Knowledge and Attitudes of Undergraduate Dental, Allied Oral Health and Nursing Students Towards Patients with Alzheimer's Disease.

Purpose Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related illness that is becoming increasingly more prevalent in the United States. The purpose of this pilot study was to assess dental, allied oral health, and nursing students' perceived knowledge, comfort, and attitudes for individuals with AD.Methods A total of 851 students from a university dental and nursing school were invited to participate in this cross-sectional study. A 48-item survey comprising of demographic questions, the Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Scale (ADKS) and the Dementia Attitudes Scale (DAS) was disseminated via an electronic survey platform. Responses were summarized as means and standard deviations or counts and rates. Comparisons of survey responses by program type and exposure to AD, age group, and prior degree were performed using the chi-square test for association and analysis of variance.Results The response rate was 33.2%. Nursing students demonstrated the highest level of knowledge on AD with mean score of 25.26 (SD 2.87), followed by dental (M=23.4, SD 3.26) and allied oral health students (M=22.10, SD 2.98). Overall, students demonstrated perceived comfort in treating patients with AD and related dementias with mean scores in the "slightly agree" range. Nursing students demonstrated the highest level of perceived comfort (M=5.61, SD 0.71).Conclusions Nursing students demonstrated higher knowledge and more positive attitudes toward AD than dental and allied oral health students. There is a need for improved educational training and an expanded didactic curriculum to enhance knowledge for dental and allied oral health students. This pilot study provides a blueprint for replication on a national level.

Health topics emerged from brief-motivational interviewing: A randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to analyse transcription of audio recordings to determine health topics that emerged from brief-motivational interviewing (MI) compared to traditional oral hygiene instructions (OHI). METHODS: Fifty-eight periodontal maintenance patients were randomized to a brief-MI or traditional OHI group for a longitudinal 1-year clinical trial. Both groups received four patient education sessions per their assigned group. Audio recordings were transcribed and coded. The overarching themes and subthemes emerged were quantified and reported as the number of instances per participant. Global scores and behavioural counts were compared across baseline, 4, 8, and 12-month research visits using mixed-effect models. RESULTS: Of the six overarching themes, the brief-MI group evoked more topics toward total health. Oral home care behaviours (15 vs. 10.2) and oral diseases/conditions (3.3 vs. 1.9) were discussed more in the brief-MI group compared to the traditional OHI group. This positive outcome for the average number of times a health topic was discussed in the brief-MI group compared to the traditional OHI group continued for the remaining major themes: lifestyle behaviours (1.0 vs. 0.4), nutrition (2.6 vs. 0.8), emotional/mental health (1.8 vs. 0.8) and general health (1.2 vs. 0.4). CONCLUSION: This study identified that brief-MI was a more successful communication approach to increase discussions of oral home care behaviours, oral diseases/conditions, lifestyle behaviours, nutrition, emotional/mental health and general health compared to traditional OHI in individuals with periodontitis.

Oral and Systemic Health Implications of Electronic Cigarette Usage as Compared to Conventional Tobacco Cigarettes: A review of the literature.

Purpose The health implications related to electronic cigarettes are not fully understood and has created a public health concern. The purpose of this narrative review was to highlight the oral and systemic health concerns associated with electronic cigarettes and compare these concerns to those associated with conventional tobacco cigarettes.Methods The literature was obtained from PubMed, Ovid Medline, CINAHL, and Scopus databases in June 2021 and updated in February 2023. Sources were chosen based on the following inclusion criteria: date of publication between 2011 and 2023 and written in English. Articles were excluded based on irrelevance to the topic, weak study designs, lack of outcome data, low quality randomized control trials, unavailability of the full text article, and non-empirical research designs. The Cochrane tool, ROBINS-I, was used to assess the risk of bias.Results A total of 78 studies were included in the review. E-cigarette use was associated with significant adverse effects for cardiovascular, respiratory, immunological, and periodontal health as compared to nonusers; however, impacts were worse with conventional smoked cigarettes. Long term health effects remain unknown with e-cigarettes, but associations have been identified with periodontal and peri-implant disease, oral cancer, and mental health disorders. The heterogeneity of e-cigarette use related to vaping behavior, devices, and liquids limits the ability to generalize results. There is a need for the development of a research standard for exposure methods to establish a consensus with e-cigarette use and support the validity of results among researchers.Conclusion According to current research, e-cigarettes may induce less harm than traditional tobacco products, but e-cigarettes do not remove the carcinogenic and toxic risk that has been associated with conventional cigarettes. Further research is needed to make broad conclusions on the safety of e-cigarettes compared to conventional cigarettes and to nonusers.

