Prediabetes, undiagnosed diabetes and diabetes risk in Italy in 2017-2018: results from the first National screening campaign in community pharmacies.

BACKGROUND: Effective policies for diabetes prevention remain urgent. We conducted a mass screening campaign in Italy to identify subjects potentially having undiagnosed diabetes, prediabetes or at diabetes risk. METHODS: This cohort study was conducted in community pharmacies joining the unitary National federation of pharmacy holders (Federfarma) and participating in the 7-day screening campaign 'DiaDay' in 2017-2018. Capillary blood glucose levels and the risk of developing diabetes in 10 years (through the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score) were assessed. RESULTS: 145 651 volunteers aged ≥20 years without known diabetes were screened at 5671 community pharmacies in 2017 and 116 097 at 5112 in 2018. Overall, 3.6% had glucose values suggestive of undiagnosed diabetes; under fasting conditions (N = 94 076), 39.9% and 16.4% had values suggestive of prediabetes by the American Diabetes Association and the World Health Organization criteria, respectively. Of those without diabetes (N = 252 440), 19.2% had scores compatible with a high risk (1:3) and 2.7% with a very high risk (1:2) of developing the disease; in the prediabetes group, the risk rose with higher impaired fasting glucose values. CONCLUSIONS: DiaDay, the first National screening campaign, highlights the need to screen the population and the key role of the pharmacist both in screening activities and education promotion.

Recreational use of GHB and prescribed drugs: the challenge in forensic and clinical toxicology.

ABSTRACT: The dual nature and the double use of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) are the fundamentals of its spread as recreational drug. Endo-genously, GHB acts as inhibitory neurotransmitter while exogenously it is administered in the form of sodium oxybate to treat cataplexy and to menage alcohol withdrawal. Illicit GHB is extensively used along with prescribed drugs and drugs of abuse for its euphoric and anabolic effects. Since it has been used as incapacitating agent to perpetrate rapes and commit robberies, GHB represents a social and public health issues. The tight window of detectability in biological matrices and the difficultly to read symptoms of polydrug overdose represent the modern challenges in forensic and clinical toxicology.

Phytoextraction efficiency of Pteris vittata grown on a naturally As-rich soil and characterization of As-resistant rhizosphere bacteria.

This study evaluated the phytoextraction capacity of the fern Pteris vittata grown on a natural arsenic-rich soil of volcanic-origin from the Viterbo area in central Italy. This calcareous soil is characterized by an average arsenic concentration of 750 mg kg-1, of which 28% is bioavailable. By means of micro-energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (µ-XRF) we detected As in P. vittata fronds after just 10 days of growth, while a high As concentrations in fronds (5,000 mg kg-1), determined by Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), was reached after 5.5 months. Sixteen arsenate-tolerant bacterial strains were isolated from the P. vittata rhizosphere, a majority of which belong to the Bacillus genus, and of this majority only two have been previously associated with As. Six bacterial isolates were highly As-resistant (> 100 mM) two of which, homologous to Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens and Beijerinckia fluminensis, produced a high amount of IAA and siderophores and have never been isolated from P. vittata roots. Furthermore, five isolates contained the arsenate reductase gene (arsC). We conclude that P. vittata can efficiently phytoextract As when grown on this natural As-rich soil and a consortium of bacteria, largely different from that usually found in As-polluted soils, has been found in P. vittata rhizosphere.

Determination of benzodiazepines in pericardial fluid by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

In Forensic Toxicology it is sometimes impossible to obtain a valid blood sample to perform toxicological analysis due to several factors like advanced state of decomposition, severe burns, bleed to death…. Pericardial Fluid has already been studied during the last years and has been proposed as a valid specimen for toxicological tests. Over the years, the consumption of benzodiazepines spread among the drug dependent population and became noticeable in drug facilitated assault cases and road accidents. Improvement of the analytical methodology required for detecting the presence of these drugs in biological samples is of great importance for forensic toxicology, in order to correctly diagnose an exposure or a poisoning. In this study, 9 benzodiazepines (diazepam, nordiazepam, midazolam, bromazepam, oxazepam, temazepam, lorazepam, clonazepam and alprazolam) have been determined in pericardial fluid. For this purpose a solid phase extraction (SPE) was carried out using Bond Elut Certify cartridges. After the derivatization of six of the nine benzodiazepines, gas chromatography coupled to a selective mass detector was used as the technique for the separation of the analytes. The method developed was fully validated for the 9 analytes and was applied to real samples of pericardial fluid received at the Forensic Toxicology Service of the University of Santiago de Compostela. Finally, they were compared with blood results looking for the existence of a possible correlation between both biological samples.

