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Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (SARS2) infection (PASC) is a heterogeneous condition, but the main viral drivers are unknown. Here, we use MENSA, Media Enriched with Newly Synthesized Antibodies, secreted exclusively from circulating human plasmablasts, to provide an immune snapshot that defines the underlying viral triggers. We provide proof-of-concept testing that the MENSA technology can capture the new host immune response to accurately diagnose acute primary and breakthrough infections when known SARS2 virus or proteins are present. It is also positive after vaccination when spike proteins elicit an acute immune response. Applying the same principles for long-COVID patients, MENSA is positive for SARS2 in 40% of PASC vs none of the COVID recovered (CR) patients without any sequelae demonstrating ongoing SARS2 viral inflammation only in PASC. Additionally, in PASC patients, MENSAs are also positive for Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) in 37%, Human Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in 23%, and herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2) in 15% compared to 17%, 4%, and 4% in CR controls respectively. Combined, a total of 60% of PASC patients have a positive MENSA for SARS2, EBV, CMV, and/or HSV2. MENSA offers a unique antibody snapshot to reveal the underlying viral drivers in long-COVID thus demonstrating the persistence of SARS2 and reactivation of viral herpes in 60% of PASC patients.
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BACKGROUND: This work was commissioned by the World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization to inform their update on the vitamin D requirements for children aged <4 y. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this work was to undertake multilevel and multivariable dose-response modeling of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) to total vitamin D intake in children aged <4 y with the goal of deriving updated vitamin D requirements for young children. METHODS: Systematically identified randomized controlled trials among healthy children from 2 wk up to 3.9 y of age provided with daily vitamin D supplements or vitamin D-fortified foods were included. Linear and nonlinear random effects multilevel meta-regression models with and without covariates were fitted and compared. Interindividual variability was included by simulating the individual serum 25OHD responses. The percentage of individuals reaching set minimal and maximal serum 25OHD thresholds was calculated and used to derive vitamin D requirements. RESULTS: A total of 31 trials with 186 data points from North America, Europe, Asia, and Australasia/Oceania, with latitudes ranging from 61°N to 38°S, and with participants of likely mostly light or medium skin pigmentation, were included. In 29 studies the children received vitamin D supplements and in 2 studies the children received vitamin D-fortified milk with or without supplements. The dose-response relationship between vitamin D intake and serum 25OHD was best fitted with the unadjusted quadratic model. Adding additional covariates, such as age, did not significantly improve the model. At a vitamin D intake of 10 µg/d, 97.3% of the individuals were predicted to achieve a minimal serum 25OHD threshold of 28 nmol/L. At a vitamin D intake of 35 µg/d, 1.4% of the individuals predicted to reach a maximal serum 25OHD threshold of 200 nmol/L. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, this paper details the methodological steps taken to derive vitamin D requirements in children aged <4 y, including the addition of an interindividual variability component.
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Suplementos Dietéticos , Vitamina D , Humanos , Vitamina D/sangre , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Vitamina D/administración & dosificación , Lactante , Preescolar , Organización Mundial de la Salud , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/sangre , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/prevención & control , Alimentos Fortificados , Femenino , Necesidades Nutricionales , Masculino , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Ingesta Diaria RecomendadaRESUMEN
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by multiple autoantibody types, some of which are produced by long-lived plasma cells (LLPC). Active SLE generates increased circulating antibody-secreting cells (ASC). Here, we examine the phenotypic, molecular, structural, and functional features of ASC in SLE. Relative to post-vaccination ASC in healthy controls, circulating blood ASC from patients with active SLE are enriched with newly generated mature CD19-CD138+ ASC, similar to bone marrow LLPC. ASC from patients with SLE displayed morphological features of premature maturation and a transcriptome epigenetically initiated in SLE B cells. ASC from patients with SLE exhibited elevated protein levels of CXCR4, CXCR3 and CD138, along with molecular programs that promote survival. Furthermore, they demonstrate autocrine production of APRIL and IL-10, which contributed to their prolonged in vitro survival. Our work provides insight into the mechanisms of generation, expansion, maturation and survival of SLE ASC.
