PsycAssist: A Web-Based Artificial Intelligence System Designed for Adaptive Neuropsychological Assessment and Training.

Assessing executive functions in individuals with disorders or clinical conditions can be challenging, as they may lack the abilities needed for conventional test formats. The use of more personalized test versions, such as adaptive assessments, might be helpful in evaluating individuals with specific needs. This paper introduces PsycAssist, a web-based artificial intelligence system designed for neuropsychological adaptive assessment and training. PsycAssist is a highly flexible and scalable system based on procedural knowledge space theory and may be used potentially with many types of tests. We present the architecture and adaptive assessment engine of PsycAssist and the two currently available tests: Adap-ToL, an adaptive version of the Tower of London-like test to assess planning skills, and MatriKS, a Raven-like test to evaluate fluid intelligence. Finally, we describe the results of an investigation of the usability of Adap-ToL and MatriKS: the evaluators perceived these tools as appropriate and well-suited for their intended purposes, and the test-takers perceived the assessment as a positive experience. To sum up, PsycAssist represents an innovative and promising tool to tailor evaluation and training to the specific characteristics of the individual, useful for clinical practice.

Italian Adaptation of the Diagnostic Adaptive Behavior Scale: Application of the Best Practices for Translating and Adapting Tests.

BACKGROUND: The presence during the developmental period of significant limitations in adaptive behavior is an essential component along with deficits in intellectual functioning for diagnosing intellectual disability. Only the Diagnostic Adaptive Behavior Scale (DABS) specifically assesses the required significant limitations in adaptive behavior. The DABS allows measuring the three adaptive behavior domains of conceptual, practical, and social skills, in individuals aged 4 to 21. This paper aims to present the process of translation/adaptation of the DABS for the Italian culture/country and describes the best practices in adapting a test across cultures/countries. METHODS: A six-step procedure was followed: (1) translation/adaptation of the original DABS into Italian; (2) consolidation of the translation/adaptation and preparation of the Preliminary Translation; (3) validation of the Preliminary Translation; (4) revision/adjustment and preparation of the Pretest Translation; (5) field-testing of the Pretest Translation; and (6) revision/ adjustment and preparation of the Final Translation of the DABS Italian version. Two different committees were involved and were composed of members with competencies in the development/adaptation of psychological tests, in the target construct (i.e., adaptive behavior), in the administration of measures assessing the target construct, in the target populations/languages (i.e., American and Italian), and in the target individuals (i.e., with deficits in adaptive behavior). Furthermore, a field-test was conducted with potential test users. RESULTS: The results of the translation/adaptation process described herein present evidence that it resulted in a valid DABS Italian version. It can be said that the final item pool best represented the substantive meaning of the original DABS items in a linguistic style that was understandable and simple while capturing behaviors that can be observed/measured in the Italian cultural context. CONCLUSIONS: Following the best practices in translating/adapting tests, we developed the DABS Italian version with evidence of psychometric properties as excellent as those of the original DABS.

Corrigendum to "Socioeconomic Status, Cultural Capital, and Social Capital in Adults: A Structural Equation Model" [Psicothema 34(1), 74-83].

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2023.193 Text: This article was originally published with errors, which have now been corrected in the online version: 1. The investigated alternative models have now been described more clearly. The method for comparing them with the original model has been correctly specified based only on Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) and not on the delta Comparative Fit Index, given that the models are not nested. 2. The formula for computing the critical value to which comparing the Mardia's index for verifying if the data are multivariate normally distributed is equal to k(k+2) and not, as previously written, equal to k(k+1). 3. We have now specified that, in the Structural Equation Model, the correlations introduced between the dependent variables are correlations between the unexplained variance and thus may be described as partial correlations. 4. Finally, we have corrected the direction of the arrows of the lines from Participating, Consuming, and Expert Using observed variables toward the corresponding Cultural Capital latent variable and from Bonding and Bridging observed variables toward the corresponding social capital latent variable. DOI of original article: (https://doi.org/10.7334/ psicothema2021.231)

The Effects of the COVID-19-induced Lockdown on the Social Capital and Cultural Capital in Italy.

