[Ginkgolide B: mechanisms of neurobiological effects, prospects for use in the therapy of Alzheimer's disease]. / Ginkgolid B: mekhanizmy neirobiologicheskikh effektov, perspektivy primeneniya v terapii bolezni Al'tsgeimera.

The review presents an analysis of experimental data on the study of neurobiological effects of ginkgolide B, which may find application in the therapy of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Ginkgolide B is a diterpene trilactone isolated from the leaves of the relict woody plant Ginkgo biloba L., which has been used for thousands of years in traditional Chinese medicine as a neuroprotective agent. In recent years, this compound has attracted attention because of its wide range of neurobiological effects. The neuroprotective effect of ginkgolide B on brain neurons when exposed to various neurotoxins has been established. This compound has also been shown to effectively protect neurons from the effects of beta-amyloid. Studies have revealed the ability of ginkgolide B to reduce microglia activity and regulate neurotransmitter release. In vivo experiments have shown that this substance significantly increases the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and improves cognitive functions, including memory and learning. It is concluded that ginkgolide B, apparently, may find application in the future as a multi-targeted agent of complex therapy of AD.

[Alzheimer's disease: experimental and clinical researches of Chinese herbal medicine neurobiological effects (a review).]

The analysis of experiments and clinical data about research of neurobiological effects of chinese herbal medicine, which is used by Alzheimer`s disease treatment, was presented in given overview. The rats with injection of Aß1-42 or Aß25-35 peptides, or ibotenic acid, or streptozotocin as well as the natural line of mice SAMP8 with the phenotype of accelerated aging and other were used as the experimental models of Alzheimer`s disease. Various neurobiological effects of various herbal decoctions in the cells of hippocampus were demonstrated - the inhibition of amyloid ß peptides aggregation, increasing of neurons quantity with normal morphology and decreasing of apoptotic cells, decreasing of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) production, decreasing of reactive expression level of RAGE and increasing reactive expression level of LRP-1, decreasing of tau protein phosphorylation at Thr231 and Ser422, inhibition of expression of GSK-3ß and CDK-5, decreasing of activation and inflammation of microglia, production of 15 types of N-glycans in the cerebral cortex layers, which are absent in experimental animals. The improvement of memorization and training abilities was established.

[Mitotic activity of regenerating rat liver following stimulation with alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptors]. / Mitoticheskaia aktivnost' regeneriruiushchei pecheni krys pri stimuliatsii alpha- 1 beta-adrenoretseptorov.

A study was made of the effect of stimulating alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptors on the mitotic activity of the rat regenerating liver following resection. Mesaton, a stimulator of alpha-adrenoreceptors, and isadrin, a stimulator of beta-adrenoreceptors, in a dose of 0.2 mg/kg were injected one hour before liver resection or 30 min, 8 and 24 h after operation. In all experimental groups, mesaton gave rise to an increase in the mitotic index without lowering the coefficient of the mitotic phases. The least pronounced stimulating effect was attained when mesaton was injected 9 hours after partial hepatectomy. Isadrin reduced the mitotic activity as judged from the decrease of the coefficient of the phases and augmentation of the number of binuclear cells. The experiments confirmed a previously advanced assumption that stimulation of alpha-adrenoreceptors favours while that of beta-adrenoreceptors reduces cell proliferation.

[Effect of the functional state of adrenoreceptors on the mitotic activity of regenerating rat liver]. / Vliianie funktsional'nogo sostoianiia adrenoretseptorov na mitoticheskuiu aktivnost' regeneriruiushchei pecheni krys.

Phentolamine, a blocker of alpha-adrenoceptors, given in a single dose (one hour before or 30 minutes, 8 and 24 hours after liver resection) decreased the mitotic index and the coefficient of mitotic phases, and elevated the glycogen content. The number of two-nucleated cells in rats exposed to phentolamine rose 8 hours after resection (p < 0.05). Obsidan, a blocker of beta-adrenoceptors, administered at the same periods, increased the mitotic index and the coefficient of mitotic phases. It is suggested that phentolamine prolonged the late mitotic phases, inhibiting the entry of the cells into mitosis. Obsidan elicited an opposite effect.

[Effect of preliminary stress on mitotic activity of the regenerating liver]. / Vliianie predshestvuiushchego stressa na mitoticheskui u aktivnost' regeneriruiushchei pecheni.

Male rats were exposed to 14- or 24-hour immobilization before partial hepatectomy. Some of these animals were given subcutaneous theophylline injections immediately after and the next day after the immobilization. A tendency to increase of the mitotic activity of the regenerating liver was seen in the stress-subjected animals. This effect was particularly pronounced in rats given theophylline.

[Effect of adrenoreceptor blockaders on the mitotic activity of regenerating liver]. / Vliianie blokatorov adrenoretseptorov na mitoticheskuiu aktivnost' regeneriruiushchei pecheni

One hour before resection of the liver and repeatedly 24 hours after the operation male rats were given phentholamine--a blocker of alpha-adrenoceptors; this preparation inhibited the mitotic activity of the regenerating liver. A double administration at the same periods of propanol--a blocker of beta-adrenoceptors--caused an elevation of the mitotic activity. A conclusion was drawn that by stimulation of beta-adrenoceptors it was possible to inhibit the regenerative process. Adrenaline stimulated this process by acting through beta-adrenoceptors.