribute to the learning process.
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Educación Médica/métodos , Juegos Recreacionales , Enseñanza , Conducta , Competencia Clínica , Cognición , Docentes Médicos/psicología , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Humanos , Entrenamiento Simulado/organización & administraciónRESUMEN
Introducción: los vínculos que establecemos se configuran en redes sociales. El análisis de estas redes nos permite comprender su influencia en la salud materna, asunto poco estudiado. Objetivo: caracterizar las redes sociales de gestantes con y sin diagnóstico de morbilidad materna extrema. Metodología: se realizó un análisis de las redes de seiscientas mujeres: 150 maternas diagnosticadas con morbilidad materna extrema y 450 gestantes sanas, configurándose así un estudio de casos y controles. Las maternas estuvieron hospitalizadas en hospitales de Medellín durante el 2011 y el 2012, donde respondieron una encuesta de caracterización de las relaciones sociales durante el embarazo. Resultados: las maternas reportaron relaciones extensas, densas y cercanas y se mostraron satisfechas con el soporte social recibido. La morbilidad materna extrema se asoció con la exposición a alguna forma de agresión, contar con un mayor número de contactos y mayor satisfacción con la red. Este último puede ser un sesgo del diseño utilizado.
Introduction: The boundaries that we establish configure social networks. Analyze these networks allow us to understand their influence in maternal health. Objective: to characterize social networks of pregnant women with and without extreme maternal morbidity. Methodology: a case-control study through a social network analysis of six hundred pregnant women: 150 with extreme maternal morbidities diagnosis and 450 who went to maternal services for different reasons. Women were hospitalized between 2011 and 2012 and they responded a social network characterization survey. Findings: in general, women reported satisfactory, strong and long relationships. For cases, antecedents of aggression, a wider social network and more satisfaction were statistically associated. This could be a bias due the type of the study. It's necessary a deeply knowledge of this relation.
Introdução: as ligações são configurados estabelecer redes sociais. A análise dessas redes nos permite compreender sua influência na saúde materna, um assunto pouco estudado. Objetivo: Caracterizar as redes sociais de mulheres grávidas com e sem diagnóstico de morbidade materna extremo. Metodologia: 150 materna diagnosticado com morbidade materna extrema e 450 mulheres grávidas saudáveis, constituindo, assim, um estudo de casos e controles: uma análise das redes de seiscentas mulheres ocorreu. Materna foram internadas em hospitais em Medellín em 2011 e 2012, onde eles responderam a um inquérito caracterização das relações sociais durante a gravidez. Resultados: maternos relataram relações grandes, densos e íntimos e expressaram satisfação com o suporte social recebido. morbidade materna extrema associada à exposição a qualquer forma de agressão, ter mais contato e maior satisfação com a rede; este último, pode ser utilizado um desenho de polarização.
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Objetivos Caracterizar la percepción sobre los Grupos Relacionados de Diagnóstico GRD como una innovación entre el personal médico, de enfermería y de soporte administrativo, en un Hospital en Colombia. Métodos Estudio de caso de la cultura innovadora en un hospital. Se realizaron encuestas y grupos focales con el personal médico, de enfermería y de soporte administrativo. Se calcularon estadísticos descriptivos para las percepciones de la cultura innovadora y análisis comparativos entre los grupos profesionales en mención. Los grupos focales fueron trascritos y analizados para profundizar en los hallazgos de las encuestas. Resultados Se encontraron diferencias significativas en las percepciones de la cultura innovadora. El personal de enfermería fue más entusiasta que los médicos al evaluar la cultura innovadora y el liderazgo de las directivas del Hospital. Los médicos se sintieron más autónomos para discutir asuntos profesionales. Los administrativos, por su parte, evaluaron la voluntad del Hospital para adquirir nuevas tecnologías más alto que los médicos. Los tres grupos conocen poco sobre los GRD. Conclusiones Al implementar una innovación en salud es recomendable analizar su efecto sobre los profesionales que participarán en su implementación. El personal médico percibe los GRD como una amenaza a su autonomía profesional; en tanto el personal de enfermería aparece como una fuerza pro-innovación, por lo cual a la gerencia le conviene involucrarlo en el proceso de implementación de los GRD junto al personal administrativo.(AU)
