IL-27 expression regulation and its effects on adaptive immunity against viruses.

IL-27, a member of the IL-6/IL-12 cytokine superfamily, is primarily secreted by antigen presenting cells, specifically by dendric cells, macrophages and B cells. IL-27 has antiviral activities and modulates both innate and adaptive immune responses against viruses. The role of IL-27 in the setting of viral infections is not well defined and both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions have been described. Here, we discuss the latest advancements in the role of IL-27 in several viral infection models of human disease. We highlight important aspects of IL-27 expression regulation, the critical cell sources at different stages of the infection and their impact in cell mediated immunity. Lastly, we discuss the need to better define the antiviral and modulatory (pro-inflammatory vs anti-inflammatory) properties of IL-27 in the context of human chronic viral infections.

Fluvastatin Converts Human Macrophages into Foam Cells with Increased Inflammatory Response to Inactivated Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra.

Cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors (statins) protect hypercholesterolemic patients against developing active tuberculosis, suggesting that these drugs could help the host to control the pathogen at the initial stages of the disease. This work studies the effect of fluvastatin on the early response of healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to inactivated Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) H37Ra. We found that in fluvastatin-treated PBMCs, most monocytes/macrophages became foamy cells that overproduced NLRP3 inflammasome components in the absence of immune stimulation, evidencing important cholesterol metabolism/immunity connections. When both fluvastatin-treated and untreated PBMCs were exposed to Mtb H37Ra, a small subset of macrophages captured large amounts of bacilli and died, concentrating the bacteria in necrotic areas. In fluvastatin-untreated cultures, most of the remaining macrophages became epithelioid cells that isolated these areas of cell death in granulomatous structures that barely produced IFNγ. By contrast, in fluvastatin-treated cultures, foamy macrophages surrounded the accumulated bacteria, degraded them, markedly activated caspase-1 and elicited a potent IFNγ/cytotoxic response. In rabbits immunized with the same bacteria, fluvastatin increased the tuberculin test response. We conclude that statins may enhance macrophage efficacy to control Mtb, with the help of adaptive immunity, offering a promising tool in the design of alternative therapies to fight tuberculosis.

ß-Catenin alterations in testicular Leydig cell tumour: a immunohistochemical and molecular analysis.

BACKGROUND: Testicular Leydig cell tumours (LCTs) are the most common type of sex cord-stromal tumour in men, representing 1%-3% of all testicular neoplasms. Among testicular sex cord-stromal tumours, CTNNB1 mutations and nuclear expression of ß-catenin have been typically associated with Sertoli cell tumour. Recent genomic analyses have shown that CTNNB1 variants are also identified in a subset of LCTs; however, the frequency and clinicopathologic associations of ß-catenin alterations remain incompletely understood in this tumour type. METHODS: In this study, we evaluated 32 LCTs (five malignant/metastasizing, 27 nonmetastasizing) using ß-catenin immunohistochemistry and DNA sequencing. RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry revealed focal or multifocal nuclear ß-catenin expression in 47% of the tumours. Diffuse nuclear ß-catenin expression (in >50% of the tumour cells) was not detected in any of the cases analysed herein. Comparison of ß-catenin-positive and ß-catenin-negative cases did not show significant differences in the frequency of adverse histopathologic findings or malignant clinical behaviour. DNA sequencing performed de novo on a subset of seven cases revealed the presence of exon 3 CTNNB1 variants in four of them (4/7, 57%), with variant allele frequencies (VAF) ranging from 7 to 33%. Two additional ß-catenin-positive cases that had been sequenced as part of a previous study harboured exon 3 CTNNB1 variants at VAF of 28% and 7%, respectively. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that ß-catenin alterations are relatively common in LCT, most likely occurring as subclonal events that are not enriched in cases with aggressive features. Further studies are needed to clarify the oncogenic role of ß-catenin in this tumour type.

[Public conversation on vaccines during the covid-19 pandemic in Argentina, 2021-2022]. / Conversación pública sobre vacunas en la pandemia de covid-19 en Argentina, 2021-2022.