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Enfermedades Autoinmunes , Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico , Humanos , Citocinas , Transcriptoma , Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico/genética , Células Productoras de AnticuerposRESUMEN
In terms of vitamin D food fortification, there are a number of important considerations in relation to selection of the food vehicle and fortificant. While there has been much research focus on the ability of fortified foods to improve vitamin D status, other considerations, such as sensory properties and acceptability, cost, and public attitudes around vitamin D-fortified foods, have received less attention. Thus, the present narrative review aimed to summarize the existing knowledge around these important considerations. In summary, its findings suggest that: i) vitamin D addition to various food vehicles, at levels consistent with the supply of part or all the recommended intake, does not alter their sensory characteristics or overall acceptability; ii) overall, vitamin D fortification of foods is relatively cost-effective, despite the fact that some attitudinal studies highlighted participant concerns about the potential cost/expense of vitamin D-fortified foods; iii) evidence from various attitudinal studies suggest a high level of acceptance and/or purchase intention (i.e., extent to which customers are willing and inclined to buy) of vitamin D-fortified food products by the general public; and iv) there have been repeated calls for vitamin D public health educational/information campaigns to help educate consumers about the health risks associated with vitamin D deficiency and nutritional benefits associated with consumption of vitamin D-fortified foods. Such campaigns could positively mediate attitudes and acceptance of vitamin D-fortified foods amongst the public, and could also help address misconceptions and allay fears around vitamin D for concerned individuals. Lastly, the findings of the present review also highlight the existence of between-country differences, even within Europe, in relation to attitudes and purchase intention of vitamin D-fortified foods and the perceived appropriateness of certain food vehicles for vitamin D fortification, as well as the best mix of communication channels for a vitamin D public health educational/information campaign.
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Deficiencia de Vitamina D , Vitamina D , Humanos , Vitaminas , Alimentos Fortificados , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/prevención & control , Europa (Continente)RESUMEN
PURPOSE: The objective of this systematic review was to determine a minimum serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) threshold based on the risk of having rickets in young children. This work was commissioned by the WHO and FAO within the framework of the update of the vitamin D requirements for children 0-3 years old. METHODS: A systematic search of Embase was conducted to identify studies involving children below 4 years of age with serum 25OHD levels and radiologically confirmed rickets, without any restriction related to the geographical location or language. Study-level and individual participant data (IPD)-level random effects multi-level meta-analyses were conducted. The odds, sensitivity and specificity for rickets at different serum 25OHD thresholds were calculated for all children as well as for children with adequate calcium intakes only. RESULTS: A total of 120 studies with 5412 participants were included. At the study-level, children with rickets had a mean serum 25OHD of 23 nmol/L (95% CI 19-27). At the IPD level, children with rickets had a median and mean serum 25OHD of 23 and 29 nmol/L, respectively. More than half (55%) of the children with rickets had serum 25OHD below 25 nmol/L, 62% below 30 nmol/L, and 79% below 40 nmol/L. Analysis of odds, sensitivities and specificities for nutritional rickets at different serum 25OHD thresholds suggested a minimal risk threshold of around 28 nmol/L for children with adequate calcium intakes and 40 nmol/L for children with low calcium intakes. CONCLUSION: This systematic review and IPD meta-analysis suggests that from a public health perspective and to inform the development of dietary requirements for vitamin D, a minimum serum 25OHD threshold of around 28 nmol/L and above would represent a low risk of nutritional rickets for the majority of children with an adequate calcium intake.