Pioglitazone Randomised Italian Study on Metabolic Syndrome (PRISMA): effect of pioglitazone with metformin on HDL-C levels in Type 2 diabetic patients.

BACKGROUND: Previous evidence indicates that pioglitazone may improve dyslipidemia in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). AIM: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of either pioglitazone or placebo with metformin on levels of serum HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) in patients with T2DM. A secondary objective evaluated changes in metabolic syndrome (MS)-specific parameters. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This multicenter, double-blind, randomized study was performed in patients with T2DM treated with metformin and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels between 6-8%, central obesity and reduced HDL-C. MS was evaluated from global changes in parameter values and expressed as a single factorial score following multivariate analysis of each parameter. 213 patients (110 in the pioglitazone group and 103 in the placebo group) were available for intention-to-treat analysis. RESULTS: Pioglitazone-treated patients showed a significant increase in HDL-C compared to placebo group (6.3 mg/dl vs 3.0 mg/dl; p<0.01) in addition to a greater reduction in the extent of MS (-13.2 vs -4.9; p=0.0055). Upon study completion, patients treated with pioglitazone had lower levels of HbA1c (6.41±0.65 vs 6.96±0.74%; p<0.001) and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (2.88±1.95 vs 4.68±3.63; p=0.013) and a reduction of the atherogenic LDL subfraction (pattern B) (-5.7%). CONCLUSIONS: The beneficial effects observed in pioglitazone-treated patients in the present study, (i.e. the increase in HDL-C and the reduction of insulin resistance and atherogenic LDL subfractions), support findings from the PROactive trial, where pioglitazone showed pleiotropic effects and reduced death, fatal myocardial infarction (MI) and non-fatal MI in T2DM patients with MS. Furthermore, medication used in this study showed good tolerability.

Incidence of severe nocturnal hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes treated with insulin lispro or regular human insulin in addition to basal insulin glargine.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Once-daily (OD) basal insulin glargine (GLA) can be used as part of a multiple daily injection regimen in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. This randomized, multicenter study compared GLA+prandial regular human insulin (RHI) with GLA+prandial insulin lispro (LIS) in reducing the incidence of severe nocturnal hypoglycemia at endpoint. In addition, the effects on glycemic control of both treatments were investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients (489) previously on neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin or GLAR plus RHI/LIS were switched to, or continued on GLA (target fasting blood glucose [FBG]=5.0-6.7 mmol/L [90-120 mg/dL]) for 8 weeks (qualification phase) prior to randomization; patients continued with their previous bolus insulin. Patients (n=395) were then randomized to LIS (n=193) or RHI (n=202) and treated for 16 weeks. The proportion of patients experiencing severe nocturnal hypoglycemia at the end of the study was 1.55% (n=3) in the RHI group and 1.11% (n=2) in the LIS group (p=0.938 between groups); the mean difference was 0.44% (95% CI: -1.77, 2.21), suggesting non-inferiority of RHI versus LIS. At the end of the study, both treatments did not differ with respect to glycemic control, as measured by hemoglobin A(1c) and FBG. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that GLA+LIS and GLA+RHI treatments were associated with a similar and low rate of severe nocturnal hypoglycemia. Further studies with greater patient sizes are necessary to verify the findings from the current study.

Standard technical procedures for microencapsulation of human islets for graft into nonimmunosuppressed patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

To comply with regulatory restrictions, with regard to graft of human islets immunoprotected within artificial microcapsules, into patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) with no recipient immunosuppression, we have prepared standard protocols on: (1) sodium alginate purification (clinical grade) for microcapsule fabrication; (2) preparation of biocompatible and permselective microcapsules containing human islets; and (3) minimally invasive techniques for grafting of the encapsulated human islets into the recipients' peritoneal cavity. As to no. 1, starting from pharmaceutical grade, raw sodium alginate powder, we prepared a pyrogen- and endotoxin-free 1.6% alginate solution by means of dialysis, multiple filtrations, and dilution/osmolality adjustments. As to no. 2, we have selected human islet preparations associated with >80% purity/viability, which underwent careful functional quality control testing prior to encapsulation; namely, most capsules contained one islet. As for no. 3, we have devised a simple intraperitoneal injection method under abdominal echography guidance with only local anesthesia to deposit the encapsulated islets in saline within the peritoneal leaflets. These technical protocols were officially approved by the Italian Ministry of Health which has released permission to conduct a phase I, closed human trial in 10 patients using encapsulated human islet grafts into nonimmunosuppressed patients with T1DM.