Objectives To characterize the perception of Diagnosis-Related Groups (DRGs) as an innovation among physicians, nurses and administrative staff in a hospital in Colombia. Methods A case study of innovative culture in a hospital. Surveys and focus groups were carried out with the medical, nursing and administrative staff. Descriptive statistics were calculated for the perceptions of innovative culture. Comparative analysis was done between professional groups. The results of the focus groups were transcribed and analyzed to deepen the findings of the surveys. Results Significant differences were found in perceptions of the innovative culture. The nursing staff were more enthusiastic than doctors when evaluating the innovative culture and leadership. Physicians felt more autonomy when discussing professional issues. Administrative staff assessed the Hospital's disposition to acquire new medical technologies as higher than that of physicians. The three groups know little about DRG's. Conclusions When implementing a health innovation it is advisable to analyze its effect on the professionals who participate in the implementation. Physicians perceive DRGs as a threat to their professional autonomy, while nurses see it as a pro-innovation force. It is important to involve nursing and administrative staff when implementing this kind of innovation.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Innovación Organizacional , Difusión de Innovaciones , Gestión Clínica/organización & administración , Cultura Organizacional , Colombia , Ajuste de RiesgoRESUMEN
Objectives To characterize the perception of Diagnosis-Related Groups (DRGs) as an innovation among physicians, nurses and administrative staff in a hospital in Colombia. Methods A case study of innovative culture in a hospital. Surveys and focus groups were carried out with the medical, nursing and administrative staff. Descriptive statistics were calculated for the perceptions of innovative culture. Comparative analysis was done between professional groups. The results of the focus groups were transcribed and analyzed to deepen the findings of the surveys. Results Significant differences were found in perceptions of the innovative culture. The nursing staff were more enthusiastic than doctors when evaluating the innovative culture and leadership. Physicians felt more autonomy when discussing professional issues. Administrative staff assessed the Hospital's disposition to acquire new medical technologies as higher than that of physicians. The three groups know little about DRG's. Conclusions When implementing a health innovation it is advisable to analyze its effect on the professionals who participate in the implementation. Physicians perceive DRGs as a threat to their professional autonomy, while nurses see it as a pro-innovation force. It is important to involve nursing and administrative staff when implementing this kind of innovation.
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Actitud del Personal de Salud , Grupos Diagnósticos Relacionados , Administradores de Hospital , Cuerpo Médico de Hospitales , Personal de Enfermería en Hospital , Innovación Organizacional , Colombia , Grupos Focales , Humanos , Autonomía Profesional , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Los profesionales de enfermería desempeñan un importante rol en el Hospital a la hora de implementar innovaciones. Se desconoce su percepción frente a los Grupos Relacionados de Diagnóstico como una innovación. Objetivos: Caracterizar la percepción de los profesionales del departamento de enfermería sobre los Grupos Relacionados de Diagnóstico como una innovación, en un Hospital de alta complejidad en Colombia. Metodología: Estudio de caso. La información se obtuvo de encuesta y grupo focal. Se calcularon estadísticos descriptivos para las percepciones de la innovación; se transcribieron y analizaron los datos del grupo focal. Resultados: La percepción de la cultura innovadora fue positiva y se encontraron diferencias según educación, posición jerárquica y sexo; las demás variables no fueron significativas. Frente a los Grupos Relacionados de Diagnóstico como innovación sólo el 12,5 % de los participantes los conocían, predominando una actitud positiva. El atributo que generó menos entusiasmo y mayor dispersión, fue la complejidad de los GRD. No hubo diferencias en la percepción frente a los cinco atributos por ninguna variable demográfica. Conclusiones: La homogeneidad de la percepción sugiere un ambiente favorable para implementar los Grupos Relacionados de Diagnóstico.
