Review of Hypothermia Protocol and Timing of the Echocardiogram.

Targeted temperature management, also known as therapeutic hypothermia (TH), is recommended for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Both internal or external methods of cooling can be applied. Individuals resuscitated from OHCA frequently develop postarrest myocardial dysfunction resulting in decreased cardiac output and left ventricular systolic function. This dysfunction is usually transient and improves with spontaneous recovery over time. Echocardiogram (ECHO) can be a vital tool for the assessment and management of these patients. This manuscript reviewed methods available for TH after OHCA and reviews role of ECHO in the diagnosis and prognosis in this setting.

Role of platelet-rich plasma in early osteoarthritis of knee joint: Experience from a tertiary care center in Pakistan.

PURPOSE: Osteoarthritis is the most common articular disease. The aim of this study was to observe the outcome after intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injection in our patients presenting with knee osteoarthritis. METHODS: This study was conducted in Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan, from December 2014 to December 2015. All patients between 35 years and 60 years of age diagnosed with grade I and II arthritis were included in the study. Three PRP injections were injected in the knees at 4-week interval. Patients were followed up in outpatient department (OPD) and were assessed for pain and physical activity associated with arthritis using the Western Ontario and McMaster University Arthritis Index (WOMAC) score at the time of induction in the study and at 6 months interval. RESULTS: Two hundred fourteen patients with the mean age of 55.15 (±6.93) years were studied. Female to male ratio was 3:1. One hundred fifty-five patients were classified as having Kellgren-Lawrence grade 1 osteoarthritis, while 59 were grade 2. One hundred eighty-nine patients had clinical symptoms for less than 2 years and 25 for more than 2 years. Mean WOMAC score before the start of treatment was 83.05, and after 6 months, it was reduced to 38.84 which was statistically significant ( p = 0.000). WOMAC score was improved more in the subgroup with patients having symptoms less than 2 years ( p = 0.005). Three patients developed minor hyperemia which was managed conservatively with activity limitation and ice application, but none of the patient developed gross infection. CONCLUSION: The sequential use of PRP injection for the treatment of early osteoarthritis proved to be effective in our study.

Improved Outcomes Associated with the use of Shock Protocols: Updates from the National Cardiogenic Shock Initiative.

BACKGROUND: The National Cardiogenic Shock Initiative is a single-arm, prospective, multicenter study to assess outcomes associated with early mechanical circulatory support (MCS) in patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock (AMICS) treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: Between July 2016 and February 2019, 35 sites participated and enrolled into the study. All centers agreed to treat patients with AMICS using a standard protocol emphasizing invasive hemodynamic monitoring and rapid initiation of MCS. Inclusion and exclusion criteria mimicked those of the "SHOCK" trial with an additional exclusion criteria of intra-aortic balloon pump counter-pulsation prior to MCS. RESULTS: A total of 171 consecutive patients were enrolled. Patients had an average age of 63 years, 77% were male, and 68% were admitted with AMICS. About 83% of patients were on vasopressors or inotropes, 20% had a witnessed out of hospital cardiac arrest, 29% had in-hospital cardiac arrest, and 10% were under active cardiopulmonary resuscitation during MCS implantation. In accordance with the protocol, 74% of patients had MCS implanted prior to PCI. Right heart catheterization was performed in 92%. About 78% of patients presented with ST-elevation myocardial infarction with average door to support times of 85 ± 63 min and door to balloon times of 87 ± 58 min. Survival to discharge was 72%. Creatinine ≥2, lactate >4, cardiac power output (CPO) <0.6 W, and age ≥ 70 years were predictors of mortality. Lactate and CPO measurements at 12-24 hr reliably predicted overall mortality postindex procedure. CONCLUSION: In contemporary practice, use of a shock protocol emphasizing best practices is associated with improved outcomes.

Safety and efficacy of switching from unfractionated heparin to bivalirudin during primary percutaneous coronary intervention.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of switching to bivalirudin during primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for patients who received preprocedure unfractionated heparin (UFH). BACKGROUND: Current guidelines favor bivalirudin for primary PCI in patients at high risk of bleeding, particularly when femoral access is used. However, patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction frequently receive UFH before arrival in the catheterization laboratory. METHODS: Scientific databases and websites were searched for randomized controlled trials. Patients were divided into those who received heparin with or without glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (heparin group); those switched to bivalirudin during primary PCI from preprocedure UFH (switch group); and those who received bivalirudin without preprocedure UFH (Biv-alone group). Both traditional pairwise meta-analyses using moderator analyses and network meta-analyses using mixed-treatment comparison models were performed. RESULTS: Data from five trials including13,547 patients were analyzed. In mixed-comparison models, switching to bivalirudin during primary PCI was associated with lower rates for all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) compared to the other strategies. Rates for all-cause mortality, MACEs, and net adverse clinical events (NACEs) were similar for the heparin and Biv-alone groups. Switching strategies was also associated with lower major bleeding rates compared to heparin alone. Similarly, in a standard pairwise model, both the switch and Biv-alone groups were associated with decreased bleeding risk compared to the heparin group. However, only the switch strategy was associated with decreased all-cause mortality (RR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.30-0.75; P = 0.001), MACE (RR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.49-0.91; P = 0.012), and NACE (RR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.41-0.92; P = 0.019) compared with heparin alone. CONCLUSIONS: During primary PCI, use of bivalirudin for those receiving preprocedure UFH was associated decreased rates for major bleeding, NACEs, MACEs, and all-cause mortality compared to heparin +/- GPI. This strategy was also associated with decreased rates for MACEs and all-cause mortality compared to bivalirudin alone without preprocedure UFH.

