Numerical study of diffusive fish farm system under time noise.

In the current study, the fish farm model perturbed with time white noise is numerically examined. This model contains fish and mussel populations with external food supplied. The main aim of this work is to develop time-efficient numerical schemes for such models that preserve the dynamical properties. The stochastic backward Euler (SBE) and stochastic Implicit finite difference (SIFD) schemes are designed for the computational results. In the mean square sense, both schemes are consistent with the underlying model and schemes are von Neumann stable. The underlying model has various equilibria points and all these points are successfully gained by the SIFD scheme. The SIFD scheme showed positive and convergent behavior for the given values of the parameter. As the underlying model is a population model and its solution can attain minimum value zero, so a solution that can attain value less than zero is not biologically possible. So, the numerical solution obtained by the stochastic backward Euler is negative and divergent solution and it is not a biological phenomenon that is useless in such dynamical systems. The graphical behaviors of the system show that external nutrient supply is the important factor that controls the dynamics of the given model. The three-dimensional results are drawn for the various choices of the parameters.

Multiwaves, breathers, lump and other solutions for the Heimburg model in biomembranes and nerves.

In this manuscript, a mathematical model known as the Heimburg model is investigated analytically to get the soliton solutions. Both biomembranes and nerves can be studied using this model. The cell membrane's lipid bilayer is regarded by the model as a substance that experiences phase transitions. It implies that the membrane responds to electrical disruptions in a nonlinear way. The importance of ionic conductance in nerve impulse propagation is shown by Heimburg's model. The dynamics of the electromechanical pulse in a nerve are analytically investigated using the Hirota Bilinear method. The various types of solitons are investigates, such as homoclinic breather waves, interaction via double exponents, lump waves, multi-wave, mixed type solutions, and periodic cross kink solutions. The electromechanical pulse's ensuing three-dimensional and contour shapes offer crucial insight into how nerves function and may one day be used in medicine and the biological sciences. Our grasp of soliton dynamics is improved by this research, which also opens up new directions for biomedical investigation and medical developments. A few 3D and contour profiles have also been created for new solutions, and interaction behaviors have also been shown.

Exact solitary wave propagations for the stochastic Burgers' equation under the influence of white noise and its comparison with computational scheme.

In this manuscript, the well-known stochastic Burgers' equation in under investigation numerically and analytically. The stochastic Burgers' equation plays an important role in the fields of applied mathematics such as fluid dynamics, gas dynamics, traffic flow, and nonlinear acoustics. This study is presented the existence, approximate, and exact stochastic solitary wave results. The existence of results is shown by the help of Schauder fixed point theorem. For the approximate results the proposed stochastic finite difference scheme is constructed. The analysis of the proposed scheme is analyzed by presented the consistency and stability of scheme. The consistency is checked under the mean square sense while the stability condition is gained by the help of Von-Neumann criteria. Meanwhile, the stochastic exact solutions are constructed by using the generalized exponential rational function method. These exact stochastic solutions are obtained in the form of hyperbolic, trigonometric and exponential functions. Mainly, the comparison of both numerical and exact solutions are analyzed via simulations. The unique physical problems are constructed from the newly constructed soliton solutions to compare the numerical results with exact solutions under the presence of randomness. The 3D and line plots are dispatched that are shown the similar behavior by choosing the different values of parameters. These results are the main innovation of this study under the noise effects.

Metal-tolerant morganella morganii isolates can potentially mediate nickel stress tolerance in Arabidopsis by upregulating antioxidative enzyme activities.

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) have been utilized to immobilize heavy metals, limiting their translocation in metal contaminated settings. However, studies on the mechanisms and interactions that elucidate how PGPRs mediate Nickel (Ni) tolerance in plants are rare. Thus, in this study we investigated how two pre-characterized heavy metal tolerant isolates of Morganella morganii (ABT9 and ABT3) improve Ni stress tolerance in Arabidopsis while enhancing its growth and yield. Arabidopsis seedlings were grown for five weeks in control/Ni contaminated (control, 1.5 mM and 2.5 mM) potted soil, in the presence or absence of PGPRs. Plant growth characteristics, quantum yield, and antioxidative enzymatic activities were analyzed to assess the influence of PGPRs on plant physiology. Oxidative stress tolerance was quantified by measuring MDA accumulation in Arabidopsis plants. As expected, Ni stress substantially reduced plant growth (shoot and root fresh weight by 53.25% and 58.77%, dry weight by 49.80% and 57.41% and length by 47.16% and 64.63% over control), chlorophyll content and quantum yield (by 40.21% and 54.37% over control). It also increased MDA content by 84.28% at higher (2.5 mM) Ni concentrations. In contrast, inoculation with M. morganii led to significant improvements in leaf chlorophyll, quantum yield, and Arabidopsis biomass production. The mitigation of adverse effects of Ni stress on biomass observed in M. morganii-inoculated plants was attributed to the enhancement of antioxidative enzyme activities compared to Ni-treated plants. This upregulation of the antioxidative defense mechanism mitigated Ni-induced oxidative stress, leading to improved performance of the photosynthetic machinery, which, in turn, enhanced chlorophyll content and quantum yield. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of these tolerance-inducing processes will help to complete the picture of PGPRs-mediated defense signaling. Thus, it suggests that M. morganii PGPRs candidate can potentially be utilized for plant growth promotion by reducing oxidative stress via upregulating antioxidant defense systems in Ni-contaminated soils and reducing Ni metal uptake.

