Clinical characteristics and outcomes of adult alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma patients on first-line systemic therapies: A single-institution cohort.

Background: Rhabdomyosarcomas are the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children, and pediatric alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) prognosis has improved based on cooperative studies. However, in adults, ARMS is significantly rarer, has poorer outcomes, and currently lacks optimal treatment strategies. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical outcome of an adult ARMS population with different front-line systemic chemotherapies and determine if any chemotherapy regimen is associated with improved survival. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective study of histologically confirmed fusion-positive ARMS patients over 18 years of age, who were treated at MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) from 2004 to 2021 and received systemic chemotherapy. Descriptive clinical statistics were performed, including staging, front-line chemotherapy, multimodal therapy usage, response rates, and survival analyses. Results: 49 ARMS patients who received upfront chemotherapy were identified. Locoregional treatments included radiotherapy (RT) alone (29%, n = 14), surgery alone (10%, n = 5), or both (45%, n = 22). Median overall survival (OS) for the entire cohort was 3.6 years, and the overall response rate to systemic therapy was 89%. No chemotherapy regimen showed OS benefit, specifically analyzing the pediatric-based vincristine, actinomycin-D, cyclophosphamide (VAC) or adult-based vincristine, doxorubicin, ifosfamide (VDI) regimens, even when controlled for other clinical risk factors. Conclusion: In this single-center contemporary series, adult ARMS patient outcomes remain poor. There was no statistically significant OS difference in patients who did or did not receive adult or pediatric based ARMS regimens, although a high overall response rate to chemotherapy was seen across the entire cohort. Based on these observations, further randomized prospective studies are necessary to delineate which frontline chemotherapy regimen is most beneficial in this rare adult cancer.

Epidemiological trends of synovial sarcoma by primary tumor sites in the US from 2000 to 2020.

BACKGROUND: Synovial sarcoma (SS) is a rare soft-tissue cancer. Existing literature encompasses Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data-based research on SS explaining the incidence-prevalence in general, by subtypes, and by age at diagnosis. Therefore, this study aimed to fill in the gap of knowledge about measures of disease occurrence and burden of SS by tumor site using the SEER database. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, primary SS patients were selected from SEER 17 Registries, Nov. 2021 (2000-2020) using ICD-O-3 codes 9040, 9041, 9042, and 9043. Patients with additional cancers were excluded. The primary tumor site was categorized into (1) head/neck, (2) internal thorax, (3) abdomen/pelvis, (4) upper extremity, and (5) lower extremity using ICD-10CM codes. Five outcomes were analyzed: age-adjusted incidence rate, 5-year limited-duration prevalence rate, incidence-based mortality, case-fatality rate, and overall survival. RESULTS: From 2000-2020, the overall age-adjusted incidence rate was 0.15 per 100,000; the 5-year limited duration prevalence rate was 0.56 per 100,000; and the incidence-based mortality rate was 0.06 per 100,000 people. The case-fatality and 5-year OS rates were 39.2 % and 62.9 %, respectively. Lower extremity had the highest incidence of 0.07 (estimated 1166 cases), prevalence of 0.36 (estimated 224 cases), and mortality rate of 0.025 (estimated 429 deaths) per 100,000. The other four locations had much closer rates with each other. Intrathoracic SS had the highest case-fatality rate of 71.5 % (148/207) and lowest 5-year OS of 26.0 % (95 % CI: 19.6 %, 32.9 %) than other sites. CONCLUSION: Based on the measures of disease frequency, the most common primary tumor site is the lower extremity, followed by the upper extremity, abdomen/pelvis, internal thorax, and head/neck. The least favorable primary location is the internal thorax. Those with a primary location of the upper extremity have the longest overall survival, followed by the head/neck, lower extremity, abdomen/pelvis, and internal thorax.

Safety and Efficacy of Percutaneous Cryoablation for Recurrent or Metastatic Soft Tissue Sarcoma in Adult Patients.

