RESUMEN
This work reports on the nanostructural changes taking place during the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of polysaccharide-casein gel-like structures through the use of small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The results indicated that during the gastric phase, the hydrolysis of casein led to a swelling of the micellar structure, yielding peptide clusters. The presence of sulphated polysaccharides such as agar and κ-carrageenan was seen to limit the hydrolysis of casein during the gastric phase, hence decreasing the size of the formed clusters. After the intestinal phase, the produced peptidic fragments appeared to interact with the bile salts present in the digestion medium, yielding a mixture of bile salt lamellae/micelles and vesicular structures. However, in the presence of polysaccharides, which can interact with bile salts, the formation of vesicular structures was limited. Interestingly, the inclusion of casein within hybrid gel-like structures led to the formation of strong polysaccharide-protein interactions, especially in the case of κ-carrageenan. As a result, in some of the formulations, polysaccharide-peptide complexes were released towards the liquid medium, which formed larger vesicular structures. This was related to the greater protective effect of these particular gel-like structures. Furthermore, κ-carrageenan hindered the formation of bile salt lamellae/micelles. These results are of high relevance to understand the intestinal transport mechanism of the digestion products from protein-based ingredients and will allow a rational design of novel products with optimum nutritional and functional properties.
Asunto(s)
Caseínas , Micelas , Ácidos y Sales Biliares , Carragenina , Caseínas/química , Digestión , Polisacáridos , Dispersión del Ángulo Pequeño , Difracción de Rayos X , HumanosRESUMEN
La enfermedad coronavirus 2019 causada por el SARS- CoV-2, fue declarada pandemia por la Organización Mundial de la Salud el 11 de marzo de 2020. La transmisión directa se produce por vía respiratoria, mientras que en la indirecta es necesario el contacto de la mucosa bucal, nasal u ocular con superficies contaminadas. Ante la presencia de portadores asintomáticos que transmiten el virus, todos los pacientes deben ser tratados como posibles fuentes de contagio. En la atención odontológica, el contacto próximo con el paciente y la saliva hace que el personal esté en alto riesgo de infección cruzada; la práctica de la radiología dentomaxilofacial en centros radiológicos o en la clínica odontológica no está exenta de dicho riesgo. La presente revisión de literatura tuvo como objetivo elaborar recomendaciones de bioseguridad para la práctica de la radiología dentomaxilofacial. Las recomendaciones relacionadas con áreas y equipos señalan la importancia de mantener estas áreas ventiladas, con el menor tráfico de público posible y el uso de protección de barrera, limpieza y desinfección de superficies de alto contacto de los equipos radiológicos. Una de las medidas críticas para evitar la transmisión de la enfermedad es el lavado de manos y debe ser realizado por los pacientes y el personal. Los procedimientos radiográficos extrabucales deben priorizarse antes que los intrabucales. El uso de la telerradiología disminuye la posibilidad de contagio por contacto con superficies contaminadas y agiliza el flujo de información entre el clínico, el paciente y el radiólogo dentomaxilofacial.
The coronavirus disease 2019 caused by SARS-CoV-2, was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. Direct transmission occurs by respiratory route, while indirect transmission requires contact with the buccal, nasal or ocular mucosa with contaminated surfaces. In the presence of asymptomatic carriers that transmit the virus, all patients should be treated as possible sources of infection. In dental care, close contact with the patient and saliva puts staff at high risk for cross infection; The practice of dentomaxillofacial radiology in radiological centers or in the dental clinic is not exempt from this risk. The objective of the present literature review was to develop biosafety recommendations for the practice of dentomaxillofacial radiology. The recommendations related to areas and equipment indicate the importance of keeping these areas ventilated, with the least possible public traffic and the use of barrier protection, cleaning and disinfection of high-contact surfaces of radiological equipment. One of the critical measures to prevent transmission of the disease is hand washing and should be done by patients and staff. Extra-oral radiographic procedures should be prioritized over intra-oral ones. The use of teleradiology reduces the possibility of contagion by contact with contaminated surfaces and speeds up the flow of information between the clinician, the patient and the dentomaxillofacial radiologist.