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Raquitismo , Vitamina D , Humanos , Raquitismo/sangre , Raquitismo/prevención & control , Vitamina D/sangre , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Vitamina D/administración & dosificación , Lactante , Preescolar , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/sangre , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/epidemiología , Necesidades Nutricionales , Factores de Riesgo , Dieta/métodos , Dieta/estadística & datos numéricos , Recién Nacido , Calcio de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Femenino , MasculinoRESUMEN
CONTEXT: Longitudinal data regarding vitamin D status in adolescence is scarce. This study presents population-based data from an Arctic adolescent population (n = 589) at 16 and 18 years. OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to investigate changes in vitamin D status during 2 years in adolescence, and whether lifestyle changes were associated with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (s-25(OH)D) at follow-up. METHODS: Fit Futures is a longitudinal study at 69°N in Norway. Participants had their s-25(OH)D levels analyzed in their first and third year of upper secondary school (median age 16 and 18 years), in Fit Futures 1 (FF1) and Fit Futures 2 (FF2), respectively. Self-reported lifestyle habits were registered through questionnaires. The association between lifestyle changes and s-25(OH)D levels at follow-up were calculated by regression analyses, controlling for baseline s-25(OH)D levels. RESULTS: Longitudinal data were available for 309 girls and 280 boys. The proportion of adolescents with s-25(OH)D <50 nmol/L were 73.7% in FF1 and 77.1% in FF2, while the proportion <30 nmol/L constituted 35.7% in FF1 and 40.9% in FF2. Of those with s-25(OH)D <30 nmol/L (severe vitamin D deficiency) in FF1, 73.3% remained severely deficient in FF2. Among boys, an increase in UV exposure was significantly associated with higher s-25(OH)D levels in FF2 (beta; CI [nmol/L] 12.9; 9.1, 16.7). In girls, decreased vitamin/mineral supplement intake was significantly associated with lower s-25(OH)D at FF2 (-6.7; -10.2, -3.1), while increased UV (10.8; 7.0, 14.7) and combined hormonal contraceptive exposure (12.1; 6.0, 18.1) in FF2 was significantly associated with higher s-25(OH)D levels in FF2. CONCLUSION: Severe vitamin D deficiency was prevalent throughout adolescence. Lifestyle changes may alter s-25(OH)D levels in this age group.
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Deficiencia de Vitamina D , Vitamina D , Masculino , Femenino , Adolescente , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Estudios de Seguimiento , Vitaminas , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/epidemiología , Estilo de Vida , Estaciones del AñoRESUMEN
There has been growing interest in the potential of vitamin D food fortification in Europe as a means of addressing low vitamin D status. The WHO-FAO suggest that choosing a suitable food vehicle and ensuring the combination of the food vehicle and the fortificant will be efficacious and effective are of key importance to a successful food fortification programme. Our key objective was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effect of various animal- and plant-based food vehicles fortified with vitamin D (as D3 or D2) on circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations. A list of prioritised food vehicles was established and we searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) which used these vehicles individually, and which met prespecified criteria. The searches identified 49 papers which described suitable RCTs using vitamin D-fortified bread/savoury biscuits (n = 5), orange juice (n = 5), UV-mushrooms (n = 8), cheese (n = 3), yogurt (n = 5), fluid milk (n = 13), powdered milk (n = 5), eggs (n = 2), edible oils (n = 4), or breakfast cereal (n = 1). No suitable RCTs were identified for rice, maize flour, butter, margarine or dairy spreads, plant-based milk or yogurt alternatives. Random-effects meta-analyses of each food vehicle individually indicated weighted mean differences (WMD) in 25(OH)D in the range â¼9-35 nmol/L (3-15 RCT arms, depending on vehicle), and all statistically significant (P < 0.01-0.0001), with the exception of UV-mushrooms (P = 0.06). Heterogeneity was variable (I2 =33-99%, depending on vehicle), but subgroup analysis based on vitamer and dose reduced it in some instances. Sub-group analysis on the basis of whether the food vehicles were from plant-based or animal-based origin showed no significant difference in WMD (15.2 versus 15.9 nmol/L, respectively; P = 0.48). These results support the use of various animal- and plant-based food vehicles for vitamin D fortification to improve circulating 25(OH)D concentrations in populations. This work was registered with PROSPERO as CRD42023439883.