Background: Treatment options are limited in patients with recurrent or metastatic disease after initial treatment of soft tissue sarcoma (STS) by surgical resection, radiation, or systemic therapy. Percutaneous cryoablation may provide a complementary minimally invasive option in this setting. Objective: To assess the safety and efficacy of percutaneous cryoablation performed for local control of treatment-refractory recurrent or metastatic STS. Methods: This single-institution retrospective study included adult patients who underwent percutaneous cryoablation from March 2016 to April 2023 to achieve local control of recurrent or metastatic STS after earlier treatment (surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy). For each treated lesion, a single interventional radiologist re-reviewed intraprocedural images to assess for adequate coverage by the ice ball of the entire lesion and a ≥5-mm margin in all dimensions. Complications and outcomes were extracted from medical records. The primary endpoint for procedure efficacy was 1-year local progression-free survival. Results: The study included 141 patients (median age, 66 years; 90 female, 51 male) who underwent 217 cryoablation procedures to treat 250 recurrent or metastatic STS lesions. The most common STS histologic types were leiomyosarcoma (56/141) and liposarcoma (39/141). Lesions had a mean long-axis diameter of 2.0 cm (range, 0.4-11.0 cm). Adequate ice-ball coverage was achieved for 82% (204/250) of lesions. The complication rate was 2% (4/217), entailing three major complications and one minor complication. Patients' median post-ablation follow-up was 25 months (range, 3-80 months). Local progression-free survival was 86% at 1 year and 79% at 2 years. Chemotherapy-free survival was 45% at 1 year and 31% at 2 years. Overall survival (OS) was 89% at 1 year and 80% at 2 years. In Kaplan-Meier analysis, leiomyosarcoma, in comparison with liposarcoma, had significantly higher local progression-free survival, but no significant difference in OS. In multivariable analysis, factors independently associated with an increased risk for local progression included inadequate ice-ball coverage (HR=7.73) and a lesion location of peritoneum (HR=3.63) or retroperitoneum (HR=3.71) relative to lung. Conclusion: Percutaneous cryoablation has a favorable safety and efficacy profile in patients with recurrent or metastatic STS after earlier treatments. Clinical Impact: Percutaneous cryoablation should be considered for local control of treatment-refractory STS.

Outcomes for Patients With Head and Neck Sarcoma Treated Curatively With Radiation Therapy and Surgery.

PURPOSE: Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) of the head and neck (H&N) are rare malignancies that are challenging to manage. We sought to describe the outcomes of patients treated with curative intent using combined surgery and radiation therapy (RT) for H&N STS. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We performed a single-institution retrospective review of patients with nonmetastatic STS of the H&N who were treated from 1968 to 2020. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate disease-specific survival (DSS) and local control (LC). Multivariable analyses (MVAs) were conducted using Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: One hundred ninety-two patients had a median follow-up of 82 months. Tumors arose in the neck (n = 50, 26%), paranasal sinuses (n = 36, 19%), or face (n = 23, 12%). Most patients were treated with postoperative RT (n = 134, 70%). Postoperative RT doses were higher (median, 60 Gy; preoperative dose, 50 Gy; P < .001). Treatment sequence was not associated with LC (preoperative RT, 78% [63%-88%]; postoperative RT, 75% [66%-82%]; P = .48). On MVA, positive/uncertain margin was the only variable associated with LC (hazard ratio [HR], 2.54; 95% CI, 1.34-4.82; P = .004). LC was significant on MVA (HR, 4.48; 95% CI, 2.62-7.67; P < .001) for DSS. Patients who received postoperative RT were less likely to experience a major wound complication (7.5% vs 22.4%; HR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.11-0.68; P = .005). There was no difference in the rate of late toxicities between patients who received preoperative or postoperative RT. CONCLUSIONS: H&N STS continues to have relatively poorer LC than STS of the trunk or extremities. We found LC to be associated with DSS. Timing of RT did not impact oncologic or long-term toxicity outcomes; however, preoperative RT did increase the chance of developing a major wound complication.

Utility of Clinical Next Generation Sequencing Tests in KIT/PDGFRA/SDH Wild-Type Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors.