Nursing professionals play an important role at Hospitals when innovation is to be implemented. However, their perception regarding diagnosis related groups as an innovation is unknown. Objective: to characterize how the professionals of a nursing department of a high complexity hospital in Colombia perceive the innovation of diagnosis related groups. Methodology: A case study. Data were collected from surveys and focus groups. Descriptive statistics were calculated for the perception of innovation, and the data from the focus groups were transcribed and analyzed. Results: The perception of the innovative culture was positive and there were differences according to education, hierarchical position and sex; the other variables were not significant. As for the diagnosis related groups as an innovation, only 12.5% of the participants were familiar with them, and their attitude was predominantly positive. The attribute that generated less enthusiasm and greater dispersion, was the complexity of said groups. No differences were observed in the perception of the five attributes for any demographic variable. Conclusions: The homogeneity of perception suggests a favorable environment for implementing the system of diagnosis related groups.
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Ajuste de Riesgo , Cultura Organizacional , Difusión de Innovaciones , Gestión Clínica , Innovación OrganizacionalRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Identify shared criteria used throughout the world in the implementation of interoperable National Health Information Systems (NHIS) and provide validated scientific information on the dimensions affecting interoperability. METHODS: This systematic review sought to identify primary articles on the implementation of interoperable NHIS published in scientific journals in English, Portuguese, or Spanish between 1990 and 2011 through a search of eight databases of electronic journals in the health sciences and informatics: MEDLINE (PubMed), Proquest, Ovid, EBSCO, MD Consult, Virtual Health Library, Metapress, and SciELO. The full texts of the articles were reviewed, and those that focused on technical computer aspects or on normative issues were excluded, as well as those that did not meet the quality criteria for systematic reviews of interventions. RESULTS: Of 291 studies found and reviewed, only five met the inclusion criteria. These articles reported on the process of implementing an interoperable NHIS in Brazil, China, the United States, Turkey, and the Semiautonomous Region of Zanzíbar, respectively. Five common basic criteria affecting implementation of the NHIS were identified: standards in place to govern the process, availability of trained human talent, financial and structural constraints, definition of standards, and assurance that the information is secure. Four dimensions affecting interoperability were defined: technical, semantic, legal, and organizational. CONCLUSIONS: The criteria identified have to be adapted to the actual situation in each country and a proactive approach should be used to ensure that implementation of the interoperable NHIS is strategic, simple, and reliable.
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Intercambio de Información en Salud , Sistemas de Información en Salud/organización & administración , HumanosRESUMEN
OBJETIVO: Identificar los criterios comunes utilizados en la implementación de sistemas nacionales de información de salud (SNIS) interoperables en el mundo y proveer información científica validada sobre las dimensiones de la interoperabilidad. MÉTODOS: Revisión sistemática de artículos primarios publicados en inglés, portugués o español en revistas científicas entre 1990 y 2011 sobre la implementación de SNIS interoperables. La búsqueda se realizó en ocho bases de datos bibliográficas que abarcaran revistas electrónicas en ciencias de la salud e informática: Medline (Pubmed), Proquest, Ovid, EBSCO, MD Consult, Biblioteca Virtual de Salud, Metapress y SciELO. Se revisaron los textos completos de los artículos y se excluyeron los que se enfocaban solo en lo informático-técnico o en el componente normativo, y los que no cumplían con los criterios de calidad para revisiones sistemáticas de intervenciones. RESULTADOS: De 291 estudios encontrados y revisados, solo 5 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y exponían el proceso de implementación de SNIS interoperables en Brasil, China, Estados Unidos, Turquía y la región semiautónoma de Zanzíbar. Se identificaron cinco criterios básicos comunes para la implementación del SNIS: las normas que respaldan el proceso, la capacitación del talento humano, las limitaciones financieras y estructurales, la definición de los estándares y la seguridad de la información. Se definieron cuatro dimensiones de interoperabilidad: técnica, semántica, legal y organizacional. CONCLUSIONES: Los criterios expuestos se deben ajustar a la situación real de cada país y se debe adoptar un enfoque proactivo en la implementación estratégica, sencilla y fiable de SNIS interoperables.
