ELIMINATE: a PCR record-based macroelimination project for systematic recall of HCV-RNA-positive persons in Austria.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Micro-elimination projects targeted to specific hepatitis C virus (HCV) risk populations have been successful. Systematic identification of persons with HCV viremia, regardless of risk group, based on already available laboratory records may represent an effective macroelimination approach to achieve global HCV elimination. METHODS: Persons with a last positive HCV-RNA PCR result between 2008-2020 in the reference virology laboratories in eastern Austria were identified. First, (i) we described their demographic characteristics, (ii) we systematically recalled persons to the respective centers and (iii) started antiviral treatment if HCV-RNA viremia was confirmed, and (iv) recorded sustained virologic response (SVR). This interim report includes the preliminary results from 8 participating centers. RESULTS: During the study period 22,682 persons underwent HCV-RNA PCR testing, 11,216 (49.4%) were positive at any point in time, and 6006 (26.5%) showed detectable HCV-RNA at the last PCR test, suggesting ongoing HCV viremia. At the time of this interim report, 2546/6006 HCV-RNA PCR(+) persons were evaluated: 443/2546 (17.4%) had died, 852/2546 (33.5%) had invalid contact data, and 547/2546 (21.5%) had achieved SVR between data retrieval and recall. Contact could be established in 236/704 (33.5%) of the remaining target population with 97/236 (41.1%) presenting at the clinic for treatment evaluation. Ultimately, 71/236 (30.1%) started antiviral treatment and SVR was documented in 47/71 (66.2%). CONCLUSION: This ELIMINATE project based on systematic assessment of HCV-RNA PCR-records, identified 6006 persons with potential persisting HCV viremia. Invalid contact data and missed visits for treatment evaluation were the main barriers towards HCV elimination within this project. Importantly, many subjects with HCV viremia lost to follow-up were successfully linked to care and started antiviral treatment.

Chylous Ascites as the Main Clinical Symptom of a Strongyloides stercoralis Infection in an Immigrant from Bosnia-Herzegovina.

Extraintestinal strongyloidiasis is rare in patients without immunosuppression. We describe the first case of chylous ascites as a result of strongyloidiasis. Alcohol cessation, diuretic therapy and repeated paracentesis did not lead to improvement of refractory chylous ascites with positive nucleic acid amplification test indicative of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Only after therapy with ivermectin, could diuretics be withdrawn. Although direct proof of S. stercoralis was not possible by microscopy, successfully treated strongyloidiasis was confirmed in this patient by the positive and negative nucleic acid amplification tests from ascites before and after treatment together with the clinical improvement only after antiparasitic therapy. LEARNING POINTS: In the appropriate setting, chronic parasitic diseases should be considered in patients presenting with unusual symptoms.Alcohol misuse, as a form of immunosuppression, can particularly distract from other underlying conditions presenting with similar signs and symptoms.This case study may represent the first publication of strongyloidiasis manifesting as chylous ascites.

New insights and antimicrobial stewardship opportunities in viral pneumonia: five lung ultrasound cases.

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial stewardship is crucial to avoid antimicrobial resistance in microbes and adverse drug effects in patients. In respiratory infections, however, viral pneumonia is difficult to distinguish from bacterial pneumonia, which explains the overuse of antibiotic therapy in this indication. CASES: Five cases of lung consolidation are presented. Lung ultrasound, in conjunction with procalcitonin levels, were used to exclude or corroborate bacterial pneumonia. CONCLUSION: Lung ultrasound is easy to learn and perform and is helpful in guiding diagnosis in unclear cases of pneumonia and may also offer new insights into the spectrum of certain virus diseases. The use of lung ultrasound can raise awareness in clinicians of the need for antimicrobial stewardship and may help to avoid the unnecessary use of antibiotics.

Francisella tularensis as the cause of protracted fever.

BACKGROUND: Tularemia, a re-emerging, potential life threatening infectious disease, can present itself with nonspecific clinical symptoms including fever, chills and malaise. Taking a detailed history of exposure and a highly raised index of clinical suspicion are necessary to take the appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic steps in this setting. Here, a case report of typhoid tularaemia is presented. CASE PRESENTATION: A 53-year old male forester and farmer with protracted fever, abdominal pain, diarrhoea and loss of weight, who experienced productive cough and a pulmonary infiltrate later in the course of disease, was admitted for further investigation. Tularaemia was suspected only owing to history and confirmed by serologic testing more than three weeks after the beginning of the symptoms. The initial antibiotic therapy with ceftriaxone/doxycycline was switched to ciprofloxacin, resulting in the resolution of fever and symptoms. CONCLUSION: Tularaemia has to be considered as a differential diagnosis in febrile patients, even more in cases with protracted fever. Since tularaemia is expanding geographically, involving more animal hosts and causing larger outbreaks, clinicians have to be aware of this potentially fatal disease.