Effect of scaling and root planing with and without minocycline HCl microspheres on periodontal pathogens and clinical outcomes: A randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: This study tests the effects of scaling and root planing (SRP) versus SRP plus minocycline hydrochloride microspheres (SRP+MM) on 11 periodontal pathogens and clinical outcomes in Stage II-IV Grade B periodontitis participants. METHODS: Seventy participants were randomized to receive SRP (n = 35) or SRP+MM (n = 35). Saliva and clinical outcomes were collected for both groups at baseline before SRP, 1-month reevaluation, and at 3- and 6-month periodontal recall. MM were delivered to pockets ≥5 mm immediately after SRP and immediately after the 3-month periodontal maintenance in the SRP+MM group. A proprietary saliva test* was utilized to quantitate 11 putative periodontal pathogens. Microorganisms and clinical outcomes were compared between groups using generalized linear mixed-effects models with fixed effects and random effects terms. Mean changes from baseline were compared between groups via group-by-visit interaction tests. RESULTS: Significant reduction in Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, Parvimonas micra, and Eikenella corrodens were identified at the 1-month reevaluation after SRP+MM. Six months after SRP with a re-application of MM 3 months after SRP, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, Campylobacter rectus, and Eikenella corrodens were significantly reduced. SRP+MM participants had significant clinical outcome reductions in pockets ≥5 mm at the reevaluation, 3- and 6-month periodontal maintenance, and clinical attachment loss gains at the 6-month periodontal maintenance. CONCLUSION: MM delivered immediately after SRP and reapplication at 3 months appeared to contribute to improved clinical outcomes and sustained decreased numbers of Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, Campylobacter rectus, and Eikenella corrodens at 6 months.

Students' knowledge, comfort, attitudes, and training on oral health of transgender individuals: A pilot study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate students' knowledge, comfort, attitudes, and formal training on oral health of transgender individuals. METHODS: A single-site cross-sectional study of 223 students from four educational programs were invited to participate in this study. A 17-item survey was modified from two previous instruments with permission. The electronic survey was disseminated via Google Forms two times 6 weeks a part. Analyses were conducted using R version 4.1.1. Survey responses were summarized as means and standard deviations. Comparisons of survey responses by program type, age group, prior degree, and gender were performed using the chi-square test for association and analysis of variance. RESULTS: A total of118 completed the survey for a 53% response rate. Students disagreed (26.3%) they had knowledge on hormone treatments or non-hormonal treatment (40.7%) and strongly disagreed (40.7%) they had knowledge on oral manifestations of hormonal or non-hormonal therapies. Students strongly agreed they are comfortable treating transgender patients (63.6%) and believe it is the responsibility of all healthcare providers to care for transgender patients (83.1%). Students disagreed they are prepared to care for transgender patients (40.7%) or that their faculty demonstrate competency caring for transgender patients undergoing hormonal treatment (21.4%). CONCLUSION: Students are comfortable providing oral health care to transgender individuals and feel a responsibility to care for them. Formal training on hormonal and non-hormonal therapy for transgender individuals is needed in dental education programs to enhance students' knowledge and faculty competence.

Domestic Violence Knowledge and Attitudes Among Minnesota Dental Hygienists: A pilot study.

