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The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) in the medical field holds promise in improving medical management, particularly in personalized strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of brain tumors. However, integrating AI into clinical practice has proven to be a challenge. Deep learning (DL) is very convenient for extracting relevant information from large amounts of data that has increased in medical history and imaging records, which shortens diagnosis time, that would otherwise overwhelm manual methods. In addition, DL aids in automated tumor segmentation, classification, and diagnosis. DL models such as the Brain Tumor Classification Model and the Inception-Resnet V2, or hybrid techniques that enhance these functions and combine DL networks with support vector machine and k-nearest neighbors, identify tumor phenotypes and brain metastases, allowing real-time decision-making and enhancing preoperative planning. AI algorithms and DL development facilitate radiological diagnostics such as computed tomography, positron emission tomography scans, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by integrating two-dimensional and three-dimensional MRI using DenseNet and 3D convolutional neural network architectures, which enable precise tumor delineation. DL offers benefits in neuro-interventional procedures, and the shift toward computer-assisted interventions acknowledges the need for more accurate and efficient image analysis methods. Further research is needed to realize the potential impact of DL in improving these outcomes.
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Vein of Galen malformation (VOGM) is a rare congenital arteriovenous malformation affecting the pediatric population, characterized by a fistula between the diencephalon and a dilated vein of Galen. The present study reports the case of a 6-month-old male infant referred for developmental delays and abnormal head circumference. A clinical examination revealed macrocephaly, dilated scalp veins and neurological abnormalities. Neuroimaging confirmed a large VOGM with associated hydrocephalus. A multidisciplinary team devised a treatment plan involving endovascular embolization and ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement. The post-operative recovery exhibited an improvement in neurodevelopmental milestones and a reduced head circumference. Generally, the management of VOGM requires a comprehensive approach, including early diagnosis, precise imaging and timely intervention. The case described herein highlights the importance of interventional radiology in planning a management plan and the novel kissing microcatheter endovascular embolization technique.
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INTRODUCTION: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) poses a significant global health burden and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Acute exacerbations of COPD often lead to respiratory failure, necessitating a thorough understanding of its prevalence. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of respiratory failure among adult patients experiencing acute exacerbations of COPD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted over a span of seven months at the internal medicine department of Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar. A total of 255 adult patients with acute exacerbations of COPD were included, and their demographic data, as well as arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis results, were collected. The prevalence of respiratory failure was defined by specific arterial blood gas criteria. RESULTS: The study revealed a notable prevalence of respiratory failure (41.18%) among COPD patients presenting with acute exacerbations. Factors such as older age and male gender were identified as being associated with a heightened risk of respiratory failure. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, acute exacerbations of COPD predominantly affect middle-aged males (65.5%), with the 51-60 age group being the most impacted. Respiratory failure was present in over 41% of cases. ABG analysis indicated significant acid-base imbalances, hypoxemia, and hypercapnia, with compensatory chronic respiratory acidosis. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions to manage and prevent COPD exacerbations, especially in middle-aged men.