Objective: The vast majority of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are driven by activating mutations in KIT, PDGFRA, or components of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex (SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, and SDHD genes). A small fraction of GISTs lack alterations in KIT, PDGFRA, and SDH. We aimed to further characterize the clinical and genomic characteristics of these so-called "triple-negative" GISTs. Methods: We extracted clinical and genomic data from patients seen at MD Anderson Cancer Center with a diagnosis of GIST and available clinical next generation sequencing data to identify "triple-negative" patients. Results: Of the 20 patients identified, 11 (55.0%) had gastric, 8 (40.0%) had small intestinal, and 1 (5.0%) had rectal primary sites. In total, 18 patients (90.0%) eventually developed recurrent or metastatic disease, and 8 of these presented with de novo metastatic disease. For the 13 patients with evaluable response to imatinib (e.g., neoadjuvant treatment or for recurrent/metastatic disease), the median PFS with imatinib was 4.4 months (range 0.5-191.8 months). Outcomes varied widely, as some patients rapidly developed progressive disease while others had more indolent disease. Regarding potential genomic drivers, four patients were found to have alterations in the RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway: two with a BRAF V600E mutation and two with NF1 loss-of-function (LOF) mutations (one deletion and one splice site mutation). In addition, we identified two with TP53 LOF mutations, one with NTRK3 fusion (ETV6-NTRK3), one with PTEN deletion, one with FGFR1 gain-of-function (GOF) mutation (K654E), one with CHEK2 LOF mutation (T367fs*), one with Aurora kinase A fusion (AURKA-CSTF1), and one with FANCA deletion. Patients had better responses with molecularly targeted therapies than with imatinib. Conclusions: Triple-negative GISTs comprise a diverse cohort with different driver mutations. Compared to KIT/PDGFRA-mutant GIST, limited benefit was observed with imatinib in triple-negative GIST. In depth molecular profiling can be helpful in identifying driver mutations and guiding therapy.

High-Grade Pleomorphic Sarcomas Treated with Immune Checkpoint Blockade: The MD Anderson Cancer Center Experience.

BACKGROUND: Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas (UPSs) are amongst the most common subtypes of soft-tissue sarcomas. Few real-world data on the use of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in UPS patients and other high-grade pleomorphic STS patients are available. PURPOSE: The purpose of our study is to describe the efficacy and toxicity of ICB in patients with advanced UPSs and other high-grade pleomorphic sarcomas treated at our institution. METHODS: This is a retrospective, observational study of all patients with metastatic high-grade pleomorphic sarcomas treated with FDA-approved ICB at MD Anderson Cancer Center between 1 January 2015 and 1 January 2023. Patients included in trials for which results are not yet published were excluded. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients with advanced/metastatic pleomorphic sarcomas were included. The median age was 52 years. A total of 26 patients (72%) had UPSs and 10 patients (28%) had other high-grade pleomorphic sarcomas. The median follow-up time was 8.8 months. The median PFS was 2.9 months. The 3-month PFS and 6-month PFS were 46% and 32%, respectively. The median OS was 12.9 months. The 12-month OS and 24-month OS were 53% and 29%, respectively. The best response, previous RT, and type of ICB treatment were significantly and independently associated with shorter PFS (p = 0.0012, p = 0.0019 and p = 0.036, respectively). No new safety signal was identified, and the toxicity was overall manageable with no toxic deaths and only four patients (11%) stopping treatment due to toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: Real-world retrospective data are consistent with the published literature, with a promising 6-month PFS of 32%. Partial or stable responders to ICB treatment have significantly improved PFS compared to progressors.

Safety and efficacy of percutaneous image-guided ablation for soft tissue sarcoma metastases to the liver.

PURPOSE: To evaluate outcomes following percutaneous image-guided ablation of soft tissue sarcoma metastases to the liver. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single-institution retrospective analysis of patients with a diagnosis of metastatic soft tissue sarcoma who underwent percutaneous image-guided ablation of hepatic metastases between January 2011 and December 2021 was performed. Patients with less than 60 days of follow-up after ablation were excluded. The primary outcome was local tumor progression-free survival (LPFS). Secondary outcomes included overall survival, liver-specific progression-free survival. and chemotherapy-free survival. RESULTS: Fifty-five patients who underwent percutaneous ablation for 84 metastatic liver lesions were included. The most common histopathological subtypes were leiomyosarcoma (23/55), followed by gastrointestinal stromal tumor (22/55). The median treated liver lesions was 2 (range, 1-8), whereas the median size of metastases were 1.8 cm (0.3-8.7 cm). Complete response at 2 months was achieved in 90.5% of the treated lesions. LPFS was 83% at 1 year and 80% at 2 years. Liver-specific progression-free survival was 66% at 1 year and 40% at 2 years. The overall survival at 1 and 2 years was 98% and 94%. The chemotherapy-free holiday from the start of ablation was 71.2% at 12 months. The complication rate was 3.6% (2/55); one of the complications was Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events grade 3 or higher. LPFS subgroup analysis for leiomyosarcoma versus gastrointestinal stromal tumor suggests histology-agnostic outcomes (2 years, 89% vs 82%, p = .35). CONCLUSION: Percutaneous image-guided liver ablation of soft tissue sarcoma metastases is safe and efficacious.