Effects of simulated microgravity on the morphology and function of neonatal porcine cell clusters cultured with and without Sertoli cells.

Human islet allografts are well known to induce full and sustained remission of hyperglycemia, with complete normalization of key metabolic parameters. Nevertheless, acquiring human islets, even from cadaveric human donor pancreases, remains a significant impediment to successful transplantation therapy for diabetes. To overcome this difficulty, neonatal porcine cell clusters (NPCCs) have been considered for human islet substitutes because they are easily obtained by collagenase digestion of the neonatal piglet pancreas. Currently, the major hurdle in using NPCCs for xenograft is the delay (time lag) in achieving the posttransplant normalization of blood glucose levels in animal diabetic recipients. The present work is the first attempt to evaluate whether incubation of NPCCs in simulated microgravity, in the presence or absence of Sertoli cells (SC), may reduce the maturation time lag of beta-cells by differentiation acceleration in vitro, thereby expediting production, viability, and acquisition of functional competence of pretransplantation beta-cell-enriched islets. Following a 3-day incubation period, NPCCs maintained in conventional culture, NPCCs incubated in simulated microgravity in the HARV biochamber, and NPCCs plus co-incubated SC in simulated microgravity were examined for viability, morphology, and insulin secretion. Results show that NPCCs grown alone in the HARV biochamber are superior in quality, both in terms of viability and functional competence, when compared to other culture pretreatment protocols. This finding strongly suggests that NPCC pretreatment in simulated microgravity may enhance the transplantation success of NPCCs in the diabetic recipient.

Comparison of glycaemic control over 1 year with pioglitazone or gliclazide in patients with Type 2 diabetes.

AIMS: To compare long-term (1 year) efficacy and safety of pioglitazone and gliclazide in patients with Type 2 diabetes. METHODS: This was a double-blind, multicentre, comparative, parallel group trial in 283 patients with Type 2 diabetes, who were randomized to receive 1-year treatment with pioglitazone 30-45 mg/day or gliclazide 80-320 mg/day. Drug dose was titrated on the basis of self-monitored blood glucose (SMBG) measurements and HbA1c values. The 1-year changes in HbA1c, fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin, HOMA-S (HOmeostatic Model Assessment) and SMBG were compared. In a subgroup of patients (n = 10), systemic glucose production and utilization were determined by a combination of isotopic (deuterated glucose) and clamp techniques. RESULTS: In both groups, there were similar decreases in HbA1c (pioglitazone: -0.79%; gliclazide: -0.79%) and FBG (pioglitazone: -1.0 mmol/l; gliclazide: -0.7 mmol/l), whereas the slope of the reduction of fasting blood glucose was different between groups (P = 0.004). Insulin levels as well as insulin resistance assessed using HOMA-S decreased significantly only after pioglitazone treatment (-11.94 pmol/l and -1.03, respectively, both P = 0.002 vs. baseline). A significantly greater reduction in systemic glucose production was observed in the pioglitazone group (-2.48 micromol/kg/min, P = 0.042) than in the gliclazide group (-1.02 micromol/kg/min). A few, mild adverse events occurred in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: A comparable decrease in HbA1c and FBG was observed with pioglitazone and gliclazide. However, with pioglitazone there was a continuous decrease in FBG over 1 year, whereas gliclazide failed to maintain a similar trend. This favourable effect of pioglitazone was due to its insulin-sensitizing effect and ability to decrease systemic glucose production.

Short-term stimulation studies on neonatal pig pancreatic duct-derived cell monolayers.

