Currently available prostanoids for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension: A review.

Recent advancements in prostaglandin analogs (PGAs) have reinforced their role in managing intraocular pressure (IOP). Latanoprost excels in 24-h IOP control, while various PGAs offer similar effectiveness and side effects, generic PGAs perform as well as branded ones, and a notable IOP rise observed upon PGA discontinuation. Formulations with or without preservatives show comparable IOP reduction and adherence, often surpassing benzalkonium chloride (BAK)-preserved options. Emergent PGAs, such as latanoprostene bunod, fixed-dose netarsudil combined with latanoprost, and omidenepag Isopropyl, offer enhanced or non-inferior IOP reduction. The bimatoprost implant introduces a novel administration method with effective IOP reduction. These developments underscore ongoing progress in PGA-focused ophthalmological research. This article offers a comprehensive review of available prostanoid analogs and explores new developments.

Analysis of Cholesterol from the Liver Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.

Cholesterol is an essential lipid molecule for several biological functions including the proper functioning of cell membranes, lipoproteins, and lipid rafts, as well as the synthesis of bile acids, vitamin D, and steroid hormones. Cholesterol can be extracted from liver tissue by multiple methods of lipid extraction. Subsequently, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) can be used to obtain the highest level of sensitivity and selectivity in the analysis of cholesterol. This chapter describes two methods of lipid extraction for liver tissue, Bligh and Dyer and methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), followed by an analysis with GC-MS.