Association Between Hearing Loss and Postural Instability in Older Korean Adults.

Importance: Hearing loss is one of the most frequently occurring sensory disabilities worldwide. The association between hearing loss and postural instability in an older population remains to be studied. Objective: To determine whether the odds of postural instability increase with the degree of hearing loss and to suggest criteria for hearing rehabilitation for postural instability. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional population-based study of 3864 participants 40 years and older with hearing loss used data from 2010 through 2012 in the fifth edition of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a nationwide survey of South Korea. Pure tone audiometry was performed on both the left and right sides and each hearing grade of each side was classified into 1 of 3 subcategories: normal hearing, mild hearing loss, or moderate hearing loss (moderate hearing loss or worse). Postural instability was defined as the failure to remain standing on a foam pad surface with feet 10 cm apart with arms folded and hands cupping the elbows and eyes closed. A binomial logistic regression model was used to assess the association between hearing loss and postural instability. Data were analyzed from August 18, 2019, to September 2, 2019. Exposures: Age-related hearing loss defined as a threshold of 26 dB or more. Main Outcomes and Measures: The degree of hearing loss and postural instability. Results: Of the 3864 participants included in the study, the mean (SD) age was 57.8 (11.3) years and 2135 (55.2%) were women. Female sex was associated with higher odds of postural instability compared with male sex (odds ratio [OR], 1.65; 95% CI, 1.12-2.42, adjusted for age and hearing status), and the odds of postural instability increased with every 1 year increase in age (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.10-1.16, adjusted for sex and hearing status). Unilateral or bilateral mild hearing loss was not associated with an increase in the odds of postural instability, but moderate hearing loss present on at least 1 side was associated with an increase in the odds of postural instability: unilateral moderate hearing loss group (OR, 2.71; 95% CI, 1.12-6.10, adjusted for age and sex), one mild and the other moderate hearing loss group (OR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.16-4.09, adjusted for age and sex), and bilateral moderate hearing loss group (OR, 2.34; 95% CI, 1.27-4.33, adjusted for age and sex). Conclusions and Relevance: Aging, female sex, and having hearing loss were associated with postural instability in this analysis. Moderate or worse hearing loss present on at least 1 side was associated with increased odds of postural instability. Future research in this area is warranted to identify more precise interrelationships and preventive measures.

Postural instability according to virtual reality program.

Background: The popularity of virtual reality (VR) grew rapidly. Short guidelines with a lack of emphasis on safe use appears prior to usage. It is necessary for the user to realize how much potentially dangerous VR is. Aims/objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of VR on balance in normal people. Materials and methods: Mean equilibrium score (MES) of 15 adults who have normal sense of balance were obtained by using the sensory organization test (SOT). Conditions 1 and 2 were performed. Multiple VR programs were classified as three levels (Easy, Average, and Challenging) by the visual analog scale. Further SOT tests were performed during watching VR programs. MES of each test was used for statistical analysis. Results: MES of condition 1 was significantly higher than condition 2. Although there was no statistical difference between Eye open and Easy program (p = .097), MES of average and Challenging programs showed significantly decreased scores compared to Eye open. In addition, MES of Average and Challenging programs were significantly decreased than that of Easy program. Conclusions and significance: VR can cause postural imbalance to users. It is necessary to establish quantifiable and objective methods to measure imbalance caused by VR use.

A Survey on Knowledge Transfer for Manufacturing Data Analytics.

Data analytics techniques have been used for numerous manufacturing applications in various areas. A common assumption of data analytics models is that the environment that generates data is stationary, that is, the feature (or label) space or distribution of the data does not change over time. However, in the real world, this assumption is not valid especially for manufacturing. In non-stationary environments, the accuracy of the model decreases over time, so the model must be retrained periodically and adapted to the corresponding environment(s). Knowledge transfer for data analytics is an approach that trains a model with knowledge extracted from data or model(s). Knowledge transfer can be used when adapting to a new environment, while reducing or eliminating degradation in the accuracy of the model. This paper surveys knowledge transfer methods that have been widely used in various applications, and investigates the applicability of these methods for manufacturing problems. The surveyed knowledge transfer methods are analyzed from three viewpoints: types of non-stationary environments, availability of labeled data, and sources of knowledge. In addition, we categorize events that cause non-stationary environments in manufacturing, and present a mechanism to enable practitioners to select the appropriate methods for their manufacturing data analytics applications among the surveyed knowledge transfer methods. The mechanism includes the steps 1) to detect changes in data properties, 2) to define source and target, and 3) to select available knowledge transfer methods. By providing comprehensive information, this paper will support researchers to adopt knowledge transfer in manufacturing.