Short-term stimulation with insulinotropic factors may induce morphologic and functional changes in primary ductal cell cultures as a potential source of stem cells. We sought to assess the capacity of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) to induce expression and maturation of proteins--PDX-1 and GLUT-2--and the subsequent beta-cell secretory profiles. HGF, which is involved in pancreatic development, may induce islet beta-cell neogenesis. Primary ductal cell monolayers were cultured in Click's + FBS 10% at 37 degrees C until tissue confluence. The medium was enriched with HGF (10 ng/mL for different periods); controls were treated for similar times with normal culture medium. At the end of the study, three-dimensional islet-like cell aggregates were observed in both conditions. In all conditions immunostaining studies showed positivity for the major endocrine-phenotype cell markers: insulin, PDX-1, glucokinase, and GLUT-2. Furthermore, treatment with HGF for short periods induced the expression of a functionally active, phosphorylated isoform of PDX-1. Finally, we observed that under basal conditions the cells initially and progressively released proinsulin throughout 5 days in all settings. Thereafter proinsulin was gradually replaced by insulin in the culture medium, reflecting a maturation progress. This pattern of insulin maturation and release was more evident when the cells were continuously stimulated with HGF for 12 days. The employed stimuli seemed to differentiate the original ductal cell layers toward endocrine cell phenotypes that synthesize and release proinsulin and subsequently insulin. HGF seems to provide a more efficient differentiation.

Long-term efficacy and tolerability of add-on pioglitazone therapy to failing monotherapy compared with addition of gliclazide or metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The aim of this analysis was to examine the long-term effects of pioglitazone or gliclazide addition to failing metformin monotherapy and pioglitazone or metformin addition to failing sulphonylurea monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Two 2-year, randomised, multicentre trials were performed in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes (HbA1c 7.5-11% inclusive), who were receiving either metformin or a sulphonylurea at > or = 50% of the maximum recommended dose or at the maximum tolerated dose. In the first study, patients on metformin received add-on therapy with pioglitazone (15-45 mg/day, n = 317) or gliclazide (80-320 mg/day, n = 313). In the second study, patients on sulphonylurea therapy were randomised to receive add-on therapy with either pioglitazone (15-45 mg/day, n = 319) or metformin (850-2,550 mg/day, n = 320). HbA(1)c, fasting plasma glucose, insulin and lipids were investigated. RESULTS: At week 104, the mean reduction from baseline in HbA(1)c was 0.89% for pioglitazone and 0.77% for gliclazide addition to metformin (p = 0.200). There was a statistically significant between-group difference for the change in mean fasting plasma glucose at week 104 (-1.8 mmol/l for pioglitazone vs -1.1 mmol/l for gliclazide, p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in changes from baseline in glycaemic parameters for pioglitazone compared with metformin addition to sulphonylurea therapy. Whether added to metformin or sulphonylurea, pioglitazone caused significantly greater decreases in triglycerides and significantly greater increases in HDL cholesterol than the comparator regimens (p < or = 0.001). There were decreases in LDL cholesterol in the comparator groups and these were significantly different from the small changes observed with pioglitazone (p < 0.001). All treatment regimens were well tolerated. There were weight increases of 2.5 kg and 3.7 kg in the pioglitazone and 1.2 kg in the gliclazide add-on groups, and there was a mean decrease of 1.7 kg in the metformin add-on group. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: As add-on therapy to existing sulphonylurea or metformin therapy, pioglitazone improved glycaemic control and this improvement was sustained over 2 years. Furthermore, there were potential benefits in terms of improvements in specific lipid abnormalities. This could offer an advantage over the addition of other oral agents in the long-term treatment of diabetes.

A long-term comparison of pioglitazone and gliclazide in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group comparison trial.