In the face of declining vaccination coverage and the dissemination of health-related information, conversations in the public/mediatic digital sphere constitute a relevant study area for the field of health communication. Through a qualitative study based on the analysis of government publications, digital press, and social media, we characterize the public conversation on vaccines - in terms of topics, moments, axes, and framings in Argentina during the 2020-2021 period - marked by the debate on covid-19 vaccines. The results show that public conversation focused on covid-19 vaccination, structured in two distinct moments (vaccine production and vaccination campaign), and under moral framings grounded in vaccination as a care practice and science as an authoritative voice. Simultaneously, doubts about the safety and efficacy of vaccines shaped arguments of vaccine hesitancy, which we understand as part of extended practices associated with distrust towards institutions and reinterpretations of scientific knowledge and care.

Ante la caída de las coberturas vacunales y la circulación informativa sobre salud, las conversaciones en el entorno público/mediático digital constituyen un ámbito de estudio relevante para el campo de la comunicación en salud. A través de un estudio cualitativo, basado en el análisis de publicaciones del gobierno, la prensa digital y las redes sociales, caracterizamos la conversación pública sobre vacunas ­en términos de temas, momentos, ejes y encuadres en Argentina en el período 2020-2021­ signada por el debate sobre las vacunas covid-19. Los resultados muestran que la conversación pública se centralizó en la vacunación contra el covid-19, se estructuró en dos momentos diferenciados (producción de vacunas y campaña de vacunación) y bajo encuadres morales sustentados en la vacunación como práctica de cuidado y la ciencia como voz autorizada. En simultáneo, las dudas sobre la seguridad y eficacia de las vacunas estructuraron argumentos de reticencia vacunal, que entendemos como parte de prácticas extendidas, asociadas con las desconfianzas hacia las instituciones y reinterpretaciones del conocimiento científico y del cuidado.

Clinical impact of the TPSAB1 genotype in mast cell diseases: A REMA study in a cohort of 959 individuals.

BACKGROUND: A close association between hereditary alpha-tryptasemia (HAT) and mast cell (MC) disorders has been previously reported. However, the relationship between HAT and the diagnostic subtypes and clinical features of MC disorders still remains to be established. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of HAT in healthy donors (HD) vs patients with different diagnostic subtypes of MC activation syndromes (MCAS) and mastocytosis, and its relationship with the clinical behavior of the disease. METHODS: A total of 959 subjects were studied including 346 healthy donors (HD), 464 mastocytosis, and 149 non-clonal MCAS patients. Molecular studies to assess the TPSAB1 genotype were performed, and data on serum baseline tryptase (sBT) and basal MC-mediator release episodes and triggers of anaphylaxis were collected. RESULTS: HAT was detected in 15/346 (4%) HD versus 43/149 (29%) non-clonal MCAS and 84/464 (18%) mastocytosis cases. Among mastocytosis, HAT was more frequently found in patients with MC-restricted KITD816V (21% vs. 10% among multilineage KITD816V patients; p = .008). Overall, median sBT was higher in cases presenting with HAT (28.9 vs. 24.5 ng/mL; p = .008), while no significant differences in sBT were observed among HAT+ mastocytosis patients depending on the presence of 1 vs. ≥2 extra copies of the α-tryptase gene (44.1 vs. 35.2 ng/mL, p > .05). In turn, anaphylaxis was more frequently observed in HAT+ versus HAT- mastocytosis patients (76% vs. 65%; p = .018), while HAT+ and HAT- patients who did not refer anaphylaxis as the presenting symptom (n = 308) showed a similar prevalence of subsequent anaphylaxis (35% vs. 36%, respectively). CONCLUSION: The frequency of HAT in MC disorders varies according to the diagnostic subtype of the disease. HAT does not imply a higher risk (and severity) of anaphylaxis in mastocytosis patients in whom anaphylaxis is not part of the presenting symptoms of the disease.

Genomic analysis of spermatocytic tumors demonstrates recurrent molecular alterations in cases with malignant clinical behavior.