The present study investigated the effects of the first COVID-19 lockdown on the Cultural and Social Capitals in Italy in a large group of adults (n = 1125). The relationships between the COVID-19 spread and participants' Cultural Capital, Social Capital, educational level, occupational prestige, and age were studied using structural equation models. For women but not for men, pandemic spread was positively affected by occupational prestige and it had a positive relationship with their Social Capital (women: CFI = 0.949; RMSEA = 0.059 [CI = 0.045-0.075]; men: CFI = 0.959; RMSEA = 0.064 [CI = 0.039-0.087]). Moreover, the participants were divided into three validated clusters based on their Cultural and Social Capitals levels to investigate changes in the Capitals compared with the pre-lockdown period. It was found that the lockdown contributed to improving the gap among individuals increasing high levels and decreasing low levels of both the Capitals. People with high Cultural and Social Capitals seemed to have seized the opportunity given by COVID-19 restrictions to cultivate their cultural interests and become more involved within their networks. In contrast, individuals with low Cultural and Social Capitals paid the highest price for the social isolation. Given that the Capitals encourage healthy behavior and influence well-being and mental health, institutions should develop or improve their policies and practices to foster individual resources, and make fairer opportunities available during the pandemic. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11205-023-03140-7.

Vertical effects of distalization protocol with Clear aligners in Class II patients: a prospective study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present prospective study was to detect the effects on vertical dentoskeletal dimension produced by molar distalization with Clear Aligners in a group of subjects with Class II malocclusion. METHODS: The Clear Aligners Group (CAG) comprised 20 patients (13 females, seven males) with a mean age of 17.2±3.2 years. The same standardized protocol of sequential distalization was applied in all subjects. For each patient lateral cephalograms have been analyzed before treatment (T1) and at the end of the therapy (T2). RESULTS: At the end of treatment, clear aligners were effective in the correction of Class II dental relationship with the correction of the overjet (-1.3 mm). The treated group showed statistically significant reduction in FMA angle (-1.3°) associated with a counterclockwise rotation of the occlusal plane (POccl^PF -3.1°; SN^POccl -4.2°) and a slight intrusion of maxillary first molars to palatal plane (-0.9 mm). Finally, statistically significant differences were detected in anterior facial height (N-Me) and in the ArGo^GoMe angle (-1.2 mm and -3.4°, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Upper molar distalization with clear aligners represents a valid alternative to non-extraction treatment of Class II malocclusion, reducing the extrusion of maxillary first molars and improving the control of the occlusal plane and of the vertical dimension.

Differences in Self and Proxy Assessments of Self-Determination in Young People with Intellectual Disability: The Role of Personal and Contextual Variables.

BACKGROUND: Assessing self-determination in students with intellectual disabilities (IDs) is a primary step in facilitating progress monitoring. Researchers have developed both self and proxy assessments to favor a more in-depth evaluation of self-determination expression. However, to date, limited research has explored the congruence between both assessments. METHODS: To address this need, the present study analyzes the differences between 219 adolescents with ID; 63% being males with an age range from 13 to 21 years (M = 16.8; SD = 1.72); and their teachers in their assessment of self-determination and explores which factors (students' age, sex, level of ID and opportunities at school) might explain those differences. The participants were recruited intentionally. Students with IDs completed two questionnaires: the AIR Self-Determination Scale and the Spanish version of the Self-Determination Inventory, which was also completed by their teachers. RESULTS: Significant differences were found in the self-determination assessment, with teachers rating it lower. Further, students' sex and the opportunities they were provided at school to engage in self-determined actions were found to explain the differences in self-determination assessment. CONCLUSIONS: Research and practice initiatives to assess self-determination in young people with IDs must consider that informants' points of view might be influenced by students' sex and by contextual opportunities to engage in self-determined actions. Implications for further research and practice are discussed.

