Teacher's social desirability bias and Migrant students: A study on explicit and implicit prejudices with a list experiment.

Scholarly research has consistently shown that teachers present negative assessments of and attitudes toward migrant students. However, previous studies have not clearly addressed the distinction between implicit and explicit prejudices, or identified their underlying sources. This study identifies the explicit and implicit prejudices held by elementary and middle school teachers regarding the learning abilities of an ethnic minority group: Haitian students within the Chilean educational system. We use a list experiment to assess how social desirability and intergroup attitudes toward minority students influence teachers' prejudices. The findings reveal that teachers harbor implicit prejudices towards Haitian students and are truthful in reporting their attitudes, thereby contradicting the desirability bias hypothesis. We suggest that teachers rely on stereotypes associated with the students' nationality when assessing Haitian students' learning abilities. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to theories grounded in stereotypes and intergroup attitudes.

Socioeconomic disparities in the reopening of schools during the pandemic in Chile.

The COVID-19 pandemic produced the most significant disruption in education in history. More than 190 countries suspended in-person instruction, affecting an estimated 1.6 billion students. The reopening of schools has been unequal. Schools in more affluent areas reopened sooner than poorer ones, exacerbating preexisting inequalities. There is limited research about the reopening processes in Latin America, where schools were closed for extended periods. Using a rich administrative dataset, we investigate the gaps in the resumption of in-person instruction in Chilean schools across socioeconomic groups in the fall of 2021. Schools with lower socioeconomic status were significantly less likely to offer in-person instruction. Disparities in reopening decisions were associated with administrative factors rather than economic or local epidemiological conditions.

Effect of diet and physical exercise on weight, body composition, and resting metabolic rate in obese chilean adults

ABSTRACT Background: Diet and exercise are the mainstay of weight reduction programs. Aim: To evaluate the effect of diet and exercise on body weight and composition and resting metabolic rate (RMR) in obese adults. Material and Methods: Twenty-eight obese adults aged 22 to 61 years (18 women) completed four months of diet and exercise. They attended monthly nutritional consultations, and two-three weekly exercise sessions. At baseline and the end of the intervention, anthropometry, body composition by bioimpedance and RMR by indirect calorimetry (IC) were measured. Metabolic adaptation, defined as a decrease in thermogenesis to an extent greater than predicted based on the change in body weight and composition, was calculated. RESULTS: Significant reductions in body weight and fat mass were observed in both genders. Fat-free mass decreased in women and remained unchanged in men. RMR remained stable. Metabolic adaptation was observed in 11/27 participants. Fat mass change in participants with and without metabolic adaptation was 8 Kg and 4,4 kg, respectively (p = 0,018). In the linear regression analysis, male sex accounted for a higher RMR (247.80 Kcal, p = 0,006) than females. For each kg of fat and fat free mass, the RMR varies 7.25 Kcal, (p = 0.02) and 9.79 Kcal (p = 0,006), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The intervention reduced body weight and fat mass and maintained RMR. Fat free mass decreased in women. Participants with metabolic adaptation showed greater changes in fat mass.

ANTECEDENTES: Para el tratamiento de la obesidad, la dieta y ejercicio físico (EF) contribuyen a reducir el peso corporal (PC), masa grasa (MG) y a mantener la masa libre de grasa (MLG) y tasa metabólica en reposo (TMR). Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la dieta y EF sobre el PC, composición corporal (CC), TMR y la presencia de adaptación metabólica. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Veintiocho adultos obesos completaron cuatro meses de dieta y EF. Los adultos asistieron a consulta nutricional mensual y a 2-3 sesiones de EF semanal. En el período basal y después de la intervención se midió antropometría, CC por bioimpedanciometria y TMR por calorimetría indirecta. Se calculo la presencia de adaptación metabólica, definida como una disminución de la termogénesis mayor que la predicha por el cambio en peso y composición corporal. Resultados: Se observó una disminución significativa de PC y MG en hombres y mujeres. La MLG disminuyó en las mujeres y se mantuvo en los hombres. La TMR se mantuvo estable. Se observó adaptación metabólica en 11/27 participantes y una relación significativa con el cambio en MG (p = 0,018). En la regresión lineal, el sexo masculino da cuenta de una mayor TMR (247,80 Kcal, p = 0,006) que el sexo femenino. Por cada kg de MG y MLG la TMR varía 7,25 Kcal, (p = 0,02) y 9,79 Kcal, (p = 0,006) respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: La intervención redujo el PC y la MG, y mantuvo TMR. La MLG disminuyó en las mujeres. Los sujetos con adaptación metabólica mostraron mayores cambios de MG.

Effect of diet and physical exercise on weight, body composition, and resting metabolic rate in obese chilean adults.

BACKGROUND: Diet and exercise are the mainstay of weight reduction programs. AIM: To evaluate the effect of diet and exercise on body weight and composition and resting metabolic rate (RMR) in obese adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-eight obese adults aged 22 to 61 years (18 women) completed four months of diet and exercise. They attended monthly nutritional consultations, and two-three weekly exercise sessions. At baseline and the end of the intervention, anthropometry, body composition by bioimpedance and RMR by indirect calorimetry (IC) were measured. Metabolic adaptation, defined as a decrease in thermogenesis to an extent greater than predicted based on the change in body weight and composition, was calculated. RESULTS: Significant reductions in body weight and fat mass were observed in both genders. Fat-free mass decreased in women and remained unchanged in men. RMR remained stable. Metabolic adaptation was observed in 11/27 participants. Fat mass change in participants with and without metabolic adaptation was 8 Kg and 4,4 kg, respectively (p = 0,018). In the linear regression analysis, male sex accounted for a higher RMR (247.80 Kcal, p = 0,006) than females. For each kg of fat and fat free mass, the RMR varies 7.25 Kcal, (p = 0.02) and 9.79 Kcal (p = 0,006), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The intervention reduced body weight and fat mass and maintained RMR. Fat free mass decreased in women. Participants with metabolic adaptation showed greater changes in fat mass.