Peripheral interventions and antiplatelet therapy: Role in current practice.

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a common disorder associated with a high risk of cardiovascular mortality and continues to be under-recognized. The major risk factors for PAD are similar to those for coronary and cerebrovascular disease. Management includes exercise program, pharmacologic therapy and revascularization including endovascular and surgical approach. The optimal revascularization strategy, endovascular or surgical intervention, is often debated due to the paucity of head to head randomized controlled studies. Despite significant advances in endovascular interventions resulting in increased utilization over surgical bypass, significant challenges still remain. Platelet activation and aggregation after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of atherosclerotic arteries are important risk factors for re-occlusion/restenosis and life-threatening thrombosis following endovascular procedures. Antiplatelet agents are commonly prescribed to reduce the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke and death from cardiovascular causes in patients with PAD. Despite an abundance of data demonstrating efficacy of antiplatelet therapy in coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular disease, there is a paucity of clinical information, clinical guidelines and randomized controlled studies in the PAD population. Hence, data on antiplatelet therapy in coronary interventions is frequently extrapolated to peripheral interventions. The aim of this review article is to elucidate the current data on revascularization and the role and duration of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy in re-vascularized lower limb PAD patients.

Complete Revascularization of Simultaneous Multiple Culprit Lesions in a Septuagenarian with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction.

BACKGROUND ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is usually caused by rupture of unstable plaque with thrombus formation and abrupt cessation of blood flow through a single coronary artery that is deemed the culprit. The simultaneous thrombotic occlusions of multiple coronary arteries in the setting of STEMI is a rare occurrence with implications for patient management and outcome not fully addressed in the current STEMI guidelines, although more recent studies suggest a benefit of complete revascularization compared to culprit vessel-only treatment in the setting of STEMI. CASE REPORT A 74-year-old female presented with STEMI. Coronary angiography revealed simultaneous multiple coronary thrombotic occlusions involving the right coronary, left circumflex, and ramus intermedius arteries successfully treated with primary percutaneous revascularization at the same setting with good outcome and short hospital length of stay. CONCLUSIONS Although the most appropriate timing to treat simultaneous multiple culprit lesions has yet to be definitively defined, multi-vessel percutaneous coronary intervention in the setting of a STEMI with multiple culprit lesions is feasible with good outcome as shown by our index case.

A Case of Isolated Coronary Artery Ectasia in the Setting of Chronic Inflamation From human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.

Coronary artery ectasia also known as dilated coronopathy is a relatively rare finding that is most commonly associated with atherosclerosis. Several alternative reasons including congenital malformations and chronic inflammation have been identified as a cause of CAE. In this case, we discuss a 61-year-old male with postoperative chest pain who was found to have localized CAE in the absence of significant atherosclerosis. We also elucidate the recently proposed markers of chronic inflammation that might be associated with coronary artery ectasia.

A rare presentation of bilateral spontaneous superficial femoral arteriovenous fistulas.

Spontaneous arteriovenous fistulas are a rare clinical entity with very few cases reported in the literature. Prompt diagnosis and treatment is crucial and can prevent further complications in such patients. We report a case of a patient who presented with progressive bilateral claudication, discolouration of feet, hypaesthesia and non-healing ulcers. The patient had no history of trauma, aneurysm or surgery. After abnormal non-invasive studies, a peripheral angiogram revealed significant disease and obstruction of bilateral superficial femoral arteries. Spontaneous bilateral femoral arteriovenous fistulas were also found incidentally. After discussing the risks and benefits of multiple treatment options with the patient, percutaneous intervention with orbital atherectomy, balloon angioplasty and covered stent placements were performed. This treatment improved the patient's symptoms significantly.

An updated comprehensive meta-analysis of bivalirudin vs heparin use in primary percutaneous coronary intervention.