Developmental disabilities in Africa: A scientometric review.

BACKGROUND: Developmental disabilities are disproportionately more investigated in higher-income countries. However, global prevalence of developmental disabilities indicate that a large proportion of individuals with disabilities reside in low- and middle-income nations. AIMS: The present work therefore aims to conduct a scientometric review to survey available literature on developmental disabilities in low- and middle-income countries belonging to the continent of Africa. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: A literature search was conducted on Scopus, where a total of 1720 relevant publications (and an accompanying 66 thousand references) were found, representing research conducted between 1950 to 2022. Then, document co-citation analysis was performed to chart significant co-citation relationships between relevant articles and their cited references. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: The generated network based on document co-citation analysis revealed a total of 14 distinct thematic research clusters and 12 significant documents that have been frequently cited in the literature on developmental disabilities in Africa. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The scientometric review revealed a trend of broadening research towards systems of care, away from a medical model of disease. It is projected that future research will continue to capitalise on inter-disciplinary strengths to arrive at a more nuanced understanding of developmental disability from all levels - individuals, families, to communities.

WHODAS-Child: psychometric properties of the WHODAS 2.0 for children and youth among Italian children with autism spectrum disorder.

PURPOSE: A contribution to the Italian adaptation of the original English version of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 for children and youth (WHODAS-Child), proxy-administered among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) without intellectual disability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational and retrospective study with within-dependent variables by cross-sectional sampling on psychometric properties (internal consistency and construct/criterion validity) of the 36- and 7-item versions of the Italian WHODAS-Child. The original English version was translated into Italian, also considering the Italian version of the WHODAS 2.0 for adults. The Italian questionnaire was then translated back into English. All authors compared the original and back-translated English versions. The sample was collected among parents and clinicians of 100 children with ASD. To assess convergent/divergent validity, the Autism Diagnostic Observational Schedule (ADOS) was also administered. RESULTS: Cronbach's α for both versions' total scores was good. WHODAS-Child also showed a positive correlation with the three DSM-5 levels of impairment. A pattern of correlations with the ADOS was found for all domains of the WHODAS-Child except for the mobility and self-care domains. CONCLUSIONS: The WHODAS-Child Italian proxy-administered version has the potential to be a reliable and valid tool to measure functional impairment in children with ASD. Implications for rehabilitationWorld Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 for children and youth (WHODAS-Child) has shown to be sensitive in detecting children and youth functioning in the domains of activity and participation.WHODAS-Child Italian version seems to be a reliable and valid tool to measure the functional impairment in children with autism spectrum disorder.A critical issue for rehabilitation is that a single "minimal clinically important difference" score for the WHODAS-Child has not yet been established.

Adaptation of the personal social capital brief scale for the measurement of the offline and online social capital in Italy.

Social Capital refers to the resources associated with durable and trustworthy social connections. Social Capital can be developed through offline and online relationships. It can be distinguished between cognitive Social Capital (perception of trustworthiness, reciprocity, and support) and structural Social Capital (density of social networks and membership, and participation in groups and associations). It can also be distinguished between bonding Social Capital (resources associated with informal networks; i.e., neighbors, friends, colleagues) and bridging Social Capital (resources associated with formal networks; i.e., community service, cultural, religious or political groups/associations). The different forms and dimensions of Social Capital may have distinct effects on health outcomes and self-rated health. Therefore, public health researchers need valid and reliable instruments to investigate Social Capital. However, valid instruments including the measurement of online Social Capital are not available. The Personal Social Capital Scale aims to assess bonding and bridging Social Capital by means of cognitive and structural items. In the present investigation, three studies were carried out (N = 1149) to adapt the Personal Social Capital Scale to develop the Personal On-Offline Social Capital Brief Scale, a brief scale for measuring online and offline bonding and bridging Social Capital in Italy. Factorial structure and convergent/divergent validity in relation to scales measuring constructs with different patterns of relationships with bonding and bridging Social Capital (i.e., social support and stress; sense of community and health) were also investigated. Overall, these studies provide evidence of reliability and validity related to the internal structure of the Personal On-Offline Social Capital Brief Scale in measuring online and offline bonding and bridging Social Capital and discriminating them from similar constructs. This scale is a useful instrument for planning public health interventions.