OBJECTIVE: Identify shared criteria used throughout the world in the implementation of interoperable National Health Information Systems (NHIS) and provide validated scientific information on the dimensions affecting interoperability. METHODS: This systematic review sought to identify primary articles on the implementation of interoperable NHIS published in scientific journals in English, Portuguese, or Spanish between 1990 and 2011 through a search of eight databases of electronic journals in the health sciences and informatics: MEDLINE (PubMed), Proquest, Ovid, EBSCO, MD Consult, Virtual Health Library, Metapress, and SciELO. The full texts of the articles were reviewed, and those that focused on technical computer aspects or on normative issues were excluded, as well as those that did not meet the quality criteria for systematic reviews of interventions. RESULTS: Of 291 studies found and reviewed, only five met the inclusion criteria. These articles reported on the process of implementing an interoperable NHIS in Brazil, China, the United States, Turkey, and the Semiautonomous Region of Zanzíbar, respectively. Five common basic criteria affecting implementation of the NHIS were identified: standards in place to govern the process, availability of trained human talent, financial and structural constraints, definition of standards, and assurance that the information is secure. Four dimensions affecting interoperability were defined: technical, semantic, legal, and organizational. CONCLUSIONS: The criteria identified have to be adapted to the actual situation in each country and a proactive approach should be used to ensure that implementation of the interoperable NHIS is strategic, simple, and reliable.
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Humanos , Intercambio de Información en Salud , Sistemas de Información en Salud/organización & administraciónRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine whether there is an association between severe maternal mortality (SMM) and the characteristics of access to and use of obstetric services by the participating women. METHODS: A study of cases and controls was conducted in a group of 600 women who were attended during pregnancy or the puerperium between 2011 and 2012 by obstetric services located in Medellín, Colombia. The study considered cases (n = 150) in obstetric patients who met the criteria for SMM established by the surveillance system being used in Medellín at the time of their admission. The controls (n = 450) were randomly selected in the same institutions where the patients were being treated. The information was obtained through an in-person interview, review of the patient's clinical history, and rating of the medical care provided by surveillance program personnel. The analysis was based on the model Road Map for Preventing Maternal Death developed jointly by Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control, United Nations Population Fund for Latin America and the Caribbean, and Mothercare UK. RESULTS: The proportion of unplanned pregnancies in the women studied was 57.6%, while the proportion of delay in the decision to seek care was 32.0%. Two variables were found to be associated with SMM: ethnicity (OR = 1.79) and delays due to deficiencies in the quality of care provided (OR = 8.54). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that improving the effectiveness and quality of family planning, prenatal check-up, and hospital obstetric care programs could help to reduce avoidable cases of SMM.
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Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Hospitalización , Servicios de Salud Materna/estadística & datos numéricos , Mortalidad Materna/tendencias , Complicaciones del Embarazo/epidemiología , Adulto , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Colombia/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Embarazo , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este estudio es establecer si la morbilidad materna extrema (MME) se asocia con algunas características del acceso y la utilización de los servicios obstétricos de las gestantes participantes. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles con 600 pacientes en embarazo, en parto o el puerperio atendidas entre 2011 y 2012 en servicios de obstetricia de Medellín (Colombia). Se consideraron casos (n = 150) las pacientes obstétricas que durante el ingreso cumplían los criterios de MME establecidos por el sistema de vigilancia que se aplica en la ciudad. Los controles (n = 450) se obtuvieron aleatoriamente de las mismas instituciones que los casos. La información se recabó mediante entrevista personalizada, revisión de la historia clínica y calificación del cuidado médico, realizada por el personal del programa de vigilancia. El análisis se realizó sobre la base del modelo Camino para la supervivencia a la muerte materna de la OPS/OMS, CDC, FNUAP-LAC y Mother Care. RESULTADOS: El porcentaje de embarazo no planificado en las mujeres estudiadas fue 57,6% y el retraso en la decisión de buscar atención, 32,0%. La etnia (OR = 1,8; IC95%: 1,0-2,9) y el retraso por deficiencias en la calidad de la atención prestada (OR = 8,3; IC95%: 5,0-13,7) fueron las variables que se encontraron asociadas con la MME. CONCLUSIONES: Los hallazgos sugieren que mejorar la efectividad y calidad de los programas de planificación familiar, control prenatal y atención obstétrica hospitalaria pudiera contribuir a reducir los casos evitables de MME.