Novel waves structures for the nonclassical Sobolev-type equation in unipolar semiconductor with its stability analysis.

In this study, the Sobolev-type equation is considered analytically to investigate the solitary wave solutions. The Sobolev-type equations are found in a broad range of fields, such as ecology, fluid dynamics, soil mechanics, and thermodynamics. There are two novel techniques used to explore the solitary wave structures namely as; generalized Riccati equation mapping and modified auxiliary equation (MAE) methods. The different types of abundant families of solutions in the form of dark soliton, bright soliton, solitary wave solutions, mixed singular soliton, mixed dark-bright soliton, periodic wave, and mixed periodic solutions. The linearized stability of the model has been investigated. Solitons behave differently in different circumstances, and their behaviour can be better understood by building unique physical problems with particular boundary conditions (BCs) and starting conditions (ICs) based on accurate soliton solutions. So, the choice of unique physical problems from various solutions is also carried out. The 3D, line graphs and corresponding contours are drawn with the help of the Mathematica software that explains the physical behavior of the state variable. This information can help the researchers in their understanding of the physical conditions.

Analytical study of reaction diffusion Lengyel-Epstein system by generalized Riccati equation mapping method.

In this study, the Lengyel-Epstein system is under investigation analytically. This is the reaction-diffusion system leading to the concentration of the inhibitor chlorite and the activator iodide, respectively. These concentrations of the inhibitor chlorite and the activator iodide are shown in the form of wave solutions. This is a reaction†"diffusion model which considered for the first time analytically to explore the different abundant families of solitary wave structures. These exact solitary wave solutions are obtained by applying the generalized Riccati equation mapping method. The single and combined wave solutions are observed in shock, complex solitary-shock, shock singular, and periodic-singular forms. The rational solutions also emerged during the derivation. In the Lengyel-Epstein system, solitary waves can propagate at various rates. The harmony of the system's diffusive and reactive effects frequently governs the speed of a single wave. Solitary waves can move at a variety of speeds depending on the factors and reaction kinetics. To show their physical behavior, the 3D and their corresponding contour plots are drawn for the different values of constants.

Identification of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) Associated with Heat Tolerance at the Reproductive Stage in Synthetic Hexaploid Wheats Using GWAS.

The projected rise in global ambient temperature by 3-5 °C by the end of this century, along with unpredicted heat waves during critical crop growth stages, can drastically reduce grain yield and will pose a great food security challenge. It is therefore important to identify wheat genetic resources able to withstand high temperatures, discover genes underpinning resilience to higher temperatures, and deploy such genetic resources in wheat breeding to develop heat-tolerant cultivars. In this study, 180 accessions of synthetic hexaploid wheats (SHWs) were evaluated under normal and late wheat growing seasons (to expose them to higher temperatures) at three locations (Islamabad, Bahawalpur, and Tando Jam), and data were collected on 11 morphological and yield-related traits. The diversity panel was genotyped with a 50 K SNP array to conduct genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for heat tolerance in SHW. A known heat-tolerance locus, TaHST1, was profiled to identify different haplotypes of this locus in SHWs and their association with grain yield and related traits in SHWs. There was a 36% decrease in grain yield (GY), a 23% decrease in thousand-grain weight (TKW), and an 18% decrease in grains per spike (GpS) across three locations in the population due to the heat stress conditions. GWASs identified 143 quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) distributed over all 21 chromosomes in the SHWs. Out of these, 52 QTNs were associated with morphological and yield-related traits under heat stress, while 15 of them were pleiotropically associated with multiple traits. The heat shock protein (HSP) framework of the wheat genome was then aligned with the QTNs identified in this study. Seventeen QTNs were in proximity to HSPs on chr2B, chr3D, chr5A, chr5B, chr6D, and chr7D. It is likely that QTNs on the D genome and those in proximity to HSPs may carry novel alleles for heat-tolerance genes. The analysis of TaHST1 indicated that 15 haplotypes were present in the SHWs for this locus, while hap1 showed the highest frequency of 25% (33 SHWs). These haplotypes were significantly associated with yield-related traits in the SHWs. New alleles associated with yield-related traits in SHWs could be an excellent reservoir for breeding deployment.