Afamitresgene autoleucel for advanced synovial sarcoma and myxoid round cell liposarcoma (SPEARHEAD-1): an international, open-label, phase 2 trial.

BACKGROUND: Afamitresgene autoleucel (afami-cel) showed acceptable safety and promising efficacy in a phase 1 trial (NCT03132922). The aim of this study was to further evaluate the efficacy of afami-cel for the treatment of patients with HLA-A*02 and MAGE-A4-expressing advanced synovial sarcoma or myxoid round cell liposarcoma. METHODS: SPEARHEAD-1 was an open-label, non-randomised, phase 2 trial done across 23 sites in Canada, the USA, and Europe. The trial included three cohorts, of which the main investigational cohort (cohort 1) is reported here. Cohort 1 included patients with HLA-A*02, aged 16-75 years, with metastatic or unresectable synovial sarcoma or myxoid round cell liposarcoma (confirmed by cytogenetics) expressing MAGE-A4, and who had received at least one previous line of anthracycline-containing or ifosfamide-containing chemotherapy. Patients received a single intravenous dose of afami-cel (transduced dose range 1·0 × 109-10·0 × 109 T cells) after lymphodepletion. The primary endpoint was overall response rate in cohort 1, assessed by a masked independent review committee using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (version 1.1) in the modified intention-to-treat population (all patients who received afami-cel). Adverse events, including those of special interest (cytokine release syndrome, prolonged cytopenia, and neurotoxicity), were monitored and are reported for the modified intention-to-treat population. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04044768; recruitment is closed and follow-up is ongoing for cohorts 1 and 2, and recruitment is open for cohort 3. FINDINGS: Between Dec 17, 2019, and July 27, 2021, 52 patients with cytogenetically confirmed synovial sarcoma (n=44) and myxoid round cell liposarcoma (n=8) were enrolled and received afami-cel in cohort 1. Patients were heavily pre-treated (median three [IQR two to four] previous lines of systemic therapy). Median follow-up time was 32·6 months (IQR 29·4-36·1). Overall response rate was 37% (19 of 52; 95% CI 24-51) overall, 39% (17 of 44; 24-55) for patients with synovial sarcoma, and 25% (two of eight; 3-65) for patients with myxoid round cell liposarcoma. Cytokine release syndrome occurred in 37 (71%) of 52 of patients (one grade 3 event). Cytopenias were the most common grade 3 or worse adverse events (lymphopenia in 50 [96%], neutropenia 44 [85%], leukopenia 42 [81%] of 52 patients). No treatment-related deaths occurred. INTERPRETATION: Afami-cel treatment resulted in durable responses in heavily pre-treated patients with HLA-A*02 and MAGE-A4-expressing synovial sarcoma. This study shows that T-cell receptor therapy can be used to effectively target solid tumours and provides rationale to expand this approach to other solid malignancies. FUNDING: Adaptimmune.

Outcomes of Late-Line Systemic Treatment in GIST: Does Sequence Matter?

Ripretinib and avapritinib have demonstrated activity in the late-line treatment of gastrointestinal stomal tumors (GISTs). We investigated whether patients previously treated with ripretinib benefit from avapritinib, and vice versa. Patients diagnosed with metastatic/unresectable GIST and treated with both drugs at two institutions in 2000-2021 were included. Patients were grouped by drug sequence: ripretinib-avapritinib (RA) or avapritinib-ripretinib (AR). Radiographic response was evaluated using RECIST 1.1. Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests were used to compare time-to-progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS). Thirty-four patients (17 per group) were identified, with a median age of 48 years. The most common primary site was the small bowel (17/34, 50%), followed by the stomach (10/34, 29.4%). Baseline characteristics and tumor mutations were not significantly different between groups. Response rates (RRs) for ripretinib were 18% for RA and 12% for AR; RRs for avapritinib were 12% for AR and 18% for RA. Median TTPs for ripretinib were 3.65 months (95%CI 2-5.95) for RA and 4.73 months (1.87-15.84) for AR. Median TTPs for avapritinib were 5.39 months (2.86-18.99) for AR and 4.11 months (1.91-11.4) for RA. Median OS rates following RA or AR initiation were 29.63 (95%CI 13.8-50.53) and 33.7 (20.03-50.57) months, respectively. Both ripretinib and avapritinib were efficacious in the late-line treatment of GIST, with no evidence that efficacy depended on sequencing.

