Recent Advancements in the Diagnosis and Management of Cancer Using Biomaterials-Fabricated Nanofibers: A Review.

Cancer, a complicated and multi-dimensional medical concern worldwide, can be identified via either the growth of malignant tumours or colonisation of nearby tissues attributing to uncontrollable proliferation and division of cells promoted by several influential factors, including family history, exposure to pollutants, choice of lifestyle, and certain infections. The intricate processes underlying the development, expansion, and advancement of cancer are still being studied. However, there are a variety of therapeutic alternatives available for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer depending on the type and stage of cancer as well as the patient's individuality. The bioactive compoundsfortified nanofiber-based advanced therapies are revolutionary models for cancer detection and treatment, specifically targeting melanoma cells via exploring unique properties, such as increased surface area for payload, and imaging and bio-sensing capacities of nano-structured materials with minimal damage to functioning organs. The objective of the study was to gain knowledge regarding the potentiality of Nanofibers (NFs) fabricated using biomaterials in promoting cancer management along with providing a thorough overview of recent developmental initiatives, challenges, and future investigation strategies. Several fabrication approaches, such as electrospinning, self-assembly, phase separation, drawing, and centrifugal spinning of bio-compatible NFs along with characterization techniques, have been elaborated in the review.

An Insight into Cubosomal Drug Delivery Approaches: An Explicative Review.

Cubosomes, a novel drug delivery system, have gained significant attention in recent years due to their unique self-assembled structures and enhanced drug encapsulation capabilities. They are administered by oral, ophthalmic, transdermal, and chemotherapeutic routes, to name a few. Due to their many potential benefits-which include high drug dispersal due to the cubic structure, a large surface area, a relatively simple manufacturing process, biodegradability, the capacity to encapsulate hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and amphiphilic compounds, targeted and controlled release of bioactive agents, and the biodegradability of lipids-cubosomes show enormous promise in drug nanoformulations for cancer therapeutics. The most common preparation method involves emulsifying a monoglyceride with a polymer, homogenizing, and then sonicating the mixture. Two distinct approaches to preparing are top-down and bottom-up. This evaluation will examine the materials, methods of preparation, cubosome-related drug encapsulating techniques, drug loading, release mechanism, and their uses. The following databases were used for literature searches: PubMed, Frontiers, Science Direct, Springer, Wiley, and MDPI. For the purpose of finding pertinent articles and contents (2015-2024), the keywords "cubosome; drug delivery systems, nano-carrier, theranostic, drug release mechanism" and others of a similar nature were utilized. This review will conduct a comprehensive analysis of the cubosome-related composition, production methods, drug encapsulating strategies, drug release mechanisms, and applications. Moreover, the difficulties encountered in fine-tuning different parameters to improve loading capabilities and prospects are also discussed. Innovation in pharmaceutical research and development can be stimulated by the knowledge gathered about cubosomal drug delivery methods. Through the clarification of the mechanisms involved in drug release from cubosomes and the investigation of innovative fabrication procedures, scientists can enhance the cubosomal formulation design for targeted therapeutic uses.

Smart Multifunctional Nanoparticles in Cancer Theranostics: Progress and Prospect.

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, cancer is the second most common cause of death. Chemotherapy and other traditional cancer treatments have toxicities that affect normal cells in addition to their intended targets, necessitating the development of novel approaches to enhance cell-specific targeting. METHODS: The present work summarizes the scientific information on nanoparticles in cancer theranostics to provide a comprehensive insight into the preventive and therapeutic potential of nanoparticles in cancer. Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases are searched to collect all the recent (2015-2023) scientific information on smart multifunctional nanoparticles using the terms nanotechnology, cancer theranostics, and polymer. RESULTS: The use of nanomaterials as chemical biology tools in cancer theranostics has been thoroughly investigated. They demonstrate expanded uses in terms of stability, biocompatibility, and enhanced cell permeability, enabling precision targeting and ameliorating the drawbacks of conventional cancer treatments. The nano platform presents a fascinating chance to acquire multifunctionality and targeting techniques. The production of smart nanomaterials, specifically with regard to the advent of nanotechnology, has revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. The capability of nanoparticles to functionalize with a variety of biosubstrates, including aptamers, antibodies, DNA, and RNA, and their broad surface area allow them to encapsulate a huge number of molecules, contributing to their theranostic effect. Comparatively speaking, economical, easily produced, and less toxic nanomaterials formed from biological sources are thought to have benefits over those made using conventional processes. CONCLUSION: The present study highlights the uses of several nanoparticles (NPs), and describes numerous cancer theranostics methodologies. The benefits and difficulties preventing their adoption in cancer treatment and diagnostic applications are also critically reviewed. The use of smart nanomaterials, according to this review's findings, can considerably advance cancer theranostics and open up new avenues for tumor detection and treatment.

Advanced Targeted Drug Delivery of Bioactive Nanomaterials in the Management of Cancer.

Cancer is defined as the unchecked expansion of aberrant cells. Radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery are currently used in combination to treat cancer. Traditional drug delivery techniques kill healthy proliferating cells when used over prolonged periods of time in cancer chemotherapy. Due to the fact that the majority of tumor cells do not infiltrate right away, this is particularly true when treating solid tumors. A targeted drug delivery system (TDDS) is a tool that distributes medication to a selected bioactive location in a controlled manner. Nanotechnology-based delivery techniques are having a substantial impact on cancer treatment, and polymers are essential for making nanoparticulate carriers for cancer therapy. The advantages of nanotherapeutic drug delivery systems (NDDS) in terms of technology include longer half-life, improved biodistribution, longer drug circulation time, regulated and sustained drug release, flexibility in drug administration method, higher drug intercellular concentration, and others. The benefits and drawbacks of cancer nanomedicines, such as polymer-drug conjugates, micelles, dendrimers, immunoconjugates, liposomes, and nanoparticles, are discussed in this work, along with the most recent findings on polymer-based anticancer drugs.

Nano-Gels: Recent Advancement in Fabrication Methods for Mitigation of Skin Cancer.

In the 21st century, melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers have become an epidemic outbreak worldwide. Therefore, the exploration of all potential preventative and therapeutic measures based on either physical or bio-chemical mechanisms is essential via understanding precise pathophysiological pathways (Mitogen-activated protein kinase, Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase Pathway, and Notch signaling pathway) and other aspects of such skin malignancies. Nano-gel, a three-dimensional polymeric cross-linked porous hydrogel having a diameter of 20-200 nm, possesses dual properties of both hydrogel and nanoparticle. The capacity of high drug entrapment efficiency with greater thermodynamic stability, remarkable solubilization potential, and swelling behavior of nano-gel becomes a promising candidate as a targeted drug delivery system in the treatment of skin cancer. Nano-gel can be either synthetically or architectonically modified for responding to either internal or external stimuli, including radiation, ultrasound, enzyme, magnetic, pH, temperature, and oxidation-reduction to achieve controlled release of pharmaceuticals and several bio-active molecules such as proteins, peptides, genes via amplifying drug aggregation in the active targeted tissue and reducing adverse pharmacological effects. Several drugs, such as anti-neoplastic biomolecules having short biological half-lives and prompt enzyme degradability capacity, must be appropriate for administration employing either chemically bridged or physically constructed nano-gel frameworks. The comprehensive review summarizes the advancement in the preparation and characterization methods of targeted nano-gel with enhanced pharmacological potential and preserved intracellular safety limits for the mitigation of skin malignancies with a special emphasize on skin cancer inducing pathophysiological pathways and prospective research opportunities for skin malignancy targeted nano-gels.