Seasonal Investigation of Anaplasma marginale Infection in Pakistani Cattle Reveals Hematological and Biochemical Changes, Multiple Associated Risk Factors and msp5 Gene Conservation.

Bovine anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease caused by an obligate intercellular Gram-negative bacterium named Anaplasma (A.) marginale. In this study, we report the seasonal prevalence, potentially associated risk factors and phylogeny of A. marginale in cattle of three different breeds from Multan District, Southern Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 1020 blood samples (crossbred, n = 340; Holstein Friesian, n = 340; and Sahiwal breed, n = 340) from apparently healthy cattle were collected on a seasonal basis from March 2020 to April 2021. Based on PCR amplification of the msp5 partial sequence, overall, the A. marginale prevalence rate was estimated at 11.1% (113/1020) of the analyzed cattle samples. According to seasons, the highest prevalence rate was observed in autumn (16.5%), followed by winter (10.6%) and summer (9.8%), and the lowest was recorded in the spring (7.5%). The crossbred and Sahiwal cattle were the most susceptible to A. marginale infection, followed by Holstein Friesian cattle (7.9%). Analysis of epidemiological factors revealed that cattle reared on farms where dairy animals have tick loads, dogs coinhabit with cattle and dogs have tick loads have a higher risk of being infected with A. marginale. In addition, it was observed that white blood cell, lymphocyte (%), monocyte (%), hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations were significantly disturbed in A. marginale-positive cattle compared with non-infested cattle. Genetic analysis of nucleotide sequences and a phylogenetic study based on msp5 partial sequencing demonstrated that this gene appears to be highly conserved among our isolates and those infecting apparently healthy cattle from geographically diverse worldwide regions. The presented data are crucial for estimating the risk of bovine anaplasmosis in order to develop integrated control policies against bovine anaplasmosis and other tick-borne diseases infecting cattle in the country.

Seasonal survey, risk factor's analysis and genotyping of Theileria annulata infecting cattle in Punjab province, Pakistan.

Theileriosis is one of the most frequently reported tick borne diseases in tropical and subtropical regions and leads to annual economic losses, such as the reduced dairy products and increased casualties. Tropical theileriosis is caused by Theileria annulata and the present study was designed to improve our knowledge of Theileria annulata infection in Pakistani cattle. In order to assess the prevalence of Theileria annulata on cattle from Multan district in the Punjab province (Pakistan) according to seasons and other risk factors, a total of 1020 blood samples (340 samples each from cross, Holstein Frisian and Sahiwal breed) were collected between 2020 and 2022. Based on Tams-1 partial sequence amplification, the overall T. annulata prevalence was estimated at 11.3% (115/1020). The highest prevalence was observed in autumn season (14.1%), followed by winter (12.9%), summer (11.4%) and spring (6.7%) season. Sahiwal cattle were most susceptible to T. annulata infection (13.2%) followed by Crossbred (11.8%) and Holstein Frisian (8.8%). Epidemiological factor analysis revealed that female cattle, cattle rose with other dairy animals at farm, tick infested cattle, and cattle raised with dogs infested with ticks were associated with the prevalence of T. annulata. White blood cells, lymphocyte (%), Monocyte (%) hemoglobin, mean cell hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and platelet count were significantly affected blood parameters in T. annulata positive cattle of all three breeds. Representative partial Tams-1 sequences of four Pakistani T. annulata isolates revealed a single genotype genetically close to those infecting cattle from neighboring countries like Iran, Turkey and Egypt. Longitudinal survey and phylogenetic positioning of T. annulata is recommended for epidemiological correlation, diagnosis and treatment of theileriosis in such an agricultural region of Pakistan.

Transporters and transcription factors gene families involved in improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and assimilation in rice (Oryza sativa L.).