Diagnostic accuracy of CompCog: reaction time as a screening measure for mild cognitive impairment.

BACKGROUND: Reaction time is affected under different neurological conditions but has not been much investigated considering all types of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the diagnostic accuracy of CompCog, a computerized cognitive screening battery focusing on reaction time measurements. METHODS: A sample of 52 older adults underwent neuropsychological assessments, including CompCog, and medical appointments, to be classified as a control group or be diagnosed with MCI. The accuracy of CompCog for distinguishing between the two groups was calculated. RESULTS: The results from diagnostic accuracy analyses showed that the AUCs of ROC curves were as high as 0.915 (CI 0.837-0.993). The subtest with the highest sensitivity and specificity (choice reaction time subtest) had 91.7% sensitivity and 89.3% specificity. The logistic regression final model correctly classified 92.3% of individuals, with 92.9% specificity and 91.7% sensitivity, and included only four variables from different subtests. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, the study showed that reaction time assessed through CompCog is a good screening measure to differentiate between normal aging and MCI. Reaction time measurements in milliseconds were more accurate than correct answers. This test can form part of routine clinical tests to achieve the objectives of screening for MCI, indicating further procedures for investigation and diagnosis and planning interventions.

Diagnostic accuracy of CompCog: reaction time as a screening measure for mild cognitive impairment / Acurácia diagnóstica do CompCog: tempo de reação como uma medida de rastreio para comprometimento cognitivo leve

ABSTRACT Background Reaction time is affected under different neurological conditions but has not been much investigated considering all types of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Objective This study investigated the diagnostic accuracy of CompCog, a computerized cognitive screening battery focusing on reaction time measurements. Methods A sample of 52 older adults underwent neuropsychological assessments, including CompCog, and medical appointments, to be classified as a control group or be diagnosed with MCI. The accuracy of CompCog for distinguishing between the two groups was calculated. Results The results from diagnostic accuracy analyses showed that the AUCs of ROC curves were as high as 0.915 (CI 0.837-0.993). The subtest with the highest sensitivity and specificity (choice reaction time subtest) had 91.7% sensitivity and 89.3% specificity. The logistic regression final model correctly classified 92.3% of individuals, with 92.9% specificity and 91.7% sensitivity, and included only four variables from different subtests. Conclusions In summary, the study showed that reaction time assessed through CompCog is a good screening measure to differentiate between normal aging and MCI. Reaction time measurements in milliseconds were more accurate than correct answers. This test can form part of routine clinical tests to achieve the objectives of screening for MCI, indicating further procedures for investigation and diagnosis and planning interventions.