Spermatocytic tumor (ST) is a rare type of germ cell tumor that occurs exclusively in the postpubertal testis and typically affects elderly men. Most STs are benign, but rare cases exhibit aggressive clinical behavior, often in association with transition to sarcomatoid histology. Limited molecular analyses have been performed on STs; therefore, their genomic and epigenomic features remain incompletely described. Twenty-seven samples from 25 individual patients were analyzed with a combination of DNA sequencing panels, genomic methylation profiling, SNP array, isochromosome (12p) [i(12p)] FISH, and immunohistochemistry. The series included five metastasizing tumors (three with sarcomatoid transformation, one anaplastic, and one conventional) and 20 non-metastasizing tumors (14 anaplastic and six conventional). Anaplastic tumors comprised a monomorphic population of intermediate-sized neoplastic cells, as previously described. Multiomic analyses demonstrated that there were two genomic subgroups of STs: one with diploid genomes and hotspot RAS/RAF variants and the other with global ploidy shift and absence of recurrent mutations. Relative gain of chromosome 9 was a consistent finding in both subgroups. A comparison of metastasizing and non-metastasizing cases demonstrated that aggressive behavior was associated with the acquisition of pathogenic TP53 mutations and/or relative gains of 12p/i(12p). In cases with sarcomatoid transformation, TP53 mutations seem to underlie the transition to sarcomatoid histology. Genomic methylation analysis demonstrated that aggressive cases with gains of 12p cluster closer to pure seminomas than to STs without gains of 12p. In conclusion, STs include two genomic subgroups, characterized by global ploidy shifts without recurrent mutations and diploid genomes with RAS/RAF hotspot mutations, respectively. Biologic progression was associated with relative gains of 12p and TP53 mutations. The findings in STs with relative gains of 12p suggest that they may exhibit biologic characteristics akin to those seen in germ cell neoplasia in situ-related germ cell tumors rather than non-germ cell neoplasia in situ-derived STs. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

Conversación pública sobre vacunas en la pandemia de covid-19 en Argentina, 2021-2022 / Public conversation on vaccines during the covid-19 pandemic in Argentina, 2021-2022

RESUMEN Ante la caída de las coberturas vacunales y la circulación informativa sobre salud, las conversaciones en el entorno público/mediático digital constituyen un ámbito de estudio relevante para el campo de la comunicación en salud. A través de un estudio cualitativo, basado en el análisis de publicaciones del gobierno, la prensa digital y las redes sociales, caracterizamos la conversación pública sobre vacunas -en términos de temas, momentos, ejes y encuadres en Argentina en el período 2020-2021- signada por el debate sobre las vacunas covid-19. Los resultados muestran que la conversación pública se centralizó en la vacunación contra el covid-19, se estructuró en dos momentos diferenciados (producción de vacunas y campaña de vacunación) y bajo encuadres morales sustentados en la vacunación como práctica de cuidado y la ciencia como voz autorizada. En simultáneo, las dudas sobre la seguridad y eficacia de las vacunas estructuraron argumentos de reticencia vacunal, que entendemos como parte de prácticas extendidas, asociadas con las desconfianzas hacia las instituciones y reinterpretaciones del conocimiento científico y del cuidado.

ABSTRACT In the face of declining vaccination coverage and the dissemination of health-related information, conversations in the public/mediatic digital sphere constitute a relevant study area for the field of health communication. Through a qualitative study based on the analysis of government publications, digital press, and social media, we characterize the public conversation on vaccines - in terms of topics, moments, axes, and framings in Argentina during the 2020-2021 period - marked by the debate on covid-19 vaccines. The results show that public conversation focused on covid-19 vaccination, structured in two distinct moments (vaccine production and vaccination campaign), and under moral framings grounded in vaccination as a care practice and science as an authoritative voice. Simultaneously, doubts about the safety and efficacy of vaccines shaped arguments of vaccine hesitancy, which we understand as part of extended practices associated with distrust towards institutions and reinterpretations of scientific knowledge and care.

Analysis of GATA3 and FOXA2 expression suggests that downregulation of genes involved in the maintenance of a mature yolk sac tumor phenotype may underlie sarcomatoid transformation.