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Alimentos Fortificados , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Vitamina D , Humanos , Vitamina D/sangre , Vitamina D/administración & dosificación , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/sangre , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/prevención & control , AnimalesRESUMEN
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by multiple autoantibodies, some of which are present in high titers in a sustained, B cell-independent fashion consistent with their generation from long-lived plasma cells (LLPC). Active SLE displays high numbers of circulating antibody-secreting cells (ASC). Understanding the mechanisms of generation and survival of SLE ASC would contribute important insight into disease pathogenesis and novel targeted therapies. We studied the properties of SLE ASC through a systematic analysis of their phenotypic, molecular, structural, and functional features. Our results indicate that in active SLE, relative to healthy post-immunization responses, blood ASC contain a much larger fraction of newly generated mature CD19- CD138+ ASC similar to bone marrow (BM) LLPC. SLE ASC were characterized by morphological and structural features of premature maturation. Additionally, SLE ASC express high levels of CXCR4 and CD138, and molecular programs consistent with increased longevity based on pro-survival and attenuated pro-apoptotic pathways. Notably, SLE ASC demonstrate autocrine production of APRIL and IL-10 and experience prolonged in vitro survival. Combined, our findings indicate that SLE ASC are endowed with enhanced peripheral maturation, survival and BM homing potential suggesting that these features likely underlie BM expansion of autoreactive PC.
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Anti-dsDNA antibodies are pathogenically heterogeneous, implying distinct origins and antigenic properties. Unexpectedly, during the clinical and molecular characterization of autoantibodies to the endonuclease DNase1L3 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we identified a subset of neutralizing anti-DNase1L3 antibodies previously catalogued as anti-dsDNA. Based on their variable heavy-chain (VH) gene usage, these antibodies can be divided in two groups. One group is encoded by the inherently autoreactive VH4-34 gene segment, derives from anti-DNase1L3 germline-encoded precursors, and gains cross-reactivity to dsDNA - and some additionally to cardiolipin - following somatic hypermutation. The second group, originally defined as nephritogenic anti-dsDNA antibodies, is encoded by diverse VH gene segments. Although affinity maturation results in dual reactivity to DNase1L3 and dsDNA, their binding efficiencies favor DNase1L3 as the primary antigen. Clinical, transcriptional and monoclonal antibody data support that cross-reactive anti-DNase1L3/dsDNA antibodies are more pathogenic than single reactive anti-dsDNA antibodies. These findings point to DNase1L3 as the primary target of a subset of antibodies classified as anti-dsDNA, shedding light on the origin and pathogenic heterogeneity of antibodies reactive to dsDNA in SLE.
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Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico , Humanos , Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico/genética , Autoanticuerpos , Anticuerpos Antinucleares/genética , ADN/metabolismo , Anticuerpos Monoclonales , Endodesoxirribonucleasas/genéticaRESUMEN
Immunoglobulin (Ig) E is central to the pathogenesis of allergic conditions, including allergic fungal rhinosinusitis. However, little is known about IgE antibody secreting cells (ASCs). We performed single-cell RNA sequencing from cluster of differentiation (CD)19+ and CD19- ASCs of nasal polyps from patients with allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (n = 3). Nasal polyps were highly enriched in CD19+ ASCs. Class-switched IgG and IgA ASCs were dominant (95.8%), whereas IgE ASCs were rare (2%) and found only in the CD19+ compartment. Through Ig gene repertoire analysis, IgE ASCs shared clones with IgD-CD27- "double-negative" B cells, IgD+CD27+ unswitched memory B cells, and IgD-CD27+ switched memory B cells, suggesting ontogeny from both IgD+ and memory B cells. Transcriptionally, mucosal IgE ASCs upregulate pathways related to antigen presentation, chemotaxis, B cell receptor stimulation, and survival compared with non-IgE ASCs. Additionally, IgE ASCs have a higher expression of genes encoding lysosomal-associated protein transmembrane 5 (LAPTM5) and CD23, as well as upregulation of CD74 (receptor for macrophage inhibitory factor), store-operated Calcium entry-associated regulatory factor (SARAF), and B cell activating factor receptor (BAFFR), which resemble an early minted ASC phenotype. Overall, these findings reinforce the paradigm that human ex vivo mucosal IgE ASCs have a more immature plasma cell phenotype than other class-switched mucosal ASCs and suggest unique functional roles for mucosal IgE ASCs in concert with Ig secretion.