AIMS: This study compared the effects of pioglitazone and gliclazide on metabolic control in drug-naive patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: A total of 1270 patients with Type 2 diabetes were randomized in a parallel-group, double-dummy, double-blind study. Patients with poorly controlled Type 2 diabetes (HbA1c 7.5-11%), despite dietary advice, received either pioglitazone up to 45 mg once daily or gliclazide up to 160 mg two times daily. Primary efficacy endpoint was change in HbA1c from baseline to the end of the study. Secondary efficacy endpoints included change in fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin and plasma lipids. At selected centres, oral glucose tolerance tests were performed and C-peptide and pro-insulin levels were measured. RESULTS: Mean HbA1c values decreased by the same amount in the two treatment groups from baseline to week 52 [pioglitazone: -1.4%; gliclazide: -1.4%; (90% CI: -0.18 to 0.02)]. A significantly greater mean reduction in fasting plasma glucose was observed in the pioglitazone group (2.4 mmol/l) than in the gliclazide group [2.0 mmol/l; treatment difference -0.4 mmol/l in favour of pioglitazone; P = 0.002; (95% CI: -0.7 to -0.1)]. Improvements in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and total cholesterol/HDL-C were greater with pioglitazone than with gliclazide (P < 0.001). The frequencies of adverse events were comparable between the two treatment groups, but more hypoglycaemic events were reported for gliclazide, whereas twice as many patients reported oedema with pioglitazone than with gliclazide. CONCLUSIONS: Pioglitazone monotherapy was equivalent to gliclazide in reducing HbA1c, with specific differences between treatments in terms of mechanism of action, plasma lipids and adverse events.

Long-term therapy with addition of pioglitazone to metformin compared with the addition of gliclazide to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, comparative study.

BACKGROUND: This 52-week, randomized, double-blind study compared the efficacy and safety of metformin plus pioglitazone with the established combination of metformin plus gliclazide in type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes (HbA1c > or = 7.5% to < or =11.0%) received either pioglitazone 15 mg o.d. (titrated up to 45 mg; n = 317) or gliclazide 80 mg o.d. (titrated up to 320 mg; n = 313) and metformin at the pre-study dose. HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), insulin, lipids and the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio were measured. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in HbA1c (1% decrease in both groups) and FPG between groups. There was a decrease in fasting insulin in the pioglitazone group compared to an increase in the gliclazide group (p < 0.001). There were significantly greater improvements in triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol in the metformin plus pioglitazone group compared to the metformin plus gliclazide group (p < 0.001). Mean LDL-cholesterol decreased with metformin plus gliclazide and increased with metformin plus pioglitazone (p < 0.001); however, this increase was considerably less marked than that in HDL-cholesterol. The mean urinary albumin/creatinine ratio was reduced by 10% in the metformin plus pioglitazone group compared to an increase of 6% in the metformin plus gliclazide group (p = 0.027). The incidence of adverse events was comparable between groups and both combinations were well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to the established combination of metformin plus gliclazide, this study indicates potential benefits of addition of pioglitazone to metformin in terms of improvements in microalbuminuria and specific abnormalities associated with diabetic dyslipidemia.

Transdifferentiation molecular pathways of neonatal pig pancreatic duct cells into endocrine cell phenotypes.

Restrictions in availability of cadaveric human donor pancreata have intensified the search for alternate sources of pancreatic endocrine tissue. We have undertaken to assess whether nonendocrine pancreatic tissue, with special regard to ducts, including epithelial cells, and retrieved from neonatal pig pancreata that are used for islet isolation, may under special in vitro culture conditions generate endocrine cell phenotypes. Special care was taken to identify the time-related appearance of molecular and biochemical markers associated with beta-cell specificity, in terms of glucose-sensing apparatus and insulin secretion. For this purpose, established ductal origin monolayer cell cultures were incubated with a battery of mono- or polyvalent growth factors. Morphological, immunocytochemical, molecular, and functional assays indicated that under special culture conditions ductal origin cells acquired an endocrine identity, based upon expression of key gene transcripts that govern the stimulus-coupled insulin secretory activity. Among factors eliciting transdifferentiation of ductal epithelial into endocrine cells, Sertoli cell (SC)-conditioned medium seemed to be the most powerful inducer of this process. In fact, the resulting cultures not only expressed beta-cell-oriented metabolic markers but also were associated with insulin and C-peptide output at equimolar ratios. This finding indicates that SC coincubation, more than other conditions, caused originally ductal cell cultures to gradually differentiate and mature into beta-cell-like elements. In vivo studies with this early cell differentiation product will test whether our approach may be suitable for correction of hyperglycemia in diabetic animal models.