In the post-chemotherapy setting, germ cell tumors of the testis (GCTT) that resemble non-specific sarcomas and co-express cytokeratins and glypican-3 (GPC3) are diagnosed as "sarcomatoid yolk sac tumor postpubertal-type (YSTpt)". The diagnosis of sarcomatoid YSTpt is clinically relevant but challenging due to its rarity, non-specific histology, and negative α-fetoprotein (AFP) staining. Recently, FOXA2 has emerged as a key-gene in the reprogramming of GCTT (activating the transcription of several genes, among which GATA3), and immunohistochemical studies showed that GATA3 and FOXA2 have a higher sensitivity for non-sarcomatoid YSTpt than GPC3 and AFP. We found that sarcomatoid YSTpt did not express FOXA2 [0: 14/14 (100%)] and showed focal expression of GATA3 [0: 12/14 (85.7%), 1 + : 2/14 (14.3%)], thus suggesting that these markers are not useful in diagnosing this tumor. Furthermore, we proposed a potential mechanism of sarcomatoid transformation in the post-chemotherapy setting of GCTT, mediated by the downregulation of FOXA2 and GATA3.

Automated EuroFlow approach for standardized in-depth dissection of human circulating B-cells and plasma cells.

Background: Multiparameter flow cytometry (FC) immunophenotyping is a key tool for detailed identification and characterization of human blood leucocytes, including B-lymphocytes and plasma cells (PC). However, currently used conventional data analysis strategies require extensive expertise, are time consuming, and show limited reproducibility. Objective: Here, we designed, constructed and validated an automated database-guided gating and identification (AGI) approach for fast and standardized in-depth dissection of B-lymphocyte and PC populations in human blood. Methods: For this purpose, 213 FC standard (FCS) datafiles corresponding to umbilical cord and peripheral blood samples from healthy and patient volunteers, stained with the 14-color 18-antibody EuroFlow BIgH-IMM panel, were used. Results: The BIgH-IMM antibody panel allowed identification of 117 different B-lymphocyte and PC subsets. Samples from 36 healthy donors were stained and 14 of the datafiles that fulfilled strict inclusion criteria were analysed by an expert flow cytometrist to build the EuroFlow BIgH-IMM database. Data contained in the datafiles was then merged into a reference database that was uploaded in the Infinicyt software (Cytognos, Salamanca, Spain). Subsequently, we compared the results of manual gating (MG) with the performance of two classification algorithms -hierarchical algorithm vs two-step algorithm- for AGI of the cell populations present in 5 randomly selected FCS datafiles. The hierarchical AGI algorithm showed higher correlation values vs conventional MG (r2 of 0.94 vs. 0.88 for the two-step AGI algorithm) and was further validated in a set of 177 FCS datafiles against conventional expert-based MG. For virtually all identifiable cell populations a highly significant correlation was observed between the two approaches (r2>0.81 for 79% of all B-cell populations identified), with a significantly lower median time of analysis per sample (6 vs. 40 min, p=0.001) for the AGI tool vs. MG, respectively and both intra-sample (median CV of 1.7% vs. 10.4% by MG, p<0.001) and inter-expert (median CV of 3.9% vs. 17.3% by MG by 2 experts, p<0.001) variability. Conclusion: Our results show that compared to conventional FC data analysis strategies, the here proposed AGI tool is a faster, more robust, reproducible, and standardized approach for in-depth analysis of B-lymphocyte and PC subsets circulating in human blood.

[Research ethics committees in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires: 14 years after the implementation of Law 3301.] / Los comités de ética de investigación en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: a catorce años de la implementación de la Ley 3301.

This article analyzes the implementation of research ethics committees in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, a process that took place in the context of a historical process of implementing health research policies at both the national and jurisdictional levels. Employing a qualitative, observational, and cross-sectional approach, we gathered secondary sources of public information and conducted semi-structured, in-depth interviews with members of the committees in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. The results are presented in relation to three aspects: 1) the composition of the research ethics committees; 2) work processes, emphasizing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic; and 3) obstacles and proposals, that focuses on improvements identified by committee members.

El presente artículo se propone analizar el proceso de implementación de los comités de ética en investigación en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, cuya conformación se observa en el marco de un proceso histórico de implementación de políticas de investigación en salud a nivel nacional y jurisdiccional. Desde un enfoque de investigación cualitativo, observacional y de corte transversal, se realizó un relevamiento de fuentes secundarias de información pública, y entrevistas semiestructuradas y en profundidad a integrantes de los comités de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Los resultados se presentan agrupados en tres ejes: 1) la conformación de los comités de ética en investigación; 2) procesos de trabajo, haciendo hincapié en el impacto de la pandemia de covid-19; y 3) obstáculos y propuestas, que se focaliza en las mejoras identificadas por sus integrantes.