BACKGROUND: Despite several randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses, the ideal anticoagulant for patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) remains controversial. We performed an updated meta-analysis including recently reported randomized clinical trials that compare bivalirudin and heparin with or without provisional administration of a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor (GPI) for primary PCI. METHODS AND RESULTS: Scientific databases and Web sites were searched for randomized clinical trials. Data from 6 trials involving 14,095 patients were included. The pooled risk ratios (RRs) were calculated using random-effects models. Moderator analyses examined the impact of routine use of GPI, radial access, and P2Y12 inhibitors on safety outcomes. At 30 days, patients receiving bivalirudin had rates of major adverse cardiac events similar to those receiving heparin with or without provisional GPI (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.87-1.19, P = .800), myocardial infarction (RR 1.41, 95% CI 0.94-2.11, P = .089), target vessel revascularization (RR 1.37, 95% CI 0.91-2.04, P = .122), and net adverse clinical events (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.64-1.01, P = .069). However, bivalirudin use decreased the risk of all-cause mortality (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.67-0.99, P = .041) and cardiac mortality (RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.51-0.91, P = .009) at 30 days, There were higher rates of acute stent thrombosis (RR 3.31, 95% CI 1.79-6.10, P < .001) in patients receiving bivalirudin. Bivalirudin use also decreased the risk of major bleeding at 30 days by 37% (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.44-0.90, P = .012), but bleeding risk varied depending on routine GPI use with heparin (RR 0.44, 95% CI 0.23-0.81, P = .009) vs bailout (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.42-1.25, P = .252), predominantly radial access (RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.25-1.15, P = .114) vs non-radial access (RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.36-0.99, P = .049), and second-generation P2Y12 inhibitor use with bivalirudin (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.40-1.24, P = .226) vs clopidogrel use (RR 0.39, 95% CI 0.18-0.85, P = .018). CONCLUSIONS: In primary PCI, relative to heparin, bivalirudin reduces the risk for all-cause mortality, cardiac mortality, and major bleeding but yields similar rates of major adverse cardiac event and net adverse clinical event at 30 days. However, the benefit of a reduction in bleeding with bivalirudin appears to be modulated by the concurrent administration of second-generation P2Y12 inhibitors with bivalirudin, using radial access, and avoiding routine GPI use with heparin.

Cardiac tuberculoma presenting as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome (TTP-HUS) is a unique multisystem syndrome. It can present with either chronic or subacute infections. Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infection that has been reported to present with TTP-HUS as tuberculous endocarditis in the presence of immunodeficiency and implanted medical devices in regions where TB is endemic. Tuberculomas are space occupying lesions most commonly found in the brain in immunocompromised individuals. Herein, we present a rare association of tuberculosis with endocarditis manifesting as a tuberculoma and presenting as TTP-HUS in an immunocompetent patient and resident of the United States.

Our experience with Van Nes Rotationplasty for locally advanced lower extremity tumours.

OBJECTIVE: To present an early experience with the time-tested technique of Van Ness Rotationplasty to save distal lmbs. METHODS: Van Nes Rotationplasty for locally advanced lower extremity tumours. A reterorespective audit was conducted at Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, and comprised cases of bone and soft tissue sarcoma who underwent Van Ness Rotationplasty over seven years from January 2005 to December 2011. Demographic data, family history, past history, co-morbids, date since diagnosis, duration of symptoms, type of tumour, metastasis, pre-op and post-op functional status, recurrence and survival were collected. RESULTS: Of the 351 cases of bone and soft tissue sarcoma, 9 (2.6%) underwent Van Ness Rotationplasty and were included in the study. The mean duration of symptoms was 7±3SD months (range: 8-41 months). All except 1(11.1%) were osteogenic sarcomas. All except 1(11.1%) involved distal femur. Overall, 7(77.8%) had localised Enneking stage IIB disease. Two (22.2%) patients expired due to metastatic disease, but none had local recurrence. Complete excision of tumour was achieved in all (100%) patients. Longest follow-up was of 34 months while the shortest was of 6 months. No local recurrences were noted. Functional recovery was good. Two (22.2%) patients had simultaneous sciatic nerve repair as part of the primary procedure. Both of them had good motor function at the time of final follow-up. Mean Musculoskeletal Tumour Societyscore was 23.88±2SD. CONCLUSIONS: Van Nes Rotationplasty was found to be a successful alternative to amputation in cases of locally advanced tumours of distal femur or proximal tibia.

Transfusion practice in orthopedic patients: do we really need it?

OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportion of inappropriate transfusions in patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery at a tertiary care university hospital, and factors associated with inappropriate transfusions. METHODS: The prospective study was conducted at Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from December 2008 to September 2009, and comprised patients admitted to the Orthopaedic Department and received transfusion of at least one packed cell. Patients were divided into four groups: A, those with haemoglobin < 7, B, haemoglobin 7.1-10 without ischemic heart disease, C, haemoglobin 7.1-10 with ischemic heart disease, and D, haemoglobin >10. Variables recorded were, pre-transfusion haemoglobin level, co-morbids, symptoms of hypovolemia, pre-transfusion volume replacement with fluids, transfusion reactions, and haemoglobin after 48 hours. Indications of transfusion were assessed in accordance with available data. RESULTS: Of the 126 patients, 65(52%) were males and 61(48%) were females. There were 18(14%) patients in group A, 88(70%) in group B, 12(10%) in group C, and 8(6%) in group D. Overall, Overall, 44(35%) were transfused appropriately according to the criteria, and 82(65%) were inappropriate. CONCLUSIONS: The number of inappropriate transfusion was quiet high and demands revision of institutional policy of packed cell transfusion in accordance with available guidelines.

Use of fresh parental fibular allograft for reconstruction of skeletal defects after limb salvage surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To share early experience with paediatric patients having undergone skeletal reconstruction after limb salvage surgery. METHODS: A reterorespective audit study was conducted at Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from 1994 to 2011 An audit of the institutional tumour registry was done and relevant cases of paediatric patients having undergone skeletal reconstruction after limb salvage surgery were tracked. Outcomes were objectively assessed through Musculoskeletal Tumour Society score. International Society of Limb Salvage grading was used to measure union of the graft to the host bone. RESULTS: Of the total 9 patients, 5(55.6%) were males and 4(44.4%) were females with an overall mean age of 11±3 SD years (range: 7-14 years). Six (66.7%) cases involved lower limbs, while 2(22.2%) cases involved upper limbs. The mean follow-up was 41±3SD months (range: 14-204 months). There was no tissue reaction observed locally or systemically. No local recurrence was seen. Mean Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score was 21.2±3 SD and International Society Of Limb Salvage grading was excellent in 5(55.5%) patients and good in 2(22.2%). One (11.1%) fibula fractured due to non-union at the proximal site. One (11.1%) patient died of the disease. Donor site morbidity was minimum except a big toe drop in 1(11%) case. CONCLUSIONS: Parental fresh fibular allografts provide a good alternative for skeletal reconstruction. Donor site morbidity was minimal.

Autoclaved tumor bone for skeletal reconstruction in paediatric patients: a low cost alternative in developing countries.

We reviewed in this series forty patients of pediatric age who underwent resection for malignant tumors of musculoskeletal system followed by biological reconstruction. Our surgical procedure for reconstruction included (1) wide en bloc resection of the tumor; (2) curettage of tumor from the resected bone; (3) autoclaving for 8 minutes (4) bone grafting from the fibula (both vascularized and nonvascularized fibular grafts used); (5) reimplantation of the autoclaved bone into the host bone defect and fixation with plates. Functional evaluation was done using MSTS scoring system. At final followup of at least 18 months (mean 29.2 months), 31 patients had recovered without any complications. Thirty-eight patients successfully achieved a solid bony union between the graft and recipient bone. Three patients had surgical site infection. They were managed with wound debridement and flap coverage of the defect. Local recurrence and nonunion occurred in two patients each. One patient underwent disarticulation at hip due to extensive local disease and one died of metastasis. For patients with non-union, revision procedure with bone graft and compression plates was successfully used. The use of autoclaved tumor grafts provides a limb salvage option that is inexpensive and independent of external resources and is a viable option for musculoskeletal tumor management in developing countries.

Preoperative cardiac evaluation in proximal femur fractures and its effects on the surgical outcome.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the impact of cardiac risk stratification and preoperative cardiac evaluation on final outcomes in patients with acute proximal femur fractures. METHODS: This retrospective review included one hundred and three patients who underwent a preoperative cardiac evaluation prior to proximal femur fracture operation between 2004 and 2007 at a tertiary care hospital. Patients were divided into two groups. Group A included 76 patients who were tested with ECG only and Group B included 27 patients with additional clearance. All of these files were reviewed according to a set pro forma. Statistical analysis was done using the SPSS 17 software. The Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were applied to compare two means. RESULTS: Fifty-three patients had intertrochanteric fractures and 50 had femoral neck fractures. Only 7 patients had a metabolic equivalent task of less than 4. Group B patients had significant delay in time from triage to surgery (p<0.0001) and from surgery to ambulation (p<0.005). Group B patients also had an increased length of hospital stay, although no significant effect on perioperative mortality was observed. CONCLUSION: Preoperative cardiac evaluation is associated with delay in surgery and subsequent ambulation. Delay in surgery is not associated with increased perioperative mortality at our institute. However, the set of guidelines proposed by ACC/AHA should be followed, as the selection of patients for additional investigation was not justifiable in most cases.