Optimized parameters for microencapsulation of pancreatic islet cells: an in vitro study clueing on islet graft immunoprotection in type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Alginate (AG)-based microcapsules may provide a selective permeable and biocompatible physical barrier to prevent islet graft (TX)-directed immune destruction. However, extent of the achieved immunoprotection will continue to be variable and unpredictable until the role of the individual mechanisms involved with TX-related inflammatory cell and immune reactivity are clarified. Macrophages (M) are believed to play a pivotal role in controlling the host/TX interaction and its consequences. We then have studied the effects of isolated rat M and their secretory products on allogeneic islets enveloped in variably sized and configured microcapsules, within in vitro mixed islet-M cocultures. In particular, we aimed to determine the sequence of immune or not immune specific cascade of early events that derive from such on interaction. One of the specific aims was to assess whether the membrane's physical intactness and conversely its even minimal rupture, along with the microcapsules' size (i.e., large vs. small) would significantly impact M reactivity and, thereby, the encapsulated islet viability and function. Special care was taken to evaluate extent of the elicited reactivity by meticulously monitoring cytokine, N2 derivative, and other proinflammatory protein curve profiles during the early M activation process. The study has preliminarily shown that, for equally formulated microcapsules, the capsular size and membrane's morphologic thoroughness are key to prevent M reactivity and possibly avoid the intracapsular islet cell damage. While elucidation of pathways involved with the encapsulated islet TX-directed host's responsiveness actually is in progress, it has clearly emerged that microcapsules should comply with well-defined physical properties and formulation specifications in order to obviate the primum movens of the inflammatory reaction process.

Efficacy and safety of pioglitazone versus metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a double-blind, randomized trial.

Pioglitazone increases the insulin sensitivity of peripheral tissues and may provide an alternative first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes. This study compared metabolic control in drug-naive type 2 diabetes patients given either pioglitazone or metformin. Eleven hundred and ninety-nine patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus [glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), 7.5-11%; normal, 4.3-6.1%] were randomized to receive either pioglitazone (< or =45 mg/d) or metformin (< or =850 mg, three times daily). HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), insulin levels, total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, and urinary albumin/creatinine ratio were measured. Mean HbA1c decreased in both treatment groups from baseline to wk 52 (-1.4% and -1.5%). Significantly greater mean reductions in FPG were observed in the pioglitazone group (-45.0 mg/dl; -2.5 mmol/liter) than in the metformin (-39.6 mg/dl; -2.2 mmol/liter) group (P = 0.016). Favorable changes in triglycerides and HDL-C were more pronounced with pioglitazone. Although low density lipoprotein cholesterol and TC levels increased with pioglitazone, TC/HDL-C ratios decreased similarly with both treatments. The urinary albumin/creatinine ratio was reduced by 19% with pioglitazone treatment, but remained unchanged with metformin therapy (-1%; P = 0.002). There was an increase in body weight of 1.9 kg in the pioglitazone group and a decrease of 2.5 kg in the metformin group. The overall frequency of adverse events was similar between treatment groups, but adverse event profiles were different between treatment groups. HbA1c reduction is similar after pioglitazone and metformin monotherapies, but differences in FPG, plasma lipids, and adverse effects between the two compounds may influence decision-making in individual prescribers.

Neonatal pig pancreatic duct-derived insulin-producing cells: preliminary in vitro studies.

Neonatal pig pancreata could represent an ideal tissue resource for donor islets for transplantation trials. Because functional islet beta-cells could derive from precursors situated in the ductal system, and neonatal animals are better suitable than adults for recovering such elements, we have examined whether isolated neonatal pancreatic ducts (NPD) could form insulin-producing cells. NPD, retrieved from the pancreas by collagenase digestion, were cultured for 2 weeks. A compact tissue monolayer detached by trypsin was re-incubated to form upon culture. The primary tissue monolayer was plated, yielding secondary monolayers that were supplemented in culture with the following factors: insulin transferrin selenium, niacinamide, keratinocyte growth factor, and high glucose, which promoted formation of islet cell-like clusters during 30 days of culture. Upon reaching 50 to 100 microm in diameter, the cell clusters were subjected to morphologic examination (assessment of viability by staining with ethidium bromide+fluorescein diacetate [EB+FD]; staining for insulin with diphenylthiocarbazone [DTZ]); DNA assay; insulin radioimmunoassay both in the basal state and after in vitro static incubation with high glucose; immunolabeling with anti-insulin fluorescent antibodies. Of the cell clusters, 80% were composed of viable cells that faintly showed DTZ staining. Basal insulin was 16.7 microU/mL, but no insulin response was elicited by stimulation with high glucose. Acid-ethanol extraction showed high insulin levels in the clusters. Finally, immunofluorescence for insulin was positive, indicating the presence of beta-cell-like committed elements. In conclusion, NPD may differentiate into insulin-producing cells, which are at a very early stage when the glucose-sensing apparatus is still immature.