In-depth blood immune profiling of Good syndrome patients.

Introduction: Good syndrome (GS) is a rare adult-onset immunodeficiency first described in 1954. It is characterized by the coexistence of a thymoma and hypogammaglobulinemia, associated with an increased susceptibility to infections and autoimmunity. The classification and management of GS has been long hampered by the lack of data about the underlying immune alterations, a controversy existing on whether it is a unique diagnostic entity vs. a subtype of Common Variable Immune Deficiency (CVID). Methods: Here, we used high-sensitive flow cytometry to investigate the distribution of up to 70 different immune cell populations in blood of GS patients (n=9) compared to age-matched CVID patients (n=55) and healthy donors (n=61). Results: All 9 GS patients displayed reduced B-cell counts -down to undetectable levels (<0.1 cells/µL) in 8/9 cases-, together with decreased numbers of total CD4+ T-cells, NK-cells, neutrophils, and basophils vs. age-matched healthy donors. In contrast, they showed expanded TCRγδ+ T-cells (p ≤ 0.05). Except for a deeper B-cell defect, the pattern of immune cell alteration in blood was similar in GS and (age-matched) CVID patients. In depth analysis of CD4+ T-cells revealed significantly decreased blood counts of naïve, central memory (CM) and transitional memory (TM) TCD4+ cells and their functional compartments of T follicular helper (TFH), regulatory T cells (Tregs), T helper (Th)2, Th17, Th22, Th1/Th17 and Th1/Th2 cells. In addition, GS patients also showed decreased NK-cell, neutrophil, basophil, classical monocyte and of both CD1c+ and CD141+ myeloid dendritic cell counts in blood, in parallel to an expansion of total and terminal effector TCRγδ+ T-cells. Interestingly, those GS patients who developed hypogammaglobulinemia several years after the thymoma presented with an immunological and clinical phenotype which more closely resembled a combined immune humoral and cellular defect, with poorer response to immunoglobulin replacement therapy, as compared to those in whom the thymoma and hypogammaglobulinemia were simultaneously detected. Discussion: Our findings provide a more accurate definition of the immune cell defects of GS patients and contribute to a better discrimination among GS patients between those with a pure B-cell defect vs. those suffering from a combined immunodeficiency with important consequences on the diagnosis and management of the disease.

Immune cell kinetics and antibody response in COVID-19 patients with low-count monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis.

Low-count monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBLlo ) has been associated with an underlying immunodeficiency and has recently emerged as a new risk factor for severe COVID-19. Here, we investigated the kinetics of immune cell and antibody responses in blood during COVID-19 of MBLlo versus non-MBL patients. For this study, we analyzed the kinetics of immune cells in blood of 336 COVID-19 patients (74 MBLlo and 262 non-MBL), who had not been vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2, over a period of 43 weeks since the onset of infection, using high-sensitivity flow cytometry. Plasma levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were measured in parallel by ELISA. Overall, early after the onset of symptoms, MBLlo COVID-19 patients showed increased neutrophil, monocyte, and particularly, plasma cell (PC) counts, whereas eosinophil, dendritic cell, basophil, and lymphocyte counts were markedly decreased in blood of a variable percentage of samples, and with a tendency toward normal levels from week +5 of infection onward. Compared with non-MBL patients, MBLlo COVID-19 patients presented higher neutrophil counts, together with decreased pre-GC B-cell, dendritic cell, and innate-like T-cell counts. Higher PC levels, together with a delayed PC peak and greater plasma levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies (at week +2 to week +4) were also observed in MBLlo patients. In summary, MBLlo COVID-19 patients share immune profiles previously described for patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, associated with a delayed but more pronounced PC and antibody humoral response once compared with non-MBL patients.

Evaluation of an institutional series of low-grade oncocytic tumor (LOT) of the kidney and review of the mutational landscape of LOT.

