RESUMEN
SHP2 has emerged as an important target for oncology small-molecule drug discovery. As a nonreceptor tyrosine phosphatase within the MAPK pathway, it has been shown to control cell growth, differentiation, and oncogenic transformation. We used structure-based design to find a novel class of potent and orally bioavailable SHP2 inhibitors. Our efforts led to the discovery of the 5-azaquinoxaline as a new core for developing this class of compounds. Optimization of the potency and properties of this scaffold generated compound 30, that exhibited potent in vitro SHP2 inhibition and showed excellent in vivo efficacy and pharmacokinetic profile.
RESUMEN
KRASG12D, the most common oncogenic KRAS mutation, is a promising target for the treatment of solid tumors. However, when compared to KRASG12C, selective inhibition of KRASG12D presents a significant challenge due to the requirement of inhibitors to bind KRASG12D with high enough affinity to obviate the need for covalent interactions with the mutant KRAS protein. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of the first noncovalent, potent, and selective KRASG12D inhibitor, MRTX1133, which was discovered through an extensive structure-based activity improvement and shown to be efficacious in a KRASG12D mutant xenograft mouse tumor model.
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Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras)/antagonistas & inhibidores , Animales , Antineoplásicos/química , Descubrimiento de Drogas , Humanos , Ratones , Modelos Moleculares , Mutación , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras)/genética , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de XenoinjertoRESUMEN
Capping off an era marred by drug development failures and punctuated by waning interest and presumed intractability toward direct targeting of KRAS, new technologies and strategies are aiding in the target's resurgence. As previously reported, the tetrahydropyridopyrimidines were identified as irreversible covalent inhibitors of KRASG12C that bind in the switch-II pocket of KRAS and make a covalent bond to cysteine 12. Using structure-based drug design in conjunction with a focused in vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion screening approach, analogues were synthesized to increase the potency and reduce metabolic liabilities of this series. The discovery of the clinical development candidate MRTX849 as a potent, selective covalent inhibitor of KRASG12C is described.
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Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras)/antagonistas & inhibidores , Animales , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacocinética , Línea Celular Tumoral , Diseño de Fármacos , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacocinética , Humanos , Ratones , Modelos Moleculares , Mutación , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras)/química , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras)/genética , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de XenoinjertoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Novel rearranged in transfection (RET)-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as selpercatinib (LOXO-292) have shown unprecedented efficacy in tumors positive for RET fusions or mutations, notably RET fusion-positive NSCLC and RET-mutated medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). However, the mechanisms of resistance to these agents have not yet been described. METHODS: Analysis was performed of circulating tumor DNA and tissue in patients with RET fusion-positive NSCLC and RET-mutation positive MTC who developed disease progression after an initial response to selpercatinib. Acquired resistance was modeled preclinically using a CCDC6-RET fusion-positive NSCLC patient-derived xenograft. The inhibitory activity of anti-RET multikinase inhibitors and selective RET TKIs was evaluated in enzyme and cell-based assays. RESULTS: After a dramatic initial response to selpercatinib in a patient with KIF5B-RET NSCLC, analysis of circulating tumor DNA revealed emergence of RET G810R, G810S, and G810C mutations in the RET solvent front before the emergence of clinical resistance. Postmortem biopsy studies reported intratumor and intertumor heterogeneity with distinct disease subclones containing G810S, G810R, and G810C mutations in multiple disease sites indicative of convergent evolution on the G810 residue resulting in a common mechanism of resistance. Acquired mutations in RET G810 were identified in tumor tissue from a second patient with CCDC6-RET fusion-positive NSCLC and in plasma from patients with additional RET fusion-positive NSCLC and RET-mutant MTC progressing on an ongoing phase 1 and 2 trial of selpercatinib. Preclinical studies reported the presence of RET G810R mutations in a CCDC6-RET patient-derived xenograft (from a patient with NSCLC) model of acquired resistance to selpercatinib. Structural modeling predicted that these mutations sterically hinder the binding of selpercatinib, and in vitro assays confirmed loss of activity for both anti-RET multikinase inhibitors and selective RET TKIs. CONCLUSIONS: RET G810 solvent front mutations represent the first described recurrent mechanism of resistance to selective RET inhibition with selpercatinib. Development of potent inhibitor of these mutations and maintaining activity against RET gatekeeper mutations could be an effective strategy to target resistance to selective RET inhibitors.