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Pólipos Nasales , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina E , Células Productoras de Anticuerpos , Mucosa Nasal , Fenotipo , Análisis de la Célula IndividualRESUMEN
The dietary role of meat is under scrutiny for health and environmental reasons, yet a growing body of evidence proposes that advice to limit red meat consumption is unnecessarily restrictive. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of 'fresh beef and lamb' in the diet of the population (5-90 years) in Ireland and its association with markers of nutrition and health status. Analyses are based on data from three nationally representative dietary surveys in the Republic of Ireland. Dietary intake data were estimated using food records, and nutrient intakes were estimated based on UK and Irish food composition tables. Biochemical samples were collected and analysed using standard procedures. 'Fresh beef and lamb' (defined as beef/lamb that had not undergone any preserving process other than chilling/freezing/quick-freezing) was consumed by 68-84% of the population and intakes ranged from 19 to 43 g/d across age groups. It made important contributions to intakes of protein, monounsaturated fat, vitamins D, B12, niacin, iron and zinc while also contributing relatively small proportions of total fat, saturated fat and salt. Higher consumption of 'fresh beef and lamb' was associated with higher intakes of protein, niacin, vitamins B6, B12, zinc and potassium (but also total fat) and lower intakes of carbohydrate and total sugars (but also dietary fibre). In adults, older adults and WCBA, higher consumption of 'fresh beef and lamb' was not associated with increased risk factors of cardio-metabolic diseases nor was it associated with better or poorer nutritional status for vitamins D, B12 or iron. This study adds to the evidence base on the contribution of 'fresh beef and lamb' in the diet and may be useful to policymakers updating guidance for healthy diets from sustainable food systems.
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Niacina , Carne Roja , Animales , Bovinos , Ovinos , Estado Nutricional , Irlanda , Ingestión de Alimentos , Dieta , Vitaminas , Zinc , Hierro , Encuestas Nutricionales , Grasas de la Dieta , Ingestión de Energía , Conducta AlimentariaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Low vitamin D status is a global problem and has been associated with reduced skeletal and cardiometabolic health. However, evidence in young children is lacking. We, therefore, aimed to characterise vitamin D status in toddlers, identify its determinants, and explore if vitamin D status was associated with bone mineralisation and lipid profile. METHODS: We used cross-sectional data from 3-year-old children (n = 323) living in Denmark (latitude: 55°N). Bone mineralisation (n = 108) was measured by DXA. Blood samples were analysed for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (s-25(OH)D) by LC-MS/MS, triacylglycerol, and total, low- and high density lipoprotein cholesterol. RESULTS: Mean ± SD s-25(OH)D was 69 ± 23 nmol/L, but varied with season. During winter, 38% had inadequate s-25(OH)D (< 50 nmol), whereof 15% had deficiency (< 30 nmol/L); these numbers were only 7 and 1% during summer. In terms of status determinants, supplement use (66% were users) was associated with s-25(OH)D (P < 0.001), whereas dietary vitamin D intake (median [25-75th percentile] of 1.3 [0.9-1.9] µg/d), sex, parental education, BMI, and physical activity were not. There were no associations between s-25(OH)D and blood lipids or bone measurements, using either unadjusted or adjusted regression models. CONCLUSION: More than 1/3 of Danish toddlers had inadequate vitamin D intake during winter, but acceptable mean vitamin D status. In addition to season, supplement use was the main determinant of vitamin D status, which was, however, not associated with bone mineralisation or lipid profile. The results support recommendations of vitamin D supplements during winter at northern latitudes, but potential health effects need further investigation.