The 2022 WHO classification of urinary and male genital tumors introduced several novel kidney entities exhibiting eosinophilic/oncocytic features with specific mutational backgrounds. Thus, molecular techniques, such as next-generation sequencing (NGS), became more commonly used for their evaluation. We studied 12 low-grade oncocytic tumors (LOT) of the kidney (from 11 patients), identified in a cohort of 210 eosinophilic/oncocytic renal tumors, diagnosed in our institution between October 2019 and May 2023, which represented 5.7% (12/210) of all eosinophilic/oncocytic renal tumors during this period. We reviewed their clinicopathologic, histologic, and immunohistochemical features, as well as their mutational profiles. We also reviewed the literature on NGS-derived data of LOT, by selecting papers in which LOT diagnosis was rendered according to the criteria proposed initially. Median age was 65 years (mean: 63.5; range 43-79) and median tumor size was 2.0 cm (mean: 2.2; range: 0.9-3.1). All tumors were positive for PAX8, CK7, and GATA3, and negative or focally positive for CD117/KIT. We found the following gene mutations: MTOR ((6/11), 54.5%)), TSC1 ((2/11), 18.2%)), and 1 had both NOTCH1 and NOTCH4 ((1/11), 9.1%)). Wild-type status was found in 2/11 (18.2%) patients and one tumor was not analyzable. A review of 8 previous studies that included 79 LOTs revealed frequent mutations in the genes that regulate the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway: MTOR (32/79 (40.5%)), TSC1 (21/79 (26.6%)), and TSC2 (9/79 (11.4%)). Other mutated genes included PIK3CA, NF2, and PTEN, not typically known to affect the mTOR pathway, but potentially acting as upstream and downstream effectors. Our study shows that LOT is increasingly diagnosed in routine practice when applying the appropriate diagnostic criteria. We also confirm that the mTOR pathway is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of this tumor mainly through MTOR, TCS1, and TSC2 mutations, but other genes could also be involved in the pathway activation, especially in LOTs without "canonical" mutations.

Uncertainty in surface wind speed projections over the Iberian Peninsula: CMIP6 GCMs versus a WRF-RCM.

This study assessed the projected near-surface wind speed (SWS) changes and variability over the Iberian Peninsula for the 21st century. Here, we compared Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 global climate models (GCMs) with a higher spatial resolution regional climate model (RCM; ∼20 km), known as WRF-CESM2, which was created by a dynamic downscaling of the Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2) using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Our analysis found that the GCMs tended to overestimate observed SWS for 1985-2014, while the higher spatial resolution of the WRF-CESM2 did not improve the accuracy and underestimated the SWS magnitude. GCMs project a decline of SWS under high shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) greenhouse concentrations, such as SSP370 and SSP585, while an interdecadal oscillation appears in SSP126 and SSP245 for the end of the century. The WRF-CESM2 under SSP585 predicts the opposite increasing SWS. Our results suggest that 21st-century projections of SWS are uncertain even for regionalized products and should be taken with caution.

The evolving landscape of COVID-19 and post-COVID condition in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A study by ERIC, the European research initiative on CLL.

In this retrospective international multicenter study, we describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and related disorders (small lymphocytic lymphoma and high-count monoclonal B lymphocytosis) infected by SARS-CoV-2, including the development of post-COVID condition. Data from 1540 patients with CLL infected by SARS-CoV-2 from January 2020 to May 2022 were included in the analysis and assigned to four phases based on cases disposition and SARS-CoV-2 variants emergence. Post-COVID condition was defined according to the WHO criteria. Patients infected during the most recent phases of the pandemic, though carrying a higher comorbidity burden, were less often hospitalized, rarely needed intensive care unit admission, or died compared to patients infected during the initial phases. The 4-month overall survival (OS) improved through the phases, from 68% to 83%, p = .0015. Age, comorbidity, CLL-directed treatment, but not vaccination status, emerged as risk factors for mortality. Among survivors, 6.65% patients had a reinfection, usually milder than the initial one, and 16.5% developed post-COVID condition. The latter was characterized by fatigue, dyspnea, lasting cough, and impaired concentration. Infection severity was the only risk factor for developing post-COVID. The median time to resolution of the post-COVID condition was 4.7 months. OS in patients with CLL improved during the different phases of the pandemic, likely due to the improvement of prophylactic and therapeutic measures against SARS-CoV-2 as well as the emergence of milder variants. However, mortality remained relevant and a significant number of patients developed post-COVID conditions, warranting further investigations.

