[The immunological manifestations and cytological characteristics of infection caused by the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in rhesus monkeys]. / Immunologicheskie proiavleniia i tsitologicheskie osobennosti infektsii, vyzvannoi obez'ian'im virusom immunodefitsita (SIV) u makak rezus.

The results of immunological and morphological studies of Asian macaques (Macaca mulatta) infected by simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) are summarized in this review of literature. This virus causes development of the immunodeficiency disease that closely resembles human AIDS. Immunological parameters (CD count, antibody response etc.) are described promoting prediction of progression of immunodeficiency in monkeys. The morphological features of injury of internal organs indicate that SIV-induced immunodeficiency is the multisystem disease.

[The characteristics of computed study data on the brain in viral meningoencephalitis]. / Kharakteristika dannykh komp'iuternogo issledovaniia golovnogo mozga pri virusnykh meningoéntsefalitakh.

An analysis is presented of CT examination of the brain in viral meningoencephalitis in 113 patients with viral encephalitis. Pathological changes in the acute period were found in 65.4% of patients more frequently in the CSF system, rarer in the brain tissue (in herpetic encephalitis). During the early convalescence period 75% of patients showed dilated ventricles and external CSF spaces. The importance of CT examination in this kind of pathology is emphasized.

[The diagnostic problems of systemic diseases in an infectious disease clinic]. / Voprosy diagnostiki sistemnykh zabolevanii v klinike infektsionnykh boleznei.

Results are reported of a study of 46 patients with systemic diseases: connective tissue, inflammatory granulomatous processes, lymphoid tissue lesions and blood diseases treated in the clinic of infections diseases. Difficulties and errors in their clinical diagnosis, and their causes are shown. It is emphasized that these patients are hospitalized in infections clinics and that the incidence of systemic diseases rises in conditions of radiation environment.

[The diagnosis of acute pneumonia in respiratory viral infections]. / O diagnostike ostroi pnevmonii pri respiratornykh virusnykh infektsiiakh.

Data are reported of 582 case records of patients with acute pneumonia of different influenza epidemic periods, results of a study of 175 lethal cases due to acute pneumonia, that complicated influenza in adults as well as experimental studies on reproduction of para-influenzal-staphylococcal, influenzal-Klebsiella and Proteus-influenzal infections. The study allowed to find out the causes of diagnostic difficulties, to establish the features of the course of acute pneumonia in patients with respiratory viral diseases to disclose the mechanisms of development of lung changes and make propositions facilitating early clinical diagnosis on the prehospital period.

[The microbiological and pathomorphological characteristics of Klebsiella infection]. / Mikrobiologicheskaia i patomorfologicheskaia kharakteristika klebsielleznoi infektsii.

Biological properties of 350 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated in newborns during the outbreak of intrahospital infection have been studied. Experimental infection with isolated strains of a similar plasmid profile is simulated, interrelation between the presence of plasmids and ability of the strain to induce generalized Klebsiella infection is shown. Pathological processes in the newborns with generalized infection and in animals with the reproduced experimental Klebsiella infection are shown to be similar in principle.

[Biological manifestations of the tumor necrosis factor effect and its role in the pathogenesis of various diseases]. / Biologicheskie proiavleniia deistviia faktora nekroza opukholi i ego rol' v patogeneze riada boleznei.

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a polypeptide mediator regulating function of various organs and cells produced by macrophages and lymphocytes due to various stimuli and is responsible for an acute response of the host to the damage. Directly or indirectly the polypeptide modulates biological functions of leucocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, eosinophils and many other cells and organs as well as different types of metabolism. It is considered now the most important factor of inflammation and cachexia.

[Cytological features of the development of multi-organ failure induced by exposure of the body to tumor necrosis factor]. / Tsitologicheskie osobennosti razvitiia poliorgannoi nedostatochnosti pri deistvii na organizm faktora nekroza opukholi.

Morphologic analysis of the changes in the internal organs after i.v. injection of 20 micrograms per mice of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) revealed the development of signs of multiorgan failure (interstitial and intraalveolar edema in the lung, acute fatty liver, tubular necrosis in kidney, brain edema) during first 24 h. The microvascular endothelial cells played a particular role in the state development. Results of investigation proved that endothelial cells were one of the major cellular targets for TNF action in vivo.

[Immunomorphological analysis of prolonged intoxication by low doses of herbicide simazine]. / Immunomorfologicheskii analiz dlitel'noi intoksikatsii malymi dozami gerbitsida simazina.

Dynamic investigation of several immunologic data and complex morphologic study of the thymus of rats fed for a long time (6 months) by very low doses of herbicide simazine have been carried out. Chronic simazine treatment resulted in the development of the secondary immunodeficient state with the damage of T lymphocytes. The morphologic signs of this process were the disarray in thymus structure (dystrophic changes and intercellular contact break of nurse cells, sclerosis of microvessel walls and stromal elements), severe decrease of the T lymphocyte number in peripheral blood, inhibition of phagocytosis reaction of neutrophils.

[Systemic vasculitis combined with connective tissue involvement in a patient with yersiniosis]. / Sistemnyi vaskulit v sochetanii s porazheniem soedinitel'noi tkani u bol'nogo iersiniozom.