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Deficiencia de Vitamina D , Humanos , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Cromatografía Liquida , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/epidemiología , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Vitamina D , Vitaminas , Suplementos Dietéticos , Calcifediol , Dinamarca/epidemiología , Estaciones del AñoRESUMEN
Vitamin D is a key component for optimal growth and for calcium-phosphate homeostasis. Skin photosynthesis is the main source of vitamin D. Limited sun exposure and insufficient dietary vitamin D supply justify vitamin D supplementation in certain age groups. In older adults, recommended doses for vitamin D supplementation vary between 200 and 2000 IU/day, to achieve a goal of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (calcifediol) of at least 50 nmol/L. The target level depends on the population being supplemented, the assessed system, and the outcome. Several recent large randomized trials with oral vitamin D regimens varying between 2000 and 100,000 IU/month and mostly conducted in vitamin D-replete and healthy individuals have failed to detect any efficacy of these approaches for the prevention of fracture and falls. Considering the well-recognized major musculoskeletal disorders associated with severe vitamin D deficiency and taking into account a possible biphasic effects of vitamin D on fracture and fall risks, an European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO) working group convened, carefully reviewed, and analyzed the meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials on the effects of vitamin D on fracture risk, falls or osteoarthritis, and came to the conclusion that 1000 IU daily should be recommended in patients at increased risk of vitamin D deficiency. The group also addressed the identification of patients possibly benefitting from a vitamin D loading dose to achieve early 25-hydroxyvitamin D therapeutic level or from calcifediol administration.
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Conservadores de la Densidad Ósea , Fracturas Óseas , Osteoartritis , Osteoporosis , Deficiencia de Vitamina D , Humanos , Anciano , Calcifediol , Vitamina D , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/epidemiología , Osteoporosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Vitaminas/uso terapéutico , Conservadores de la Densidad Ósea/uso terapéutico , Suplementos Dietéticos/efectos adversos , Fracturas Óseas/prevención & control , Osteoartritis/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Background: B lymphocytes are dysregulated in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) including the expansion of extrafollicular B cells in patients with SLE of African American ancestry, which is associated with disease activity and nephritis. The population of Colombia has a mixture of European, Native American, and African ancestry. It is not known if Colombian patients have the same B cell distributions described previously and if they are associated with disease activity, clinical manifestations, and environmental exposures. Objective: To characterize B cell phenotype in a group of Colombian Systemic Lupus Erythematosus patients with mixed ancestry and determine possible associations with disease activity, clinical manifestations, the DNA methylation status of the IFI44L gene and environmental exposures. Materials and methods: Forty SLE patients and 17 healthy controls were recruited. Cryopreserved peripheral B lymphocytes were analyzed by multiparameter flow cytometry, and the DNA methylation status of the gene IFI44L was evaluated in resting Naive B cells (rNAV). Results: Extrafollicular active Naive (aNAV) and Double Negative type 2, DN2 (CD27- IgD- CD21- CD11c+) B cells were expanded in severe active patients and were associated with nephritis. Patients had hypomethylation of the IFI44L gene in rNAV cells. Regarding environmental exposure, patients occupationally exposed to organic solvents had increased memory CD27+ cells (SWM). Conclusion: aNAV and DN2 extrafollicular cells showed significant clinical associations in Colombian SLE patients, suggesting a relevant role in the disease's pathophysiology. Hypomethylation of the IFI44L gene in resting Naive B cells suggests that epigenetic changes are established at exceedingly early stages of B cell ontogeny. Also, an alteration in SWM memory cells was observed for the first time in patients exposed to organic solvents. This opens different clinical and basic research possibilities to corroborate these findings and deepen the knowledge of the relationship between environmental exposure and SLE.