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine whether there is an association between severe maternal mortality (SMM) and the characteristics of access to and use of obstetric services by the participating women. METHODS: A study of cases and controls was conducted in a group of 600 women who were attended during pregnancy or the puerperium between 2011 and 2012 by obstetric services located in Medellín, Colombia. The study considered cases (n = 150) in obstetric patients who met the criteria for SMM established by the surveillance system being used in Medellín at the time of their admission. The controls (n = 450) were randomly selected in the same institutions where the patients were being treated. The information was obtained through an in-person interview, review of the patient’s clinical history, and rating of the medical care provided by surveillance program personnel. The analysis was based on the model Road Map for Preventing Maternal Death developed jointly by Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control, United Nations Population Fund for Latin America and the Caribbean, and Mothercare UK. RESULTS: The proportion of unplanned pregnancies in the women studied was 57.6%, while the proportion of delay in the decision to seek care was 32.0%. Two variables were found to be associated with SMM: ethnicity (OR = 1.79) and delays due to deficiencies in the quality of care provided (OR = 8.54). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that improving the effectiveness and quality of family planning, prenatal check-up, and hospital obstetric care programs could help to reduce avoidable cases of SMM.
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Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Adulto , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Hospitalización , Servicios de Salud Materna , Mortalidad Materna/tendencias , Complicaciones del Embarazo/epidemiología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Colombia/epidemiología , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Objetivo Determinar los perfiles del estado de salud de las personas de 6 a 69 años de la región central Colombiana, participantes de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud, 2007. Métodos En la Encuesta participaron 18 683 personas entre 6 y 69 años de la región central Colombiana. Se calcularon estadísticas descriptivas y se realizó un análisis de correspondencias múltiples por subregión. Las variables significativas (t-test ≤0.05) para la construcción de los ejes factoriales en el plano cartesiano fueron: sexo, edad, escolaridad, área de residencia, grupo étnico, reporte de eventos mórbidos y auto-percepción de salud. Resultados Se identificaron tres tipologías del estado salud: auto percepción de salud en correspondencia con características sociodemográficas, reporte o no de eventos mórbidos y subregión de análisis. Las personas en actividades laborales o académicas reportaron mejores percepciones de salud. Para indígenas residentes en zonas rurales se encontró mayor reporte de lesiones por accidente o violencia, envenenamiento e intoxicaciones que para personas blancas de zonas urbanas; las mujeres sin educación tuvieron valoraciones más negativas del estado de salud. Se encontró, además, correspondencia entre un perfil específico de salud para cada subregión en estudio. Conclusiones Las diferencias encontradas pudieran deberse al auto-cuidado, al acceso a los servicios sociales, a la accesibilidad geográfica y a patrones culturales de reporte de la auto-percepción de salud.
Objective Determining perceived health status profiles for people aged 6 to 69 years old from the central region of Colombia, based on the 2007 National Health Survey. Method The survey involved 18,683 people aged 6 to 69 years old from the central region of Colombia. Descriptive statistics and multiple correspondence analyses by sub-region were calculated. Significant variables (≤0.05 t-test) for constructing Cartesian plane factor axes were gender, age, educational level, residential area, ethnicity, morbid event reporting and self-perceived health status. Results Three health status typologies were identified: perceived health corresponding to socio-demographic characteristics, morbid event reporting and residential area. People having a job or engaging in academic activities had better health status perception. Indigenous people living in rural areas reported injuries arising from an accident, violence and/or poisoning more frequently than white people living in urban areas. An educated woman had a more negative evaluation of their health status. Agreement was also found for a specific health profile and each sub-region being studied. Conclusions Differences may have been due to self-care, social service access, geographic accessibility and cultural patterns regarding self-reported health status perception. Analyzing greater depth is needed.