Purpose The prevalence of intimate partner domestic violence (DV) increased in frequency during the global COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this pilot study was to assess dental hygienists' knowledge, attitudes, and readiness to manage patients experiencing DV in the state of Minnesota.Methods A cross-sectional study design was used on a convenience sample of dental hygienists. The validated Physician Readiness to Manage Intimate Partner Violence Survey (PREMIS) was used to collect the data. Survey items included demographic variables and measured attitudes and knowledge regarding intimate partner DV. Paper surveys were distributed to attendees at the Minnesota Dental Hygienist Association Annual Meeting. ANOVA and linear regression models were used to assess associations between domestic violence knowledge scores and respondent demographics and attitudes.Results Eighty-eight surveys were distributed; 31 surveys were completed and met the inclusion criteria for data analysis. The overall mean knowledge score was 11.6 from a possible score of 17. No significant differences were found by age, degree type, or years in practice and domestic violence knowledge or attitudes. Most respondents (64.5%) indicated a lack of preparedness to ask appropriate questions regarding DV and only a little more than half knew how to respond to disclosures of DV (51.6%) or were aware of the state's legal requirements for reporting DV (58.0%).Conclusion Participants demonstrated moderate knowledge of DV and recognized the importance of identifying and providing support for DV victims. However, participants were unsure of current state-mandated guidelines for reporting DV. Future exploration of reporting mandates will better support dental hygienists in their professional obligations identifying victims of DV.

Knowledge, Attitudes and Perceptions of Dental Hygiene and Dental Therapy Students towards End-stage Renal Disease: A pilot study.

Purpose Chronic kidney disease is highly prevalent in the general population and can progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The purpose of this pilot study was to assess dental hygiene and dental therapy students' knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions towards ESRD and evaluate the feasibility of a larger scale study.Methods A convenience sample (n=59) of dental hygiene (DH) and dual degree DH/dental therapy students were invited to participate in an electronic survey for the pilot study. The investigator designed survey consisted of a total of 37 items: demographics (4), perceived knowledge, confidence, importance and attitudes (14), knowledge of chronic kidney disease (18). The knowledge questions were adapted from the Chronic Kidney Disease Self-Management Knowledge Tool (CKD-SMKT) with permission. Descriptive statistics and the non-parametric two-sample Wilcoxon rank sum test were used to analyze the data.Results Twenty-five participants completed the survey for a 42% response rate. Fewer than half (36%) perceived having some knowledge regarding ESRD, its oral manifestations (28%) and mental health implications (12%). The importance of managing oral health for ESRD was rated by most respondents as "very important" or "extremely important" (76%). Respondent attitudes indicated high interest (68%) regarding employment in hospital settings to care for individuals with ESRD.Knowledge scores from the CKD-SMKT were low in the categories of general knowledge of ESRD and dental hygiene care modifications for individuals with ESRD.Conclusion Results of this pilot study indicate that using a validated instrument on a national sample is feasible to determine the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of dental hygiene students regarding ESRD. Future research should include knowledge and awareness of hypertension, diabetes, and the role that management of chronic kidney disease plays in the prevention of ESRD.

Impact of Brief Motivational Interviewing on Periodontal Clinical Outcomes: A randomized clinical trial.

Purpose: Patient education and oral hygiene instruction (OHI) communication play a key role in the dental hygiene process of care. The purpose of this study was to determine whether brief motivational interviewing (BMI) was superior to traditional OHI in improving periodontal health. Chairside time needed to deliver traditional OHI as compared to BMI was also compared.Methods: A convenience sample of 60 participants were randomized into two groups. The control group received traditional OHI and the test group received BMI. Periodontal indicators of disease were collected by a blinded examiner. Interventions for both groups and data collection occurred at four time points over a 12-month period. Periodontal outcome measures were plaque score, bleeding on probing (BOP), and gingival index (GI).Results: Both groups showed significant reductions in plaque score, BOP, and GI over time. The control group had an improvement in plaque score compared to the test group at visit three (p=0.05) and at visit four (p=0.03). The test group had an improvement in GI score compared to the control group at visit four (p=0.03). Chairside time was shorter in the control (OHI) group at each time point (p<0.01).Conclusion: Both traditional OHI and BMI patient education communication methods improved periodontal outcomes measured by plaque score, BOP, and GI. The inclusion of BMI in patient education sessions was demonstrated to be feasible within the time constraints of the dental hygiene recare appointment.