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Severe SARS-CoV-2 infection1 has been associated with highly inflammatory immune activation since the earliest days of the COVID-19 pandemic2-5. More recently, these responses have been associated with the emergence of self-reactive antibodies with pathologic potential6-10, although their origins and resolution have remained unclear11. Previously, we and others have identified extrafollicular B cell activation, a pathway associated with the formation of new autoreactive antibodies in chronic autoimmunity12,13, as a dominant feature of severe and critical COVID-19 (refs. 14-18). Here, using single-cell B cell repertoire analysis of patients with mild and severe disease, we identify the expansion of a naive-derived, low-mutation IgG1 population of antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) reflecting features of low selective pressure. These features correlate with progressive, broad, clinically relevant autoreactivity, particularly directed against nuclear antigens and carbamylated proteins, emerging 10-15 days after the onset of symptoms. Detailed analysis of the low-selection compartment shows a high frequency of clonotypes specific for both SARS-CoV-2 and autoantigens, including pathogenic autoantibodies against the glomerular basement membrane. We further identify the contraction of this pathway on recovery, re-establishment of tolerance standards and concomitant loss of acute-derived ASCs irrespective of antigen specificity. However, serological autoreactivity persists in a subset of patients with postacute sequelae, raising important questions as to the contribution of emerging autoreactivity to continuing symptomology on recovery. In summary, this study demonstrates the origins, breadth and resolution of autoreactivity in severe COVID-19, with implications for early intervention and the treatment of patients with post-COVID sequelae.
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Autoanticuerpos , Linfocitos B , COVID-19 , Humanos , Autoanticuerpos/inmunología , Linfocitos B/inmunología , Linfocitos B/patología , COVID-19/inmunología , COVID-19/patología , COVID-19/fisiopatología , SARS-CoV-2/inmunología , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidad , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Análisis de la Célula Individual , Autoantígenos/inmunología , Membrana Basal/inmunología , Síndrome Post Agudo de COVID-19RESUMEN
Vitamin D is truly unique-not a 'vital' amine in the true sense of the word, but rather a prohormone, which is produced in the skin during exposure to sunlight (UVB radiation at 290-315 nm) and which can also be obtained from food and from supplements. A high prevalence of low vitamin D status has been reported across the world in a wide range of population groups, and this includes communities living in low latitude areas despite the abundance of sunlight. It is accepted that vitamin D status is reflected by the level of the circulating metabolite 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D), which is produced by hepatic hydroxylation of vitamin D, derived either from the skin from UV exposure or the gut from oral intake. Vitamin D has been associated with a wide range of health outcomes, but controversies remain as to their exact nature and extent and whether associations are in the causal pathway. In order to enable wider discussions on this nutrient, a 'Hot Topic' Vitamin D Workshop achieved funding from the UK Nutrition Research Partnership Medical Research Council call. The objectives of the workshop were (1) to elucidate the role of vitamin D in human health and (2) develop strategies to improve vitamin D status in the UK population. This paper provides a detailed resume of the discussions of the workshop; of the presentations and concomitant Q&As; and of identified areas for future research.
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Deficiencia de Vitamina D , Humanos , Estaciones del Año , Reino Unido/epidemiología , Vitamina D , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/epidemiología , VitaminasRESUMEN
CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: In light of the key roles of vitamin D and calcium in adolescent bone health, there is a critical need for representative data on nutritional status for both micronutrients in teenagers. The present work used data from the recent representative National Teens' Food Survey II (2019-2020) to assess calcium and vitamin D intakes of teenagers in Ireland, including adequacy of such intakes, as well as, for the first time, to characterise serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations and their determinants. METHODS: Usual calcium and vitamin D intake estimates were generated using food intake data (via 4-day weighed food records) from a nationally representative sample of teenagers aged 13-18 years in Ireland (n 428). Serum 25(OH)D was measured (via LC-MS/MS) in the 57.5% (n 246) who provided a blood sample. RESULTS: Sixty-seven and 94% of Irish teenagers had intakes of calcium and vitamin D below the respective Estimated Average Requirements values, reflecting a high degree of inadequacy of intake for both micronutrients (and higher in girls than boys; P < 0.001). In addition, 21.7% and 33.1% of teenagers had serum 25(OH)D < 30 nmol/L (risk of vitamin D deficiency) and 30-49.9 nmol/L (inadequacy), respectively. Extended winter sampling, being aged 16-18 years, low total vitamin D intake, being overweight/obese or being of non-white skin type were significant (P < 0.05) predictors of serum 25(OH)D < 30 nmol/L. CONCLUSIONS: There was a high prevalence of inadequacy of intake of calcium and vitamin D in Irish teenagers, and a fifth were at increased risk of vitamin D deficiency.