RESUMO Antecedentes O tempo de reação é afetado em diferentes condições neurológicas, mas não foi muito investigado considerando todos os tipos de comprometimento cognitivo leve (CCL). Objetivo Este estudo investigou a acurácia diagnóstica do CompCog, uma bateria computadorizada de rastreio cognitivo focada em medidas de tempo de reação. Métodos Uma amostra de 52 idosos passou por uma avaliação neuropsicológica, incluindo o CompCog, e uma consulta médica para serem classificados como grupo controle ou serem diagnósticos com CCL. A acurácia do teste para distinguir entre os dois grupos foi calculada. Resultados Os resultados das análises de acurácia diagnóstica mostraram AUC das curvas ROC tão altas quanto 0,915 (CI 0,837-0,993). O subteste com maior sensibilidade e especificidade - subteste de tempo de reação de escolha - apresentou sensibilidade de 91,7% e especificidade de 89,3%. O modelo final de regressão logística classificou corretamente 92,3% dos indivíduos, com especificidade de 92,9% e sensibilidade de 91,7%, e incluiu apenas 4 variáveis ​​de diferentes subtestes. Conclusões Em resumo, o estudo mostrou que o tempo de reação avaliado pelo CompCog é uma boa medida de rastreio para diferenciar entre envelhecimento normal e CCL. Medidas de tempo de reação em milissegundos se mostraram melhores que o número de respostas corretas. O teste pode fazer parte de testes clínicos de rotina para atingir o objetivo de rastrear o CCL, indicar outros procedimentos para investigação e diagnóstico e planejar intervenções.

Predictors of individual quality of life in young people with Down syndrome.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE: Although the concept of quality of life (QoL) has become a reference framework for the provision of support and services to people with intellectual disability (ID), its conceptualization and application for persons with Down syndrome (DS) have received little attention. This study analyzed QoL outcomes in children and young people with DS and examined the influence of several individual and environmental variables on QoL. RESEARCH METHOD/DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Participants were 404 children and young people with DS aged 4 to 21 who were users of 73 organizations providing services to people with ID. The KidsLife-Down Scale was used to assess QoL-related personal outcomes perceived by professionals and relatives. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Correlation coefficients were computed and multiple regression analyses were conducted for each QoL domain and for the composite score. RESULTS: The highest scores were obtained in material well-being, physical well-being, and rights, whereas the lowest scores were observed in self-determination and social inclusion. Multiple regression analyses showed that age, level of ID, level of support needs, degree of dependency, type of schooling, and size of organization were predicting factors of scores in QoL domains. CONCLUSIONS: This study underlines priority areas and relevant variables that must be considered when planning, implementing, and assessing supports and services to improve the QoL of children and young people with DS. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Italian Diagnostic Adaptive Behavior Scale: Reliability and diagnostic accuracy compared with the Vineland-II.

BACKGROUND: The Diagnostic Adaptive Behavior Scale (DABS) is a short scale with excellent properties to assess the conceptual, social, and practical adaptive behavior domains for the diagnosis of intellectual disability (ID) in individuals aged 4-21 years. AIMS: Investigate the test-retest and inter-respondent reliability of the Italian adaptation of the DABS, verify its diagnostic accuracy in identifying individuals with ID and excluding individuals with typical development (TD), and compare its psychometric properties to those of the Vineland-II. METHODS: Test-retest reliability: The same respondent completed the Italian DABS for the same assessed person at two separate times (n = 71). Inter-respondent reliability: Two respondents for the same assessed person completed the Italian DABS independently (n = 57). Diagnostic accuracy: The same respondent completed the Italian DABS and Vineland-II for the same assessed person (n = 378; 50 % ID, 50 % TD). RESULTS: Italian DABS test-retest and inter-respondent correlation coefficients were excellent. Italian DABS sensitivity was 86 % and specificity was 99 %, Italian DABS Areas Under the ROC Curves were excellent (or good, practical skill domain), and comparable to the results reported for the Vineland-II. CONCLUSIONS: The Italian DABS is an excellent measure to evaluate the adaptive behavior for ID diagnosis; it is comparable to the Vineland-II but being shorter, the Italian DABS requires less time to administer.

Socioeconomic Status, Cultural Capital, and Social Capital in Adults: A Structural Equation Model.