A randomized, non-comparative phase 2 study of neoadjuvant immune-checkpoint blockade in retroperitoneal dedifferentiated liposarcoma and extremity/truncal undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma.

Based on the demonstrated clinical activity of immune-checkpoint blockade (ICB) in advanced dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLPS) and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS), we conducted a randomized, non-comparative phase 2 trial ( NCT03307616 ) of neoadjuvant nivolumab or nivolumab/ipilimumab in patients with resectable retroperitoneal DDLPS (n = 17) and extremity/truncal UPS (+ concurrent nivolumab/radiation therapy; n = 10). The primary end point of pathologic response (percent hyalinization) was a median of 8.8% in DDLPS and 89% in UPS. Secondary end points were the changes in immune infiltrate, radiographic response, 12- and 24-month relapse-free survival and overall survival. Lower densities of regulatory T cells before treatment were associated with a major pathologic response (hyalinization > 30%). Tumor infiltration by B cells was increased following neoadjuvant treatment and was associated with overall survival in DDLPS. B cell infiltration was associated with higher densities of regulatory T cells before treatment, which was lost upon ICB treatment. Our data demonstrate that neoadjuvant ICB is associated with complex immune changes within the tumor microenvironment in DDLPS and UPS and that neoadjuvant ICB with concurrent radiotherapy has significant efficacy in UPS.

SABR for Sarcoma Lung Metastases: Indications for Treatment and Guidance for Patient Selection.

PURPOSE: The lungs are the most common site of metastasis for patients with soft tissue sarcoma. SABR is commonly employed to treat lung metastases among select patients with sarcoma with limited disease burden. We sought to evaluate outcomes and patterns of failure among patients with sarcoma treated with SABR for their lung metastases. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We performed a retrospective review of patients treated at a tertiary cancer center between 2006 and 2020. Patient disease status at the time of SABR was categorized as either oligorecurrent or oligoprogressive. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate disease outcomes. Uni- and multivariable analyses were conducted using the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: We identified 70 patients with soft tissue sarcoma treated with SABR to 98 metastatic lung lesions. Local recurrence-free survival after SABR treatment was 83% at 2 years. On univariable analysis, receipt of comprehensive SABR to all sites of pulmonary metastatic disease at the time of treatment was associated with improved progression-free survival (PFS; hazard ratio [HR], 0.51 [0.29-0.88]; P = .02). On multivariable analysis, only having systemic disease controlled at the time of SABR predicted improved PFS (median PFS, 14 vs 4 months; HR, 0.37 [0.20-0.69]; P = .002) and overall survival (median overall survival, 51 vs 14 months; HR, 0.17 [0.08-0.35]; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: SABR provides durable long-term local control for sarcoma lung metastases. The most important predictor for improved outcomes was systemic disease control. Careful consideration of these factors should help guide decisions in a multidisciplinary setting to appropriately select the optimal candidates for SABR.

Autologous T cell therapy for MAGE-A4+ solid cancers in HLA-A*02+ patients: a phase 1 trial.

Affinity-optimized T cell receptors can enhance the potency of adoptive T cell therapy. Afamitresgene autoleucel (afami-cel) is a human leukocyte antigen-restricted autologous T cell therapy targeting melanoma-associated antigen A4 (MAGE-A4), a cancer/testis antigen expressed at varying levels in multiple solid tumors. We conducted a multicenter, dose-escalation, phase 1 trial in patients with relapsed/refractory metastatic solid tumors expressing MAGE-A4, including synovial sarcoma (SS), ovarian cancer and head and neck cancer ( NCT03132922 ). The primary endpoint was safety, and the secondary efficacy endpoints included overall response rate (ORR) and duration of response. All patients (N = 38, nine tumor types) experienced Grade ≥3 hematologic toxicities; 55% of patients (90% Grade ≤2) experienced cytokine release syndrome. ORR (all partial response) was 24% (9/38), 7/16 (44%) for SS and 2/22 (9%) for all other cancers. Median duration of response was 25.6 weeks (95% confidence interval (CI): 12.286, not reached) and 28.1 weeks (95% CI: 12.286, not reached) overall and for SS, respectively. Exploratory analyses showed that afami-cel infiltrates tumors, has an interferon-γ-driven mechanism of action and triggers adaptive immune responses. In addition, afami-cel has an acceptable benefit-risk profile, with early and durable responses, especially in patients with metastatic SS. Although the small trial size limits conclusions that can be drawn, the results warrant further testing in larger studies.