Brief Motivational Interviewing: Evaluation of a skills-based education program.

Purpose: Oral health care providers have been charged with recommending the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine for the prevention of HPV oropharyngeal cancers (OPC). The purpose of this study was to determine dental hygiene student competency of the application of brief motivational interviewing (BMI) and the accuracy of HPV vaccine information for the prevention of HPV OPC.Methods: A convenience sample of 59 senior dental hygiene (DH) students from the class of 2020 (n=31) and the class of 2021 (n=28) participated in the HPV OPC curriculum and skills-based BMI training at the University of Minnesota School of Dentistry. Students completed two audio-recorded patient interactions and one Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE). Student self-assessment and faculty evaluation scores were determined by a standardized BMI HPV rubric. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data.Results: Class of 2021 self-assessment ratings were higher than the class of 2020 in all components of the BMI HPV rubric at all three time points. Faculty evaluation achieved statistically significant improvement for the class of 2021 from patient Interaction 1 (evocation p<0.01; summary p<0.01) to the OSCE (evocation p<0.05; summary p<0.01). Both classes rated themselves as competent (≥70%) for most BMI subcategories.Conclusion: Dental hygiene student competence in demonstrating the components of the Spirit of MI to the accuracy of HPV and HPV vaccine information was achieved through the implementation of the skills-based BMI HPV training. Outcomes of student self-assessment and faculty evaluation highlighted the Kirkpatrick Model as a framework to evaluate BMI skills-based training.

A qualitative assessment of dental hygiene educators' COVID-19 related burnout.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to elicit ideas or concerns influencing dental hygiene educators' experiences of personal and professional burnout, burnout working with students, and teaching efficacy in an online/hybrid environment as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A qualitative, content-analysis study included a convenience sample of dental hygiene educators emails. An invitation to participate in an August 2021 or October 2021 focus group was sent via Qualtricsxm with informed consent, and focus groups were held over Zoom. Conversations were audio recorded, transcribed, and de-identified. Consensus on a codebook by two coders achieved an 88% agreement. RESULTS: Fifty-three were invited to the August 2021 focus groups for a 26% (n = 14) response rate, and 116 were invited to the October 2021 focus groups for an 11% (n = 13) response rate. Contributing factors to experiences of burnout expressed were: (1) work-life balance (n = 59), including (a) overwork, (b) pressure to be available, and (c) lack of boundaries; (2) change (n = 34) involving (a) developing new protocols, (b) constant uncertainty, (c) COVID-19 requirements, and (d) new platforms; and (3) negative interactions (n = 32) with (a) students and (b) faculty. CONCLUSION: A lack of work-life balance from overwork, pressure to be available at all times, no boundaries with students, and an absence of a sense of connection for workplace vitality were contributors to burnout. Work-from-home flexibility, a work environment that supported wellness and mental well-being, and the ability to leave the workplace for periods of time were reported as helpful solutions to combatting burnout.

Dental Hygiene Students' Perceptions Regarding the Importance of and Confidence with Using Brief Motivational Interviewing during HPV Patient Counseling.

Purpose: Human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted virus that has been identified in over two-thirds of all oropharyngeal cancers. Oral health care professionals play a key role in educating the public regarding HPV and the role of vaccinations. The purpose of this study was to examine dental hygiene and dental therapy students' perceptions of the importance of and their confidence with applying brief motivational interviewing (BMI) during patient counseling regarding the human papilloma virus (HPV).Methods: A convenience sample of dental hygiene and dual degree dental hygiene/dental therapy students (n=32) participated in an enhanced BMI curriculum that included a 90-minute HPV BMI coaching and role-playing session on the use of eight MI strategies and the technique of elicit-provide-elicit. Questionnaires assessing participants' perceptions were disseminated at three time points; prior to the HPV BMI training (pre-test), immediately after the coaching and role-playing session (post-test 1) and after the participants had applied their HPV BMI skills during two patient interactions that included self-assessment and faculty feedback (post-test 2).Results: All the students in the sample (n=32) completed the three questionnaires. While participants' perception of the importance of BMI increased for three of the eight strategies (pre-test to post-test 2), it was not statistically significant. Perceptions of confidence in applying of BMI increased for seven of the strategies (pre-test to post-test 1). Statistical significance was achieved for the "Use of the Importance Ruler" strategy (p=0.003) from pretest to posttest 1 and pre-test to post-test 2 (p=0.003).Conclusion: Results indicate that an enhanced HPV BMI coaching curriculum in addition and two HPV BMI sessions with patients is not enough training to retain confidence overtime. Future research should investigate strategies, such as additional coaching and role-playing sessions, for retaining confidence with applying BMI for HPV discussions during patient care.