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Neoplasias Pulmonares , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-ret , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Mutación , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/uso terapéutico , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-ret/genética , Pirazoles , Piridinas , Solventes , TransfecciónRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Polymeric drugs, including patiromer (Veltassa®), bind target molecules or ions in the gut, allowing fecal elimination. Non-absorbed insoluble polymers, like patiromer, avoid common systemic drug-drug interactions (DDIs). However, the potential for DDI via polymer binding to orally administered drugs during transit of the gastrointestinal tract remains. Here we elucidate the properties correlated with drug-patiromer binding using quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) models. METHODS: We selected 28 drugs to evaluate for binding to patiromer in vitro over a range of pH and ionic conditions intended to mimic the gut environment. Using this in vitro data, we developed QSPR models using step-wise linear regression and analyzed over 100 physiochemical drug descriptors. RESULTS: Four descriptors emerged that account for ~70% of patiromer-drug binding in vitro: the computed surface area of hydrogen bond accepting atoms, ionization potential, electron affinity, and lipophilicity (R 2 = 0.7, Q 2 = 0.6). Further, certain molecular properties are shared by nonbinding, weak, or strong binding compounds. CONCLUSIONS: These findings offer insight into drivers of in vitro binding to patiromer and describe a useful approach for assessing potential drug-binding risk of investigational polymeric drugs.
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Modelos Biológicos , Investigación Farmacéutica/métodos , Polímeros/farmacología , Relación Estructura-Actividad Cuantitativa , Administración Oral , Simulación por Computador , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Tránsito Gastrointestinal , Interacciones Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Modelos Lineales , Estructura Molecular , Polímeros/químicaRESUMEN
KRAS is the most frequently mutated driver oncogene in human cancer, and KRAS mutations are commonly associated with poor prognosis and resistance to standard treatment. The ability to effectively target and block the function of mutated KRAS has remained elusive despite decades of research. Recent findings have demonstrated that directly targeting KRAS-G12C with electrophilic small molecules that covalently modify the mutated codon 12 cysteine is feasible. We have discovered a series of tetrahydropyridopyrimidines as irreversible covalent inhibitors of KRAS-G12C with in vivo activity. The PK/PD and efficacy of compound 13 will be highlighted.
RESUMEN
Larotrectinib, a selective TRK tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), has demonstrated histology-agnostic efficacy in patients with TRK fusion-positive cancers. Although responses to TRK inhibition can be dramatic and durable, duration of response may eventually be limited by acquired resistance. LOXO-195 is a selective TRK TKI designed to overcome acquired resistance mediated by recurrent kinase domain (solvent front and xDFG) mutations identified in multiple patients who have developed resistance to TRK TKIs. Activity against these acquired mutations was confirmed in enzyme and cell-based assays and in vivo tumor models. As clinical proof of concept, the first 2 patients with TRK fusion-positive cancers who developed acquired resistance mutations on larotrectinib were treated with LOXO-195 on a first-in-human basis, utilizing rapid dose titration guided by pharmacokinetic assessments. This approach led to rapid tumor responses and extended the overall duration of disease control achieved with TRK inhibition in both patients.Significance: LOXO-195 abrogated resistance in TRK fusion-positive cancers that acquired kinase domain mutations, a shared liability with all existing TRK TKIs. This establishes a role for sequential treatment by demonstrating continued TRK dependence and validates a paradigm for the accelerated development of next-generation inhibitors against validated oncogenic targets. Cancer Discov; 7(9); 963-72. ©2017 AACR.See related commentary by Parikh and Corcoran, p. 934This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 920.
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Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Resistencia a Antineoplásicos/efectos de los fármacos , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/uso terapéutico , Receptor trkA/antagonistas & inhibidores , Animales , Antineoplásicos/farmacocinética , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Femenino , Humanos , Ratones , Ratones Desnudos , Células 3T3 NIH , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacocinética , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Receptor trkA/genética , Receptor trkA/metabolismoRESUMEN
The extracellular signal-regulated kinases ERK1/2 represent an essential node within the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling cascade that is commonly activated by oncogenic mutations in BRAF or RAS or by upstream oncogenic signaling. While targeting upstream nodes with RAF and MEK inhibitors has proven effective clinically, resistance frequently develops through reactivation of the pathway. Simultaneous targeting of multiple nodes in the pathway, such as MEK and ERK, offers the prospect of enhanced efficacy as well as reduced potential for acquired resistance. Described herein is the discovery and characterization of GDC-0994 (22), an orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor selective for ERK kinase activity.