Retrospective evaluation of the role of gemcitabine-docetaxel in well-differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcoma.

OBJECTIVE: Well-differentiated (WDLPS) and dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLPS) account for the majority of liposarcomas. Although gemcitabine-docetaxel is used as second-line treatment in soft tissue sarcomas, its efficacy in WDLPS/DDLPS is not established. This study retrospectively analyzed the efficacy of gemcitabine regimens in WDLPS/DDLPS. METHODS: All patients with WDLPS or DDLPS who received gemcitabine-based chemotherapy at our institution between September 2002 and January 2021 were included. Response was evaluated by an independent radiologist using RECIST 1.1. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate distributions of survival outcomes and log-rank tests were used to compare survival outcomes between subgroups. RESULTS: Sixty-five WDLPS/DDLPS patients were included. Seven patients (10.8%) received a gemcitabine-based regimen more than once, totaling 72 treatments. The median age at the start of treatment was 66 years (range 32-80 years). Sixty-five (90.3%) regimens were gemcitabine-docetaxel, and 7 (9.7%) were gemcitabine alone. Majorities of treatments were for disease that was recurrent/metastatic (86.1%), was abdominal/retroperitoneal (83.3%), and had DDLPS components (88.9%), while 25.0% of treatments were for multifocal disease. The overall response rate was 9.7% (7/72). All responses were in patients with documented DDLPS. The median time to progression was 9.2 months (95% CI 5.3-12.3 months). The median overall survival from the start of therapy was 18.8 months (95% CI 13.1-32.4 months). CONCLUSION: Gemcitabine-docetaxel is an efficacious second-line treatment for DDLPS. Though cross study comparisons are not advisable, response to gemcitabine-docetaxel compares favorably to current standard options trabectedin and eribulin. This combination is a valid comparator arm for future second-line trials in DDLPS.

The immune landscape of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma.

Introduction: Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) can be associated with a relatively dense immune infiltration. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (anti-PD1, anti-PDL1, and anti-CTLA4) are effective in 20% of UPS patients. We characterize the immune microenvironment of UPS and its association with oncologic outcomes. Material and methods: Surgically resected UPS samples were stained by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the following: tumor-associated immune cells (CD3, CD8, CD163, CD20), immune checkpoints (stimulatory: OX40, ICOS; inhibitory: PD-L1, LAG3, IDO1, PD1), and the adenosine pathway (CD73, CD39). Sections were reviewed for the presence of lymphoid aggregates (LA). Clinical data were retrospectively obtained for all samples. The Wilcoxon rank-sum and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare distributions. Correlations between biomarkers were measured by Spearman correlation. Univariate and multivariate Cox models were used to identify biomarkers associated with overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Unsupervised clustering was performed, and Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests used for comparison of OS and DFS between immune clusters. Results: Samples analyzed (n=105) included 46 primary tumors, 34 local recurrences, and 25 metastases. LA were found in 23% (n=10/43), 17% (n=4/24), and 30% (n=7/23) of primary, recurrent, and metastatic samples, respectively. In primary UPS, CD73 expression was significantly higher after preoperative radiation therapy (p=0.009). CD39 expression was significantly correlated with PD1 expression (primary: p=0.002, recurrent: p=0.004, metastatic: p=0.001), PD-L1 expression (primary: p=0.009), and CD3+ cell densities (primary: p=0.016, recurrent: p=0.043, metastatic: p=0.028). In recurrent tumors, there was a strong correlation between CD39 and CD73 (p=0.015), and both were also correlated with CD163+ cell densities (CD39 p=0.013; CD73 p<0.001). In multivariate analyses, higher densities of CD3+ and CD8+ cells (Cox Hazard Ratio [HR]=0.33; p=0.010) were independently associated with OS (CD3+, HR=0.19, p<0.001; CD8+, HR= 0.33, p=0.010) and DFS (CD3+, HR=0.34, p=0.018; CD8+, HR=0.34, p= 0.014). Unsupervised clustering of IHC values revealed three immunologically distinct clusters: immune high, intermediate, and low. In primary tumors, these clusters were significantly associated with OS (log-rank p<0.0001) and DFS (p<0.001). Conclusion: We identified three immunologically distinct clusters of UPS Associated with OS and DFS. Our data support further investigations of combination anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and adenosine pathway inhibitors in UPS.