BACKGROUND: Sociocultural level (SCL) comprises Socioeconomic Status (SES), Cultural Capital (CC), and Social Capital (SC). The relationships between all SCL dimensions have never been investigated. This study aimed to develop a structural equation model representing how age affects the relationships between educational level, occupational prestige (as a measure of SES), CC, and SC for men and women. METHOD: SES, dimensions of CC and SC were measured with valid scales for 654 adults (63% female) aged 19 to 74 years ( M[SD] = 42.86 [13.32]), that had or used to have an occupation and the majority of whom had at least a university degree (65%). All lived in a medium-sized town in Italy. RESULTS: Age affected the interrelated indicators of SES (educational level and occupational prestige), which in turn affected the interrelated dimensions CC and SC (CFI = .97; RMSEA = .073 [CI = .053 - .095]; SRMR = 0.031). The system of relationships was simpler in men than in women, with educational level being less relevant in affecting the other constructs. CONCLUSIONS: The hierarchical structure of SCL and effect of age and gender must be properly taken into account in studies on the effects of SCL on human behavior.

Physicians' Attitudes about Individuals with Intellectual Disability and Health Care Practices Toward Them: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Attitudes of physicians toward intellectual disability (ID) impact access and quality of the health care services provided to individuals with ID. Attitudes are conceptualized as composed of cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions. However, research on attitudes toward ID frequently neglects to define the underlying theoretical framework. This work aimed to review research over the past 20 years on physicians' attitudes toward and health care practices for individuals with ID. Findings are reported on the cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions of attitudes. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. Articles published in English between 2000 and October 2021 were searched in Scopus and Web of Science. Descriptive statistics and frequencies were used to describe the attitudes of physicians. RESULTS: A total of 14 studies were included in the review. Considering the cognitive dimension of attitudes, physicians had a medium to good but almost always incomplete knowledge of ID and its associated conditions, rights and capabilities of individuals with ID, and health care practices for this population. Concerning the affective dimension, approximately half of physicians expressed feelings of pity, unsatisfaction, frustration, discomfort, and lack of confidence. With respect to the behavioral dimension of attitudes, approximately half of physicians preferred to avoid patients with ID. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians' attitudes are rather complex. From this work emerges a clear need to change these generally unfavorable attitudes, especially in the aspects regarding emotions and behaviors, to provide better health care to individuals with ID. Educational and training programs on ID for physicians should be developed to improve attitudes toward ID and consequently foster the wellbeing of this population.

Evidence of the validity of a novel version of the computerized cognitive screening battery CompCog / Evidência de validade de uma nova versão da bateria computadorizada de rastreio cognitivo CompCog

ABSTRACT Although the availability of the computer-based assessment has increased over the years, neuropsychology has not carried out a significant paradigm shift since the personal computer's popularization in the 1980s. To keep up with the technological advances of healthcare and neuroscience in general, more efforts must be made in the field of clinical neuropsychology to develop and validate new and more technology-based instruments, especially considering new variables and paradigms when compared to paper and pencil tests. Objective: This study's objective was to produce concurrent validity evidence of the novel version of the computerized cognitive screening battery CompCog. Methods: Participants performed a traditional paper and pencil neuropsychological testing session and another session where CompCog was administrated. The data of a total of 50 young adult college students were used in the analyses. Results: Results have shown moderate and strong correlations between CompCog's tasks and their equivalents considering paper and pencil tests. Items clustered in agreement with the subtest division in a principal component analysis. Conclusions: The findings suggest that CompCog is valid for measuring the cognitive processes its tasks intend to evaluate.

RESUMO Embora a disponibilidade de instrumentos computadorizados para avaliação tenha aumentado ao longo dos anos, a neuropsicologia não passou por uma mudança significativa de paradigma desde a popularização do computador pessoal nos anos 1980. Para acompanhar os avanços tecnológicos da saúde e da neurociência em geral, mais esforços devem ser feitos no campo da neuropsicologia clínica para desenvolver e validar novos instrumentos de base mais tecnológica, especialmente considerando novas variáveis e paradigmas quando comparados aos testes de lápis e papel. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi produzir evidências de validade concorrente da nova versão da bateria computadorizada de rastreio cognitivo CompCog. Métodos: Os participantes passaram por uma sessão de avaliação neuropsicológica com testes tradicionais de lápis e papel e de outra sessão em que o CompCog foi administrado. Os dados do total de 50 jovens adultos universitários foram utilizados nas análises. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram correlações moderadas e fortes entre as tarefas do CompCog e seus equivalentes nos testes tradicionais. Uma análise de componentes principais mostrou que os itens formaram fatores em concordância com a divisão de subtestes da bateria. Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem que o CompCog é válido para medir os processos cognitivos que suas tarefas pretendem avaliar.