Dental hygienists' use of motivational interviewing and perceptions of effectiveness in changing patient behaviors.

BACKGROUND: The University of Minnesota (UMN) Dental Hygiene (DH) program devotes considerable time developing students' competency using motivational interviewing (MI). However, the extent to which graduates use MI in clinical practice and their perceptions of MI effectiveness in changing behavior is unknown. METHODS: A cross-section of UMN dental hygiene classes from 2010-2019 were emailed an electronic survey using Qualtricsxm software (n = 208). The survey instrument collected demographic information and queried respondents' current MI use and perceptions of its effectiveness in changing patients' behavior. Survey questions were aligned with the constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB): attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Data analyses included descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations, and one-way ANOVA tests. RESULTS: There were 73 responses for a 35% response rate and 58 surveys (28%) included in data analysis. Respondents (95%) used MI, held positive attitudes toward MI and perceived MI to be an effective behavior counseling method (98%). However, respondents expressed concerns about patients' abilities to change behaviors. The three TPB constructs were found to be predictors of MI use in the clinical environment. A significant association was found between age and the TPB construct: behavioral control (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: The majority of respondents reported using MI in clinical practice. According to the TPB, respondents exhibited strong behavioral intentions to use MI. Respondents held favorable attitudes toward MI and believed it to be effective in motivating positive behavior change. Respondents were confident in their MI skills and felt supported to use MI in their work environments.

Impact of Covid-19 on dental hygiene educators: A national survey.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on dental hygiene (DH) educators' perception of personal and professional burnout and efficacy in the online/hybrid learning environment. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of DH faculty members from 327 United States entry level DH programs was invited to participate in this study. A 36 item survey was disseminated in Qualtricsxm March 2021. The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory was used to measure personal, work-related, and burnout related to working with students. The Michigan Nurse Educators Sense of Efficacy for Online Teaching instrument was used to measure efficacy in online/hybrid learning. RESULTS: The survey had an institutional response rate of 46%. Personal burnout scores had a significantly higher mean as compared to work-related and burnout working with students' scores. A majority (66%) of respondents reported often feeling tired. Only personal burnout scores had a significant negative correlation with teaching efficacy scores. Administrators/program directors and full-time faculty had significantly higher mean personal and work-related burnout scores as compared to part-time/adjunct clinical faculty. There were no significant differences in teaching efficacy scores by faculty position and institutional setting. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 had significant impact on full-time DH educators' personal and professional burnout levels. Full-time administrators/program directors/DH educators reported higher levels of personal burnout. It seems that personal burnout has a negative relationship with teaching efficacy. Faculty position rather than institution impacted personal burnout. Despite personal and professional burnout, DH faculty reported low-levels of burnout related to working with students.

Effectiveness of brief motivational interviewing on perceived importance, interest and self-efficacy of oral health behaviors: A randomized clinical trial.