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Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Estado de Salud , Autoimagen , Colombia , Estudios Transversales , Encuestas EpidemiológicasRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Determining perceived health status profiles for people aged 6 to 69 years old from the central region of Colombia, based on the 2007 National Health Survey. METHOD: The survey involved 18,683 people aged 6 to 69 years old from the central region of Colombia. Descriptive statistics and multiple correspondence analyses by sub-region were calculated. Significant variables (≤ 0.05 t-test) for constructing Cartesian plane factor axes were gender, age, educational level, residential area, ethnicity, morbid event reporting and self-perceived health status. RESULTS: Three health status typologies were identified: perceived health corresponding to socio-demographic characteristics, morbid event reporting and residential area. People having a job or engaging in academic activities had better health status perception. Indigenous people living in rural areas reported injuries arising from an accident, violence and/or poisoning more frequently than white people living in urban areas. An educated woman had a more negative evaluation of their health status. Agreement was also found for a specific health profile and each sub-region being studied. CONCLUSIONS: Differences may have been due to self-care, social service access, geographic accessibility and cultural patterns regarding self-reported health status perception. Analyzing greater depth is needed.
Asunto(s)
Estado de Salud , Autoimagen , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Niño , Colombia , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Introducción: La confianza en la capacidad de evitar algunas muertes o diferir su aparición es el fundamento de toda política de salud, uno de cuyos principales resultados debe ser reducir las muertes evitables, y controlar las condiciones que aumentan el riesgo de morir. Objetivos: Establecer variaciones en la tendencia de la mortalidad evitable (ME) registrada en Colombia entre 1985 y 2002, como indicadoras del impacto efectivo que las reformas en la política sanitaria pudieran haber tenido sobre sus determinantes. Métodos: Estudio de la ME con base en los registros oficiales de defunción y en las proyecciones censales de Colombia entre 1985-2002. Para determinar la evitabilidad, se aplicó un inventario de causas de ME (ICME) ajustado a las condiciones epidemiológicas del país durante el período que se analiza. Resultados: De las muertes registradas, 75.3% se clasificaron como evitables. Se identificaron siete patrones de tendencia que reflejan, de manera particular, los efectos de las políticas públicas sobre los determinantes de la mortalidad. Conclusiones: En general, la ME viene disminuyendo en Colombia desde 1985 en la población general y entre los hombres, sin variaciones significativas durante el período. Las variaciones en la tendencia de las tasas ajustadas de varios grupos de causas hacen pensar en un deterioro en el control de sus determinantes, especialmente desde 1990. Los cambios aplicados en las políticas públicas durante los últimos años no se reflejaron en un mejor control de las muertes evitables, aunque el gasto en salud aumentó de modo muy notable en el país.
Introduction: Confidence in the capacity to avoid some deaths or to defer their occurrence is the foundation of any health public policy, one of whose main results should be to reduce avoidable mortality by controlling conditions that increase the risk of dying. Objectives: To establish trend variations in avoidable mortality (AM), registered in Colombia between 1985 and 2002, as an indicator of the effective impact that recent health reforms could have produced on the determinants of mortality. Methods: This is a study of AM, based on Colombian official registries of death and census projections, between 1985 and 2002. To determine the avoidability, an inventory of causes of AM (ICAM), based on the Holland and Taucher models, was applied to the data during the period analyzed. Results: Of the number of deaths registered, 75.3% were classified as avoidable. Seven tendency patterns were identified and each of them reflects, in particular, public-policy effects on mortality determinants. Conclusions: On the whole, AM has diminished in Colombia since 1985 among the general population and among men, without significant variations during the period. The trend variations observed of adjusted rates suggest deterioration in the control of AM determinants, particularly since 1990. Public policy changes applied in Colombia during the period have not been reflected in a better control of avoidable deaths, although health expenses have increased remarkably.