Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of yoghurts made from goat and cow milk.

Substituting goats' milk for cows' milk could improve the quality of dairy products, because it adds new sensorial characteristics. The aim of this study was to develop a type of yoghurt using goats' milk (25, 50, 75 and 100%) in place of cows' milk and to compare their characteristics. Physicochemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics were evaluated using a nine-point hedonic scale and purchase intention test. The data obtained in the physicochemical analysis were submitted to regression analysis and the sensory results were evaluated through analysis of variance. Among the physicochemical characteristics of the yoghurts, variation (P < 0.05) of ash, acidity and lactose was observed. Tasters in the sensory analysis indicated that yoghurts up to 50% of goats' milk received favorable averages; with lower scores for higher goats' milk concentrations (75% and 100%). No difference was reported in acidity. Replacing cows' milk with goats' milk in yoghurt preparation promotes variations in the physicochemical characteristics for ash, acidity and lactose. However, it does not cause alterations in the sensory attributes (50% goat milk) and therefore could be considered as an alternative for the production of dairy products. © 2016 Japanese Society of Animal Science.

Comparative protein composition analysis of goat milk produced by the Alpine and Saanen breeds in northeastern Brazil and related antibacterial activities.

The protein composition of goat milk differs between goat breeds and could present regional trends. The aim of this study was to comparatively analyze the protein composition of goat milk produced by the Alpine and Saanen breeds in northeastern Brazil and to evaluate the antibacterial activity of its protein fractions. SDS-PAGE, 2-DE electrophoresis and RP-HPLC analyses revealed the absence of αs1-casein in the milk of both breeds and no differences between the αs2-casein, ß-casein, ß-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin profiles. The amounts of soluble proteins and ß-casein hydrolysis residues were higher in Saanen milk. Only the protein fraction containing the largest amounts of casein (F60-90%) inhibited bacterial growth, with MIC values between 50 and 100 mg/mL. This study describe for the first time three important points about the goat milk protein of two Brazilian goat breeders: absence of α-s1 casein in the protein profile, differences between the milk protein composition produced by goats of Alpine and Saanen breeders and antibacterial activity of unbroken proteins (casein-rich fraction) present in these milk.

Efeito do óleo essencial de erva-doce (Foeniculum vulgare) sobre a microbiota do leite de cabra / Effect of essential oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) on the microflora of goat milk

Foram adicionados ao leite de cabra cru níveis crescentes de óleo essencial de erva doce que foram de 0 por cento, 1 por cento, 2 por cento e 3 por cento. Observou-se que a adição de óleo ao leite não teve efeito significativo (P<0,05) na microbiota para nenhum tratamento. Com relação às determinações de pH, observou-se um efeito linear decrescente à medida que o percentual de óleo aumentou no leite. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do óleo essencial de erva-doce sobre a microbiota no leite de cabra.

Características físico-químicas do leite de cabra comercializado no estado da Paraíba, Brasil / Physic-chemical characteristics of goat milk marketed in Paraiba state, Brazil

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características físico-químicas do leite de cabra integral e pasteurizado comercializado no estado da Paraíba. O total de 24 amostras de leite de seis marcas produtoras foi coletado de estabelecimentos comerciais da cidade de João Pessoa (PB), em diferentes períodos. Entre as amostras de leite das seis marcas comerciais, as amostras de cinco marcas apresentaram-se fora dos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação vigente. Não houve diferenças significativas apenas para as variáveis lactose e cinzas entre as marcas comerciais analisadas (P>0,05). Os parâmetros com maior variação foram lipídios (1,67 a 3,57%) e sólidos não gordurosos (7,61 a 10,01%). Adicionalmente, foi detectada a atividade da lactoperoxidase em apenas 66,66% das amostras analisadas, e somente três marcas apresentaram 100% das amostras de leite positivas para essa enzima. Por outro lado, as três demais marcas apresentaram 75, 25 e 0% de amostras positivas para lactoperoxidase. Há, portanto, necessidade de adequação do processamento do leite de cabra produzido no estado da Paraíba, principalmente no que se refere à pasteurização, para que o alimento atinja os padrões requeridos pela legislação. A maior homogeneidade do leite de cabra quanto às suas propriedades fisico-químicas é fundamental para garantir aceitabilidade do produto por uma classe consumidora cada vez mais exigente e promover a expansão da caprinocultura leiteira do estado da Paraíba.

The present study aimed to evaluate the physic-chemical characteristics of integral and pasteurized goat milk marketed in Paraiba state, Brazil. Goat milk samples (n=24) from six diverse trade brands were obtained from commercial establishments located in João Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil at different periods. Five milk brands presented milk samples which were not in accordance to the Brazilian legislation quality standards. All variables, except lactose and ashes (P>0.05), were significantly different among the analyzed trade marks. The parameters with highest variation were fat (1.67 to 3.57%) and non-fat solids (7.61 to 10.01%). Lactoperoxidase activity was adequate in 66.66% of analyzed samples only; and three commercial milk brands only showed 100% of positive samples for this enzyme. On the other hand, the other three brands showed positive enzyme activity in 25%, 0%, and 75% of analyzed samples, respectively. Therefore, the goat milk processing in Paraiba must be adjusted, focusing mainly to pasteurisation procedure, so that the standards recommended by legislation were attained. The most homogeneity of goat milk produced in Paraiba concerning its physic-chemical properties is crucial to increase the acceptability of this product by consumers, who are more and more demanding, and for promoting the goat milk production expanding in the Paraiba state.