Objective: To investigate periodontal patients' perceived importance, interest and self-efficacy of oral hygiene (OH) behaviors. Methods: Secondary outcomes from a randomized single-site examiner-blinded clinical trial investigated the control group (traditional oral hygiene instructions) and the test group (brief motivational interviewing) over four time points. Analyses were performed using R version 4.1.1. Results: Sixty participants were eligible, and 58 completed the pre and post questionnaires for a 97% response rate. Importance was higher in the test group for good oral health and daily oral self-care (4.86 vs. 4.80). Interest in taking care of teeth and gums and changing a homecare routine was higher in the test group (4.89). Self-efficacy was higher in the test group for taking care of teeth and gums (4.18 vs. 4.07), making a change to improve oral health (4.29 vs. 4.27), and maintaining a change long-term (4.32 vs. 4.17). Statistical significance for self-efficacy was achieved for maintaining an OH behavior long-term. Conclusion: A brief motivational interviewing intervention was superior to enhance perceived importance, interest and self-efficacy of oral hygiene behaviors. Innovation: Contrary to previous motivational interviewing research, this study used a novel approach to evaluate MI-fidelity to determine the most effective MI strategies to support self-efficacy.

Examining the Role of HPV Communication Training in the Knowledge, Attitudes, Comfort, and Confidence of Dental Hygiene Students.

Purpose: Human papillomavirus-positive oropharyngeal cancer (HPV-OPC) is the most common HPV-associated cancer. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of a curriculum that utilized brief motivational interviewing (BMI) strategies on the knowledge, attitudes, comfort, and confidence of dental hygiene students regarding communication about HPV.Methods: Junior and senior dental hygiene (DH) and dental therapy (DT) students participated in this retrospective study. Senior students (n=26) were assigned to the control group while junior students (n=31) were assigned to the intervention group. Both groups completed an online HPV education module. The intervention group was trained in BMI techniques for communication on HPV while the control group did not receive any additional guidance. Both groups were required to have HPV discussions with two patients. Pre-test/post-test questionnaires were administered via an online software program for each patient encounter. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data.Results: Thirty-one intervention group and 26 control group participants completed the pre- and post-test quizzes and questionnaires. While knowledge improved for both groups from pre-test to post-test one (+5.3 % correct, p=0.001) and post-test two (+3.2, p=0.04) it was not statistically significantAttitude scores were higher in the control group at post-test one (3.25 vs 3.01, p=0.07) and post-test two (3.14 vs 2.91, p=0.05). Confidence was higher in the control group at post-test one (3.16 vs 2.82, p=0.05) and post-test two (3.21 vs 2.69, p=0.006). Comfort was higher in the control group at post-test one (3.16 vs 2.56, p=0.002) but not at post-test two (2.65 vs 2.83, p=0.45).Conclusion: Results from this study suggest that dental hygiene education programs should include didactic instruction on HPV, the use of BMI strategies, as well as multiple opportunities to practice HPV related conversations to improve student knowledge, attitudes, comfort, and confidence levels. Interactive continuing education programs with a focus on HPV and BMI techniques can also assist oral health care providers in the delivery of provider-patient communication on HPV.

Human Papillomavirus Content Inclusion in Dental Hygiene Program Curricula in the United States.

Purpose: Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal cancers (OPC) have significantly increased over the past three decades despite vaccine availability to prevent carcinogenic HPV types. Dental hygienists are well-positioned to provide HPV counsel to patients; however, most do not feel prepared to do so. The purpose of this study was to examine HPV content inclusion in dental hygiene program curricula in the United States (US).Methods: Dental hygiene program directors in the US were invited to participate in an electronic survey (n=309). The 20-item survey assessed the curricular content related to HPV as well as the faculty training in this area. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data.Results: Ninety surveys were returned for a response rate of 29%. Most programs spent up to 2 hours on HPV content. Students across all institutional settings received education on OPC risk factors (66.3%); HPV screening, referral, and management (78.7%); HPV vaccine knowledge (79.8%); and communication skills about HPV (77.5%). The majority of HPV-related content was taught by dental hygiene faculty, although dentists, oral pathologists or medical specialists were involved across all institutional settings.Conclusion: Results indicate that dental hygiene programs, regardless of institutional setting, provide two hours or less of HPV didactic content and clinical application. More research is needed to confirm the adequate time and teaching strategies required to assure that dental hygienists are well-prepared to address HPV preventive strategies.