A clinico-morphological description is presented of a severe systemic disease in 36-year-old male, the trigger factor of which was Yersinia enterocolitica. The patient developed a peculiar nosological variant of systemic necrotic vasculitis of infectious-allergic genesis with signs of nodular periarteritis in the intestine and kidneys in association with diffuse involvement of the connective tissue which resulted 6 months later in a dominating abdominal syndrome with profuse diarrhea, progressive cachexia with a fatal outcome. The diagnosis was established after death.

[The immunomorphological characteristics of a focal staphylococcal infection against a background of long-term exposure to low doses of simazine]. / Immunomorfologicheskaia kharakteristika ochagovoi stafilokokkovoi infektsii na fone dlitel'nogo vozdeistviia malykh doz simazina.

State of immunologic and nonspecific resistance of the organism, ultra- and histostructure of the thymus, histopathology of the wall of experimental staph abscess reproduced in animals given low doses of the herbicide simazine for a long time have been studied. It is established that simazine induced the immunodeficiency state underlain by pathologic changes in the thymus. Against this background experimental abscesses developed more rapidly, alterative and exudative processes in their wall proceeding more intensively and proliferative ones--attenuating. This provides prolongation of the abscesses healing phase for an indefinite time and chronization of the process.

[The action of tumor necrosis factor on the microvascular endothelium and its role in the morphological changes in the internal organs]. / Deistvie faktora nekroza opukholi na éndotelii mikrososudov i rol' ego v morfologicheskikh izmeneniiakh vnutrennikh organov.

Tumor necrosis factor exerts the systemic influence on endothelial cells in vivo. Structural changes in endotheliocytes lead to specific damage in the organs. Interstitial and alveolar edema develops in lung. Kupffer cell activation, change of sinusoid endothelial cell porosity, lipid dystrophia of hepatocytes are revealed in liver, damage of glomerular and peritubular capillaries, dystrophic changes of tubular epithelial cells are found out in kidney. The data obtained indicate that endothelial cells in microvessels are one of major cellular targets for action of tumor necrosis factor.

[Acute viral necrosis of the liver]. / Ostryi virusnyi nekroz pecheni.

The paper discusses problems of the prevention and treatment of fulminant hepatitis running with massive and submassive hepatic necrosis in evidence of immunodeficiency. The occurrence of most cases is associated with parenteral mode of the infection entry, violation of antiepidemic regulations in hospitals and lack of donors' supervision. High mortality persisting in hospitals requires urgent measures to control parenteral infection with viral hepatitis of different antigenic variants.

[An immunological and morphological study of focal staphylococcal infection against a background of long-term exposure to the herbicide linuron]. / Immunologicheskoe i morfologicheskoe izuchenie ochagovoi stafilokokkovoi infektsii na fone dlitel'nogo vozdeistviia gerbitsida linurona.

Small doses of long-term injection of herbicide linuron causes the appearance of secondary immunodeficiency. It is manifested in histological and ultrastructural determination of thymus, severe suppression of immunological indices. Epithelial nurse-cells damage takes place in thymus, the contacts between epithelial cells are destroyed, the reforming of microvessels (their endothelium) occurs which causes the deterioration of vessels penetration and the growth of connective tissue. Against this background a more rapid development of experimental staphylococcus abscesses is observed in animals, the reparation phase being absent.

[The immunomorphological characteristics of prolonged exposure to the herbicide linuron]. / Immunomorfologicheskaia kharakteristika dlitel'nogo vozdeistviia gerbitsida linurona.

The authors investigated the effect of long-term use of the herbicide linuron on the histo- and ultrastructure of the thymus and factors of immunological defense. It was found that the use of linuron in animals resulted in development of secondary immunodeficiency states manifested in pathology of the thymic structure, first of all lesions of the epithelial cells-feeders and disorders of immunological indices.

[Interrelationship between the restructuring of liver microvessel endothelium and changes in Kupffer's cells and hepatocytes in the development of gram-negative infection]. / Vzaimosviaz' strukturnoi perestroiki éndoteliia mikrososudov pecheni s izmeneniiami v kletkakh kupfera i gepatotsitakh pri razvitii gramotritsatel'noi infektsii.

The morphological study of various types of liver cells revealed early reaction of sinusoid endothelial cells during the development of gram-negative infection (Salmonella typhimurium). The reaction of sinusoid endothelial cells is obviously connected with the direct effect of endotoxin because the first increase of endotoxin level in the blood is detected 60 min after injection of bacteria. The initial signs of Kupffer's cell activation are revealed at the same time. One of the manifestations of endothelial cell reaction is the increase of porosity of the barrier between the blood and Disse's space. It is accompanied by ultrastructural changes in hepatocytes. The second sharp rise of endotoxin level occurs 24 hours after the administration of bacteria and is accompanied by necrobiotic changes in the endothelial cells. It is assumed that the intensity of sinusoidal endothelial cell reaction and Kupffer's cell activation determine the degree of liver damage during the development of infection.

[The morphofunctional characteristics of the microvascular endothelium and other structural elements of the lung in the development of gram-negative infection]. / Morfofunktsional'nye osobennosti éndoteliia mikrososudov i drugikh strukturnykh élementov legkogo pri razvitii gramotritsatel'noi infektsii.

An early response (activation) of the microcirculatory bed endothelial cells precedes other changes in the lung in the course of development of gram-negative infection. This response is manifested at various degree in different endotheliocytes and taking into consideration the microenvironment (alveolar macrophages, stromal elements, etc) is one of the main mechanisms in the development of infectious process.