Biomarker correlates with response to NY-ESO-1 TCR T cells in patients with synovial sarcoma.

Autologous T cells transduced to express a high affinity T-cell receptor specific to NY-ESO-1 (letetresgene autoleucel, lete-cel) show promise in the treatment of metastatic synovial sarcoma, with 50% overall response rate. The efficacy of lete-cel treatment in 45 synovial sarcoma patients (NCT01343043) has been previously reported, however, biomarkers predictive of response and resistance remain to be better defined. This post-hoc analysis identifies associations of response to lete-cel with lymphodepleting chemotherapy regimen (LDR), product attributes, cell expansion, cytokines, and tumor gene expression. Responders have higher IL-15 levels pre-infusion (p = 0.011) and receive a higher number of transduced effector memory (CD45RA- CCR7-) CD8 + cells per kg (p = 0.039). Post-infusion, responders have increased IFNγ, IL-6, and peak cell expansion (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, and p = 0.016, respectively). Analysis of tumor samples post-treatment illustrates lete-cel infiltration and a decrease in expression of macrophage genes, suggesting remodeling of the tumor microenvironment. Here we report potential predictive and pharmacodynamic markers of lete-cel response that may inform LDR, cell dose, and strategies to enhance anticancer efficacy.

Durvalumab plus tremelimumab in advanced or metastatic soft tissue and bone sarcomas: a single-centre phase 2 trial.

BACKGROUND: Few standard treatment options are available for patients with metastatic sarcomas. We did this trial to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and changes in the tumour microenvironment for durvalumab, an anti-PD-L1 drug, and tremelimumab, an anti-CTLA-4 drug, across multiple sarcoma subtypes. METHODS: In this single-centre phase 2 trial, done at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, TX USA), patients aged 18 years or older with advanced or metastatic sarcoma with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1 who had received at least one previous line of systemic therapy were enrolled in disease subtype-specific groups (liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, angiosarcoma, undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, synovial sarcoma, osteosarcoma, alveolar soft-part sarcoma, chordoma, and other sarcomas). Patients received 1500 mg intravenous durvalumab and 75 mg intravenous tremelimumab for four cycles, followed by durvalumab alone every 4 weeks for up to 12 months. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival at 12 weeks in the intention-to-treat population (all patients who received at least one dose of treatment). Safety was also analysed in the intention-to-treat population. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02815995, and is completed. FINDINGS: Between Aug 17, 2016, and April 9, 2018, 62 patients were enrolled, of whom 57 (92%) received treatment and were included in the intention-to-treat population. With a median follow-up of 37·2 months (IQR 1·8-10·1), progression-free survival at 12 weeks was 49% (95% CI 36-61). 21 grade 3-4 treatment-related adverse events were reported, the most common of which were increased lipase (four [7%] of 57 patients), colitis (three [5%] patients), and pneumonitis (three [5%] patients). Nine (16%) patients had a treatment related serious adverse event. One patient had grade 5 pneumonitis and colitis. INTERPRETATION: The combination of durvalumab and tremelimumab is an active treatment regimen for advanced or metastatic sarcoma and merits evaluation in specific subsets in future trials. FUNDING: AstraZeneca.

Hypofractionated Radiation Therapy for Unresectable or Metastatic Sarcoma Lesions.

Purpose: Given the relative radioresistance of sarcomas and their often large size, conventional palliative radiation therapy (RT) often offers limited tumor control and symptom relief. We report on our use of hypofractionated RT (HFRT) as a strategy to promote durable local disease control and optimize palliation. Methods and Materials: We retrospectively reviewed 73 consecutive patients with sarcoma who received >10 fractions of HFRT from 2017 to 2020. Clinical scenarios included: (1) palliative or symptomatic intent (34%), (2) an unresectable primary (27%), (3) oligometastatic disease (16%), and (4) oligoprogressive disease (23%). Results: The HFRT target was a primary tumor in 64% of patients with a median dose of 45 Gy in 15 fractions (59% ≥45 Gy). The 1-year disease-specific survival was 59%, which was more favorable for patients receiving HFRT for oligometastatic (1-year 100%) or oligoprogressive (1-year 73%) disease (P = .001). The 1-year local control (LC) of targeted lesions was 73%. A metastatic target (1-year 95% vs 60% primary; P = .02; hazard ratio, 0.27; P = .04) and soft tissue origin (1-year 78% vs 61% bone; P = .01; hazard ratio, 0.33; P = .02) were associated with better LC. The rate of distant failure was high with a 6-month distant metastasis-free survival of only 43%. For patients not planned for adjuvant systemic therapy (n = 53), the median systemic therapy break was 9 months and notably longer in oligometastatic (13 months), oligoprogressive (12 months) or unresectable (13 months) disease. HFRT provided palliative relief in 95% of cases with symptoms. Overall, 49% of patients developed acute grade 1 to 2 RT toxicities (no grade 3-5). No late grade 2 to 5 toxicities were observed. Conclusions: HFRT is an effective treatment strategy for patients with unresectable or metastatic sarcoma to provide durable LC, symptom relief, and systemic therapy breaks with limited toxic effects.