Using motivational interviewing to reduce parental risk related behaviors for early childhood caries: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Decades of epidemiological studies have documented high rates of early childhood caries (ECC) among American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) children. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate if a motivational interviewing (MI) intervention improved oral self-care behaviors of AIAN caregivers of infants, and determine if the MI intervention promoted positive changes in caregivers' ECC risk-related behaviors. METHODS: Caregivers of infants presenting for well- child visits in a medical clinic were randomized to treatment and control groups. At the first visit, a caries risk test (CRT) for cariogenic bacteria was completed for both groups. The Parental Care of Child's Teeth (PCCT) was administered at the second visit and used to assess ECC risk-related behaviors. Over the course of four well-child visits, caregivers in the treatment group participated in a MI discussion focusing on behavior changes and desired outcomes for their personal oral health and their child's. The duration of the intervention was 1 year. The control group was given oral health information traditionally provided at well-child visits. At the fourth well-child visit, the CRT and PCCT questionnaire were administered again. RESULTS: The mean bacterial load for mutans streptococcus (MS) was similar at both visits. A slight reduction in the mean bacterial levels of lactobacilli was observed in both the test and control groups after the last visit, although not at a level of statistical significance. The treatment group showed minimal improvement in child feeding practices and nighttime bottle habits. CONCLUSIONS: Motivational Interviewing had little effect on oral self-care behaviors as measured by bacterial load, nor did MI reduce parental risk related behavior for early childhood caries. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov# NCT04286256. Retrospectively registered, February 26, 2020.

Preliminary evaluation of dental hygiene curriculum: Assessment and management of peri-implant conditions and diseases.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate dental hygiene (DH) educational programs' didactic and clinical curriculum in the management of peri-implant diseases and conditions. The specific aims were (1) assess if evidence-based content for peri-implant diseases and conditions are currently included in didactic and clinical DH curriculum and (2) determine if DH education programs are currently preparing students at a level of clinical competency for the assessment and management of peri-implant diseases and conditions. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of DH faculty member(s) from 331 United States entry-level programs responsible for didactic and clinical curriculum for peri-implant diseases and conditions were surveyed. The survey was disseminated electronically via Qualtricsxm August 2019 for a response rate of 26%. RESULTS: The results showed didactic courses taught DH students the etiology of peri-mucositis and peri-implantitis (98%), clinical characteristics (98%), and risk factors contributing to these implant diseases (96%). Evaluation methods to determine student level of competency in a didactic setting included quizzes/examinations (98%), case-based examinations (63%), and written essays (6%). Eighty-five percent reported DH students are not required in a clinical setting to provide care for patients with peri-implant diseases and conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Study results suggest DH education programs may need to revise didactic and clinical curriculum to ensure students graduate at a level of clinical competency for assessing and managing peri-implant conditions and diseases. DH educational programs should consider requiring clinical patient experiences for the assessment and management of peri-mucositis and peri-implantitis to prepare students for their professional role.

Assessing the Use of Loupes and Lights in Dental Hygiene Educational Programs.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the use of loupes and lights in dental hygiene programs, to assess why they are being used, and to evaluate at what point in time they are introduced to students within the curriculum.Methods: A 20 question survey was developed and pilot tested. The survey was disseminated electronically to 335 dental hygiene program directors in the United States. Frequency distributions were analyzed to provide an overview of the data and Fisher's Exact Test was used to investigate differences between technical/community college programs and university-based programs.Results: Out of the 335 electronic surveys, 143 were completed for a response rate of 47%. Prevention of musculoskeletal disorders, ergonomics, and enhanced vision for instrumentation remain the top three advantages of using loupes. Ninety-six percent of respondents indicated students use loupes and over 50% of faculty use loupes. Fifty-seven percent of dental hygiene programs encourage students to purchase loupes with a light. Fifty percent of students pay $601-$900 for loupes and 47% pay $300-$600 for a light.Conclusion: Student and faculty use of loupes and lights are increasing in educational programs. Future research should focus on the longitudinal impact of using loupes/lights, the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders, and an investigation of the continued use of loupes in a professional setting post-graduation.