Employment effects of COVID-19 across Chilean regions: An application of the translog cost function.

Estimating an aggregated translog cost function for the period 2013-2018, and using alternative scenarios of product loss based on expert projections, this article provides a preliminary forecast of the regional employment effects of COVID-19 across Chilean regions. The total estimated loss in the average scenario was around 705,000 jobs (577,000 in the optimistic and 870,000 in the pessimistic scenarios). Relative impacts were spatially heterogeneous, ranging from 1.5% (Antofagasta Region) to 13.6% (Los Lagos Region) of total regional jobs in the average scenario. Estimated impacts may inform regionally-targeted social protection and economic stimulus policies at a time in which the virus has not fully spread and total regional employment impacts have not been realized. In any region and scenario, estimated losses were sizeable and call for rapid and spread implementation of job and production protection initiatives recently passed as well as others still being discussed in congress.

Este artículo ofrece un pronóstico preliminar de los efectos de COVID­19 en el empleo regional en las regiones de Chile, para lo cual estima una función de costos translog agregados para el período 2013­2018 y utiliza escenarios alternativos de pérdida de producto basados en las proyecciones de expertos. La pérdida total estimada en el escenario promedio fue de alrededor de 705.000 puestos de trabajo (577.000 en el escenario optimista y 870.000 en el pesimista). Los impactos relativos fueron heterogéneos espacialmente, y variaron entre el 1,5% (Región de Antofagasta) y el 13,6% (Región de Los Lagos) del total de empleos regionales en el escenario promedio. Los impactos estimados pueden informar políticas a nivel regional específicas en cuanto a protección social y estímulo económico en un momento en que el virus no se ha propagado plenamente y no ha tenido lugar la totalidad de los impactos sobre el empleo en la región. En todas las regiones y escenarios, las pérdidas estimadas fueron considerables y exigen la aplicación rápida y generalizada de las iniciativas de protección del empleo y la producción aprobadas recientemente, así como otras que todavía se están debatiendo en el congreso.

Epidemiología del síndrome de ovario poliquístico en Chillán-Chile / Epidemiology of polycystic ovary syndrome in Chillan-Chile

Introducción: El síndrome de ovario poliquístico (SOP) es una disfunción endocrino metabólica de alta prevalencia, definida por alteraciones menstruales, hirsutismo, y ováricos morfológicamente poliquístico. Objetivos: Describir las características clínicas de las pacientes con SOP atendidas en el consultorio adosado de especialidades (CAE) del Hospital clínico Herminda Martin (HCHM) de Chillán. Materiales y método: Estudio transversal de 116 pacientes con diagnóstico de SOP (CIE-10 E28.2), en edad fértil, con diagnóstico realizado en CAE del HCHM durante 2010 y 2014. Se obtuvieron datos demográficos y clínicos, luego fueron tabulados en Excel para su análisis. Resultados: El grupo etario más frecuente fueron las pacientes entre 15 y 19 años. En la mayoría de los casos, la consulta se debió a alteraciones menstruales e hirsutismo. Un 33,6% de las pacientes correspondieron a SOP clásico. Un 72,4% presentó insulinoresistencia (IR) y un 40% sobrepeso. Discusión: Su fuerte relación con síndrome metabólico, nos lleva a plantear la posibilidad de aplicar medidas de prevención primaria, en los grupos poblacionales que han sido caracterizados enfrentando esta patología como una enfermedad endocrino-metabólica y tratarla de forma integral por un grupo multidisciplinario. Se sugiere realizar una pesquisa sistemática en pacientes de riesgo, incluyendo el SOP en programas de pesquisa específicos para enfermedades no transmisibles (examen médico preventivo del adolecente y del adulto).

Introduction: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine-metabolic dysfunction highly prevalence, defined by menstrual alterations, hirsutism, and polycystic ovarian morphologically. Objetive: To describe the clinical characteristics of patients with PCOS treated at the "Consultorio adosado de especialidades" (CAE) of the Hospital Clínico Herminda Martin (HCHM) of Chillán. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study of 116 patients with a diagnosis of PCOS (ICD-10 E28.2), of childbearing age, with a diagnosis made at the HCHM CAE during 2010 and 2014. Demographic and clinical data were obtained and then tabulated in Excel for your analysis. Results: The most frequent age groups were patients aged 15 to 19 years. In most cases, the consultation was due to menstrual alterations and hirsutism. A total of 33.6% of the patients were classical PCOS. 72.4% had insulin resistance (IR) and 40% were overweight. Discussion: Its strong relationship with metabolic syndrome leads us to consider the possibility of applying primary prevention measures in the population groups that have been characterized as endocrine-metabolic disease and treated in an integral way by a multidisciplinary group. It is suggested to conduct a systematic study in patients at risk, including PCOS in specific programs for noncommunicable diseases (preventive medical examination of adolescents and adults).