Behavioral and emotional problems of toddlers with autism spectrum disorder: Effects of parents' sociocultural level and individual factors.

BACKGROUND: Toddlers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show higher prevalence and severity of Behavioral and Emotional Problems (BEP) than their peers without ASD. AIMS: Investigating the effects of parental factors, i.e., mothers' and fathers' age and Sociocultural Level (Socioeconomic Status, Cultural Capital, and Social Capital), and individual factors, i.e., toddles' age, birth order, general development, autism symptom severity, and adaptive behavior, on the expression of BEP in toddlers with ASD. METHODS: Participants were 148 toddlers with ASD (aged 18-37 months) and both their parents. BEP were measured with the Child Behavior Checklist 1½-5 (CBCL) Syndrome and Pervasive developmental problems (PDD) DSM-oriented scales, general development with the Griffiths Mental Development Scales (GMDS), autism symptom severity with the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2 (ADOS-2), and adaptive behavior with the Vineland-II Adaptive behavior composite. RESULTS: Vineland-IIAdaptive behavior composite was negatively associated with the majority of the CBCL scales. In contrast, the ADOS-2 Restrictive and repetitive behavior was negatively and the ADOS-2 Social affect, toddlers' age, and birth order were positively associated with only a few of the CBCL scales (e.g., PDD). GMDS scores were not associated with any CBCL scales. Mothers' age and fathers' Cultural Capital and Social Capital dimensions were negatively associated with specific CBCL scales, even when considered in addition to individuals' factors. CONCLUSIONS: Individual and parental factors simultaneously affect the expression of BEP and should be considered for clinical decisions.

How have youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder managed quarantine derived from COVID-19 pandemic? An approach to families perspectives.

Quarantine derived from COVID-19 pandemic has challenged children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and their families daily life and routines. Because of these children unique needs related to manage uncertainty and overcoming situations, an in-depth approach to how they navigated through quarantine urged to better comprehend their current support needs. Forty-seven families with a child with ASD ranging in age between 2 and 17 years old (M = 7.3, SD = 3.4) from the north of Spain responded to an online developed questionnaire on different aspects of their daily life management of quarantine. Most of the families stressed that their offspring better drove quarantine than expected. Some families reported that youth participated more often in families' routines and were more communicative with their parents. Families, beyond some difficulties aroused, had more time to qualitatively spend with their children to teach new skills as autonomy or house care related skills. Families also developed new strategies to manage quarantine, such as structuring their days, using visual supports or new technologies for learning or leisure, and found more useful in this effort their family cohesion, online contact with relatives, and having online psychological supports.

A Combined Study on the Use of the Child Behavior Checklist 1½-5 for Identifying Autism Spectrum Disorders at 18 Months.

The capacity of the Child Behavior Checklist 1½-5 (CBCL 1½-5) to identify children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) at 18 months was tested on 37 children clinically referred for ASD and 46 children at elevated likelihood of developing ASD due to having an affected brother/sister. At 30 months the clinically referred children all received a confirmatory diagnosis, and 10 out of 46 siblings received a diagnosis of ASD. CBCL 1½-5 profiles were compared with a group of matched children with typical development (effect of cognitive level controlled for). The capacity of the CBCL 1½-5 DSM Oriented-Pervasive Developmental Problems scale to differentiate correctly between children diagnosed with ASD and children with typical development appeared dependent on group ascertainment methodology.