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Estado Nutricional , Deficiencia de Vitamina D , Masculino , Femenino , Adolescente , Humanos , Calcio , Cromatografía Liquida , Suplementos Dietéticos , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Vitamina D , Calcio de la Dieta , Vitaminas , Micronutrientes , Estaciones del Año , Ingestión de AlimentosRESUMEN
Background: Internationally, concern has been repeatedly raised about the little notable progress in the collection, analysis and use of population micronutrient status and deficiency data globally. The need for representative status and intake data for vitamin D has been highlighted as a research priority for well over a decade. Aim and methods: A narrative review which aims to provide a summary and assessment of vitamin D nutritional status data globally. This review divides the world into the Food and Agriculture Organisation's (FAO) major regions: the Americas, Europe, Oceania, Africa and Asia. Emphasis was placed on published data on the prevalence of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) < 25/30 and <50 nmol/L (reflecting vitamin D deficiency and inadequacy, respectively) as well as vitamin D intake, where possible from nationally representative surveys. Results: Collating data from the limited number of available representative surveys from individual countries might suggest a relatively low overall prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in South America, Oceania and North America, whereas there is more moderate prevalence in Europe and Asia, and possibly Africa. Overall, the prevalence of serum 25(OH)D < 25/30 and <50 nmol/L ranges from ~5 to 18% and 24 to 49%, respectively, depending on FAO world region. Usual intakes of vitamin D can also vary by FAO world region, but in general, with a few exceptions, there are very high levels of inadequacy of vitamin D intake. Conclusions: While the burden of vitamin D deficiency and inadequacy varies by world regions and not just by UVB availability, the global burden overall translates into enormous numbers of individuals at risk.
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BACKGROUND: Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] has been the accepted vitamin D exposure/intake biomarker of choice within recent DRI exercises, but use of other vitamin D-related biomarkers as well as functional markers has been suggested. These may be of value in future vitamin D DRI exercises, such as the FAO/WHO's one for young children. OBJECTIVES: To systematically review the usefulness of circulating 25(OH)D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), free and bioavailable 25(OH)D, C3-epimer of 25(OH)D, vitamin D3, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [24,25(OH)2D], and bone turnover markers and calcium absorption as vitamin D biomarkers for DRI development in children. METHODS: Methods included structured searches of published articles, full-text reviews, data extraction, quality assessment, meta-analysis, and random-effects meta-regression. RESULTS: Fifty-nine vitamin D supplementation randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included (39 in infants/children as the priority group and the remainder in adults since pediatric studies were absent/limited). Vitamin D supplementation significantly raised circulating 25(OH)D in infants and children, but the response was highly heterogeneous [weighted mean difference (WMD): 27.7 nmol/L; 95% CI: 22.9, 32.5; 27 RCTs; I2 = 93%]. Meta-regression suggested an increase by 1.7 nmol/L (95% CI: 0.7, 2.6) in serum 25(OH)D per each 100-IU increment in vitamin D intake (P = 0.0005). Vitamin D supplementation had a significant effect on circulating 24,25(OH)2D (WMD: 3.4 nmol/L; 95% CI: 2.4, 4.5; 13 RCTs; I2 = 95%), with a dose-response relation (+0.15 nmol/L per 100 IU; 95% CI: -0.01, 0.29). With circulating PTH, although there was a significant effect of vitamin D on WMD (P = 0.05), there was no significant dose-response relation (P = 0.32). Pediatric data were too limited in relation to the usefulness of the other biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS: Circulating 25(OH)D may be a useful biomarker of vitamin D exposure/intake for DRI development in infants and children. Circulating 24,25(OH)2D also showed some promise, but further data are needed, especially in infants and children.