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Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Descubrimiento de Drogas , Proteína Quinasa 1 Activada por Mitógenos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteína Quinasa 3 Activada por Mitógenos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Piridonas/farmacología , Pirimidinas/farmacología , Animales , Antineoplásicos/síntesis química , Antineoplásicos/química , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Perros , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales , Células HCT116 , Humanos , Ratones , Proteína Quinasa 1 Activada por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Proteína Quinasa 3 Activada por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Estructura Molecular , Neoplasias Experimentales/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Experimentales/patología , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/síntesis química , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/química , Piridonas/síntesis química , Piridonas/química , Pirimidinas/síntesis química , Pirimidinas/química , Ratas , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Using structure-based design, a novel series of pyridone ERK1/2 inhibitors was developed. Optimization led to the identification of (S)-14k, a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable agent that inhibited tumor growth in mouse xenograft models. On the basis of its in vivo efficacy and preliminary safety profiles, (S)-14k was selected for further preclinical evaluation.
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Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Proteína Quinasa 1 Activada por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Proteína Quinasa 3 Activada por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Piridonas/farmacología , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequeñas/farmacología , Administración Oral , Animales , Antineoplásicos/administración & dosificación , Antineoplásicos/química , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Descubrimiento de Drogas , Ratones , Modelos Moleculares , Conformación Molecular , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/administración & dosificación , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/química , Piridonas/administración & dosificación , Piridonas/química , Ratas , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequeñas/administración & dosificación , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequeñas/química , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de XenoinjertoRESUMEN
The discovery and optimization of a series of tetrahydropyridopyrimidine based extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erks) inhibitors discovered via HTS and structure based drug design is reported. The compounds demonstrate potent and selective inhibition of Erk2 and knockdown of phospho-RSK levels in HepG2 cells and tumor xenografts.
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Descubrimiento de Drogas , Quinasas MAP Reguladas por Señal Extracelular/antagonistas & inhibidores , Piridinas/síntesis química , Piridinas/farmacología , Pirimidinas/síntesis química , Pirimidinas/farmacología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Técnicas Químicas Combinatorias , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Activación Enzimática/efectos de los fármacos , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Estructura Molecular , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/síntesis química , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/química , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Piridinas/química , Pirimidinas/química , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequeñas , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
The discovery and optimization of a series of 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[d]pyrimidine compounds that are ATP-competitive, selective inhibitors of protein kinase B/Akt is reported. The initial design and optimization was guided by the use of X-ray structures of inhibitors in complex with Akt1 and the closely related protein kinase A. The resulting compounds demonstrate potent inhibition of all three Akt isoforms in biochemical assays and poor inhibition of other members of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase/protein kinase G/protein kinase C extended family and block the phosphorylation of multiple downstream targets of Akt in human cancer cell lines. Biological studies with one such compound, 28 (GDC-0068), demonstrate good oral exposure resulting in dose-dependent pharmacodynamic effects on downstream biomarkers and a robust antitumor response in xenograft models in which the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin pathway is activated. 28 is currently being evaluated in human clinical trials for the treatment of cancer.
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Adenosina Trifosfato/metabolismo , Unión Competitiva , Descubrimiento de Drogas , Piperazinas/metabolismo , Piperazinas/farmacología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Pirimidinas/metabolismo , Pirimidinas/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/metabolismo , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Humanos , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Modelos Moleculares , Piperazinas/química , Conformación Proteica , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/química , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/química , Pirimidinas/química , Especificidad por SustratoRESUMEN
Chk1 is a serine/threonine kinase that plays several important roles in the cellular response to genotoxic stress. Since many current standard-of-care therapies for human cancer directly damage DNA or inhibit DNA synthesis, there is interest in using small molecule inhibitors of Chk1 to potentiate their clinical activity. Additionally, Chk1 is known to be critically involved in cell cycle progression of unperturbed cells. Therefore, it is plausible that treatment with a Chkl inhibitor alone could also be an efficacious cancer therapy. Here we report that Chk1-A, a potent and highly selective small molecule inhibitor of Chk1, is antiproliferative as a single agent in a variety of human cancer cell lines in vitro. The inhibition of proliferation is associated with collapse of DNA replication and apoptosis. Rapid decreases in inhibitory phosphorylation of CDKs and a concomitant increase in CDK kinase activity and chromatin loading of Cdc45 suggest that the antiproliferative and proapoptotic activity of Chk1-A is at least in part due to deregulation of DNA synthesis. We extend these in vitro studies by demonstrating that Chk1-A inhibits the growth of tumor xenografts in vivo in a treatment regimen that is well tolerated. Together, these results suggest that single-agent inhibition of Chk1 may be an effective treatment strategy for selected human malignancies.
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Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Proteínas Quinasas/fisiología , Animales , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Quinasa 1 Reguladora del Ciclo Celular (Checkpoint 1) , Femenino , Humanos , Ratones , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de XenoinjertoRESUMEN
A novel series of spirochromane pan-Akt inhibitors is reported. SAR optimization furnished compounds with improved enzyme potencies and excellent selectivity over the related AGC kinase PKA. Attempted replacement of the phenol hinge binder provided compounds with excellent Akt enzyme and cell activities but greatly diminished selectivity over PKA.