Effect of MAPK activation via mutations in NRAS, KRAS and BRAF on clinical outcome in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma.

Until now, next generation sequencing (NGS) data has not been incorporated into any prognostic stratification of multiple myeloma (MM) and no therapeutic considerations are based upon it. In this work, we correlated NGS data with (1) therapy response and survival parameters in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, treated by VRd * and (2) MM disease stage: newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (ndMM) versus relapsed and/or refractory (relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma). We analyzed 126 patients, with ndMM and relapsed refractory multiple myeloma (rrMM), treated at the University Hospital of Bern (Inselspital). Next generation sequencing was performed on bone marrow, as part of routine diagnostics. The NGS panel comprised eight genes CCND1, DIS3, EGR1, FAM46C (TENT5C), FGFR3, PRDM1, TP53, TRAF3 and seven hotspots in BRAF, IDH1, IDH2, IRF4, KRAS, NRAS. The primary endpoint was complete remission (CR) after VRd in ndMM, in correlation with mutational profile. Mutational load was generally higher in rrMM, with more frequently mutated TP53: 11/87 (13%) in ndMM versus 9/11 (81%) in rrMM (OR 0.0857, p = 0.0007). In ndMM, treated by VRd, mutations in MAPK-pathway members (NRAS, KRAS or BRAF) were associated with reduced probability of CR (21/38, 55%), as compared with wild type NRAS, KRAS or BRAF (34/40, 85%; OR 0.2225, p = 0.006). NRAS c.181C > A (p.Q61K) as a single mutation event showed a trend to reduced probability of achieving CR (OR 0.0912, p = 0.0247). Activation of MAPK pathway via mutated NRAS, KRAS and BRAF genes seems to have a negative impact on outcome in ndMM patients receiving VRd therapy. VRd* - bortezomib (Velcade®), lenalidomide (Revlimid®) and dexamethasone.

FoxA2 is a reliable marker for the diagnosis of yolk sac tumour postpubertal-type.

AIMS: Yolk sac tumour postpubertal-type (YSTpt) shows a wide range of histological patterns and is challenging to diagnose. Recently, forkhead box transcription factor A2 (FoxA2) emerged as a driver of YSTpt formation and a promising marker for diagnosing YSTpt. However, FoxA2 has not been tested in the different patterns of YSTpt. This study aimed to assess the staining pattern of FoxA2 in te different patterns of YSTpt and other germ cell tumours of the testis (GCTT), comparing it with glypican-3 (GPC3) and α-fetoprotein (AFP). METHODS AND RESULTS: FOXA2, GPC3 and AFP immunohistochemistry was performed on 24 YSTpt (24 microcystic/reticular, 10 myxoid, two macrocystic, five glandular/alveolar, two endodermal sinus/perivascular, four solid, two polyembryoma/embryoid body and two polyvesicular vitelline) and 81 other GCTT. The percentage of positive cells (0, 1+, 2+, 3+) and the intensity (0, 1, 2, 3) were evaluated regardless of and within each YSTpt pattern. FoxA2 was positive in all YSTpt (24 of 24) and all but one (23 of 24) exhibited 2+/3+ stain, with higher intensity [median value (mv): 2.6] than AFP (1.8) and GPC3 (2.5). Both FoxA2 and GPC3 were positive in all microcystic/reticular (24 of 24), myxoid (10 of 10), macrocystic (two of two), endodermal sinus/perivascular (four of four) and polyembryoma/embryoid body (two of two) patterns. Nevertheless, only FoxA2 was positive in all glandular/alveolar (five of five), solid (four of four) and polyvesicular vitelline (two of two) patterns. The intensity of FoxA2 was higher than AFP and GPC3 in almost all YST patterns. In the other GCTT, FoxA2 was positive only in teratoma postpubertal-type (Tpt) [13 of 20 (65%)], with staining almost exclusively confined to the mature gastrointestinal/respiratory tract epithelium. CONCLUSIONS: FoxA2 is a highly sensitive and specific biomarker that supports the diagnosis of YSTpt. FoxA2 is superior to GPC3 and AFP, especially in rare and difficult-to-diagnose histological patterns of YSTpt, but mature glands of Tpt could represent a potential diagnostic pitfall.