Nitrogen (N) as a macronutrient is an important determinant of plant growth. The excessive usage of chemical fertilizers is increasing environmental pollution; hence, the improvement of crop's nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is imperative for sustainable agriculture. N uptake, transportation, assimilation, and remobilization are four important determinants of plant NUE. Oryza sativa L. (rice) is a staple food for approximately half of the human population, around the globe and improvement in rice yield is pivotal for rice breeders. The N transporters, enzymes indulged in N assimilation, and several transcription factors affect the rice NUE and subsequent yield. Although, a couple of improvements have been made regarding rice NUE, the knowledge about regulatory mechanisms operating NUE is scarce. The current review provides a precise knowledge of how rice plants detect soil N and how this detection is translated into the language of responses that regulate the growth. Additionally, the transcription factors that control N-associated genes in rice are discussed in detail. This mechanistic insight will help the researchers to improve rice yield with minimized use of chemical fertilizers.

Report: Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous-methanolic extract of Aerva javanica.

The present study was aimed to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous methanolic extract of Aerva javanica. For measuring analgesic activity, writhing test, hot plate method and formalin test were performed and abdominal writhing was induced by intra-peritoneal injection of 0.2ml of 3% acetic acid. While in formalin test, pain was experimentally induced by injecting 25 µl of 2.5% formalin in left hind paw. In hot plate method, pain was induced thermally by keeping the animals on a hot plate with temperature of about 51°C. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by carrageen an induced mice paw edema. The results showed that the extract had significant analgesic activity (p<0.05- p<0.001) and anti-inflammatory activity (p<0.01-p<0.001). Therefore, it was concluded from this study that the extracts of Aerva javanica may be used against pain and inflammation.

Biosynthesis, Characterization, and Biological Activities of Iron Nanoparticles using Sesamum indicum Seeds Extract.

BACKGROUND: Iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) have got many biomedical and health applications because of biocompatible and nontoxic nature to humans. OBJECTIVE: To synthesize the FeNPs using natural sources. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, simple and economical procedure was adopted for FeNPs synthesis. Sesame seeds were processed to obtain seed extract as a biological material for FeNPs production. FeNPs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopic. RESULTS: The average diameter of these FeNPs was 99 nm. These nanoparticles showed significant anti-typhoid activity (30 mm zone of inhibition) as compared to ciprofloxacin (32 mm) as standard. Furthermore, in vitro alpha-amylase inhibitory assay also showed moderate antidiabetic activity with more than 50% inhibition. CONCLUSION: This study would be helpful in understanding of nanoparticles synthesis from natural sources and ultimately will be used as potential alternative therapeutic agents. SUMMARY: Iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) were synthesized by Sesamum indicum seedsFeNPs were characterized by scanning electron microscope with average diameter of 99 nmThese FeNPs are effective against Salmonella typhi, a causative agent of typhoidThese FeNPs can be used as antidiabetic agent. Abbreviations used: FeNPs: Iron Nano Particles; SEM: Scanning Electron Microscopy; MIC: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration; S. indicum: Sesamum Indicum.

Short Communication: Evaluation of nephrotoxicity by aspirin-clopidogrel combination therapy in patients with acute coronary syndrome.

Although aspirin-clopidogrel combination is more useful for acute coronary syndrome (ACS), the renal safety of this combination had not been established. A total 60 patients with ACS were divided into three groups; receiving aspirin, clopidogrel and aspirin-clopidogrel combination. For determination of renal function, serum BUN, creatinine, uric acid, uric acid clearance and GFR were estimated for four months. The study showed that there were no significant (p>0.05) variations in the parameters when used the drugs in combination (aspirin-clopidogrel) compared with the drugs given alone.

Assessment of stress among physiotherapy students at Riphah Centre of Rehabilitation Sciences.

OBJECTIVE: To assess stress and psychological morbidity in undergraduate students of physiotherapy at Riphah Centre of Rehabilitation Sciences (RCRS). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from 2008 to 2010 at RCRS. Two hundred and thirty one students from first semester to fourth semester were included in the study. The data was collected through a semi-structured proforma and the Student Life Stress Inventory (SLSI) scale. Data was analysed by applying t-test and ANOVA with SPSS version 17. RESULTS: Two hundred and three respondents (88%) reported feeling stressed: 97(42%) students were mildly stressed, 92(40%) were moderately stressed, and 14 (6%) were severely stressed. Significant gender differences were found on the total score of stress, stressors and reactions. The findings revealed that females face more stressors especially pressures (p<0.001), physiological, emotional (p<0.01) and behavioural (p<0.05). An analysis of variance on SLSI is significant, F = 3.747 (p<.05). Mean difference indicates that prevalence of stress is higher in 4th semester RCRS students. CONCLUSION: The findings reveal the higher level of stress in undergraduate physiotherapy students. The high psychological morbidity necessitates the need for interventions like counseling and psychological support to improve the quality of life for these allied health care professionals.