Effects of two different glibenclamide dose-strengths in the fixed combination with metformin in patients with poorly controlled T2DM: a double blind, prospective, randomised, cross-over clinical trial.

A double-blind, prospective, randomised, cross-over clinical trial was performed comparing a glibenclamide (G) 5.0 mg/metformin (M) 400 mg combination with a G 2.5 mg/M 400 mg formulation to evaluate whether a higher dose of glibenclamide was able to improve glycaemia in poorly controlled Type 2 diabetic patients. One hundred and ninety-eight patients with poorly controlled Type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomised to receive one of the two trial drugs for a first 3-month period, and were then assigned to the alternative combination for further 3 months. The starting dose (2 tablets/day, 30 min before breakfast and dinner) was to be up-titrated to 3 tablets/day when required. A standard dietary regimen was kept constant for the total trial duration. Fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, C-peptide, insulin and lactate levels, haematology and blood chemistry were measured at the start/end of each cycle. Patients' self-assessment of the glycaemic profile (at fasting and 2 hr after the main meals) was performed weekly. Patients were constantly monitored for adverse events and episodes of hypoglycaemia, and all events were recorded. Decrease of mean fasting glucose levels measured in the first cycle was more pronounced in the group treated with G 5.0 mg/M 400 (p<0.01) compared to baseline, although the difference was not significant--no changes were observed in the second 3-month period. Results of patients' self-assessment of the glycaemic profile in the overall 6-month period show that the two trial drugs produced similar effects on fasting glucose, but the decrease of post-prandial glycaemic levels was markedly higher with G 5 mg/M 400 mg than with G 2.5 mg/M 400 mg at both main meals. A similar significant decrease (p<0.01) of HbA1c was observed in both sequence groups at the end of the first 3-month treatment period, and mean levels remained unchanged at 6 months. Drug-related adverse events were observed in 2 patients during treatment with G 2.5 mg/M 400 mg and in 5 with G 5 mg/M 400 mg, while 14 and 22 episodes of hypoglycaemia occurred with the two trial drugs, respectively (p=NS between treatments). Metformin-induced increases of lactate levels were similar in the two sequence groups. No differences between groups were found either in the number of up-titrated patients or in all the other laboratory parameters. In conclusion, the new combination containing 5-mg glibenclamide produced a greater improvement in post-prandial glycaemic control compared with the standard fixed doses, and resulted equally safe and well tolerated.

Sertoli cell-induced adult rat islet beta-cell mitogenesis: causative pathways.

We have previously observed that in vitro co-incubation of rat pre-pubertal Sertoli cells (SC), or their dialyzed/concentrated secretory products with homologous islets, resulted in significant stimulation of the islet beta-cell mitotic index. Aim of the present work was to assess both the specificity and nature of the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. For this purpose, first we tested astrocytes (AA), separated and purified from the rat brain cortex, where they are known to release a number of growth factors and neurotrophic cytokines, for co-incubation with the islets. However, under the same experimental conditions used for SC, AA did not induce any changes in the beta-cell life cycle, thereby confirming specificity of SC, with respect to induction of beta-cell mitogenicity. For the second purpose, we examined the products of PD-1, a gene located in the cytoplasm of SC, where it promotes spermatogenesis. By blocking the protein encoded by PD-1, under appropriate culture conditions, we observed that the SC-induced increase in beta-cell mitotic activity lost its statistical significance, which suggested a role of PD-1 with respect to SC-related mitogenic properties on beta-cells. These findings corroborate the idea that SC, by either direct contact, or by means of their secretory products, clearly affect the islet beta-cell mitotic rate. Preliminarily, PD-1 gene, located in the cytoplasm of SC, might be one of the factors involved with the induction of beta-cell mitotic activity. In conclusion, SC-induced beta-cell mitotic activity is specific, seemingly mediated by humoral factors whose acting mechanisms have started being unfolded.