Synovial Sarcoma of the Hand and Foot: An Institutional Review.

OBJECTIVES: Synovial sarcomas (SS) arising in distal extremities are rare and have been studied using mostly case reports and small series. We aimed to evaluate clinical presentation and survival outcomes for patients with hand or foot SS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of 84 patients diagnosed with primary hand (n=20) and foot (n=64) SS between 1979 and 2019. Progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), local recurrence-free survival and metastasis-free survival were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. Cox-proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the hazard ratios. RESULTS: Of 84 patients, 63 (75%) presented with localized disease with 36 years median age at diagnosis (range: 4 to 76) and 21 (25%) with metastasis with 30 years median age at diagnosis (range: 15 to 64). Among patients presenting with localized disease, (1) 5 years-PFS, OS, local recurrence-free survival, and metastasis-free survival rates were 82%, 88%, 100%, and 86%, respectively. (2) Tumor size <3.0 cm corresponded to 95% 5 years-PFS (vs. 84% for 3.0 to 4.9 cm, 53% for ≥5.0 cm; P=0.007) and 100% 5 years-OS (vs. 77% for ≥3.0 cm; P=0.04). (3) Patients with ≥5.0 cm (vs. <3.0 cm) tumor size had 7.99 (95% confidence interval: 1.68, 37.91) times higher hazard of progression. Remarkably, patients presenting with metastasis had 50% 5 years-OS rate. Also, younger age (15 to 39 vs. 40 y and above) predicted better OS among patients presenting with localized disease (P=0.04) and with metastasis (P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Survival outcomes are favorable for younger patients with <3.0 cm hand or foot SS. Local control is excellent, but we observed larger tumor size to be associated with poorer outcomes. Therefore, we recommend consideration of systemic therapy for patients with ≥3.0 cm hand or foot SS.

Outcomes of systemic therapy in metastatic phyllodes tumor of the breast.

PURPOSE: Metastatic phyllodes tumors of the breast (MPT) are rare breast neoplasms, limiting development of standardized treatment approaches. We sought to characterize the largest group of MPT thus far reported, evaluating systemic therapy outcomes. METHODS: Adult patients diagnosed with MPT between 1993 and 2015 and followed at MD Anderson Cancer Center were selected for retrospective chart review. Systemic therapy was sorted into: adriamycin/ifosfamide (AI), other anthracycline regimens, other ifosfamide regimens, gemcitabine-based regimens, and other. Given one patient may have received more than one regimen, we assumed that the effects of each regimen were independent from previous therapy. Median overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Log-rank test was performed to evaluate the difference in OS between patient characteristics groups, and the differences in PFS between the five chemotherapy regimens. RESULTS: We identified 50 MPT patients, with 31 patients receiving 61 systemic regimens. Median OS was 10.7 months (95% CI: 8.67, 16.5). AI had a PFS of 9.10 months (95% CI: 5.03, 14.2), other ifosfamide regimens had a PFS of 5.10 months (95% CI: 0.67, 12.1), other anthracycline regimens had a PFS of 3.65 months (95% CI: 1.17, 7.90), gemcitabine-based regimens had a PFS of 2.80 months (95% CI: 1.83, 4.60), and other regimens had a PFS of 1.67 months (95% CI: 1.13, 7.77). CONCLUSION: MPT patients are a unique population with limited characterization to date. Our study demonstrates activity of multiple sarcoma-directed chemotherapy regimens, with ifosfamide-containing regimens having the longest PFS.