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Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/química , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/antagonistas & inhibidores , Sitios de Unión , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/síntesis química , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
We describe the design and synthesis of novel bicyclic spiro sulfonamides as potent Akt inhibitors. Through structure-based rational design, we have successfully improved PKA selectivity of previously disclosed spirochromanes. Representative compounds showed favorable Akt potency while exhibiting up to 1000-fold selectivity against PKA.
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Proteínas Quinasas Dependientes de AMP Cíclico/antagonistas & inhibidores , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/química , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/antagonistas & inhibidores , Compuestos de Espiro/química , Sulfonamidas/química , Sitios de Unión , Simulación por Computador , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Proteínas Quinasas Dependientes de AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/síntesis química , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Sulfonamidas/síntesis química , Sulfonamidas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Herein we report the discovery and synthesis of a novel series of dihydrothieno- and dihydrofuropyrimidines (2 and 3) as potent pan Akt inhibitors. Utilizing previous SAR and analysis of the amino acid sequences in the binding site we have designed inhibitors displaying increased PKA and general kinase selectivity with improved tolerability compared to the progenitor pyrrolopyrimidine (1). A representative dihydrothieno compound (34) was advanced into a PC3-NCI prostate mouse tumor model in which it demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in tumor growth and stasis when dosed orally daily at 200 mg/kg.
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Neoplasias de la Próstata/tratamiento farmacológico , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/química , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/antagonistas & inhibidores , Pirimidinas/química , Animales , Sitios de Unión , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Masculino , Ratones , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Pirimidinas/farmacología , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Carga Tumoral/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
The discovery and optimization of a series of pyrrolopyrimidine based protein kinase B (Pkb/Akt) inhibitors discovered via HTS and structure based drug design is reported. The compounds demonstrate potent inhibition of all three Akt isoforms and knockdown of phospho-PRAS40 levels in LNCaP cells and tumor xenografts.
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Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/química , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/antagonistas & inhibidores , Pirimidinas/química , Pirroles/química , Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales , Animales , Sitios de Unión , Línea Celular , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Diseño de Fármacos , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Ensayos Analíticos de Alto Rendimiento , Humanos , Ratones , Fosfoproteínas/deficiencia , Fosfoproteínas/genética , Fosfoproteínas/metabolismo , Isoformas de Proteínas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/síntesis química , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Estructura Terciaria de Proteína , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Pirimidinas/síntesis química , Pirimidinas/farmacología , Pirroles/síntesis química , Pirroles/farmacología , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de XenoinjertoRESUMEN
Benzothiazine-substituted tetramic acids were discovered as highly potent non-nucleoside inhibitors of HCV NS5B polymerase. X-ray crystallography studies confirmed the binding mode of these inhibitors with HCV NS5B polymerase. Rational optimization of time dependent inactivation of CYP 3A4 and clearance was accomplished by incorporation of electron-withdrawing groups to the benzothiazine core.
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Antivirales/síntesis química , Hepacivirus/efectos de los fármacos , Pirrolidinonas/química , Tiazinas/química , Proteínas no Estructurales Virales/antagonistas & inhibidores , Animales , Antivirales/química , Antivirales/farmacocinética , Sitios de Unión , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Pirrolidinonas/síntesis química , Pirrolidinonas/farmacocinética , Ratas , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Proteínas no Estructurales Virales/metabolismoRESUMEN
A series of benzo[d]isothiazole-1,1-dioxides were designed and evaluated as inhibitors of HCV polymerase NS5B. Structure-based design led to the incorporation of a high affinity methyl sulfonamide group. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of this series revealed analogues with submicromolar potencies in the HCV replicon assay and moderate pharmacokinetic properties. SAR studies combined with structure based drug design focused on the sulfonamide region led to a novel and potent cyclic analogue.
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Antivirales/síntesis química , Hepacivirus/efectos de los fármacos , Tiazoles/química , Proteínas no Estructurales Virales/antagonistas & inhibidores , Animales , Antivirales/química , Antivirales/farmacocinética , Sitios de Unión , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Haplorrinos , Ratas , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Tiazoles/síntesis química , Tiazoles/farmacocinética , Proteínas no Estructurales Virales/metabolismoRESUMEN
The importance of internal hydrogen bonding in a series of benzothiadiazine and 1,4-benzothiazine NS5b inhibitors has been explored. Computational analysis has been used to compare the protonated vs. anionic forms of each series and we demonstrate that activity against HCV NS5b polymerase is best explained using the anionic forms. The syntheses and structure-activity relationships for a variety of new analogs are also discussed.