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ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (called Shaoyao in China) is a common herb cultivated all over the world. In some Asian and European countries, such as China, Japan, South Korea and Britain, P. lactiflora has a long history of ethnomedical uses, which is widely used to relieve pain, treat gynecological diseases, anti-infection and so on. It is attributed to the extensive pharmacological activities of total glucosides of P. lactiflora. Up to now, it is still commonly used in clinical medicine. THE AIM OF THE REVIEW: The paper aims to make a comprehensive review on the botanical characterization and distribution, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, biosynthesis pathway, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and quality control of P. lactiflora, so as to provide new insights and scientific evidence for the subsequent research. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The information of P. lactiflora was obtained from books related to traditional Chinese medicine and electronic databases, including Scifinder, PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI and Google Scholar. RESULTS: P. lactiflora is a kind of herb with a long history and it is used for medicine, food and ornamental, and shows high utilization value. There are 200 compounds have been identified from it, including terpenoids, flavonoids, polyphenols, organic acids and others, among those paeoniflorin, a monoterpenoid glycoside, has multiple activities and is currently the focus of pharmacological research. A great deal of pharmacological experiments supported the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, antibacterial, antitumor, dermatosis treating and other effects of P. lactiflora. In addition, evaluating the quality of P. lactiflora is essential to safe use of drug in humans. CONCLUSIONS: The chemical components of P. lactiflora are diverse and have a wide range of activities. Modern pharmacological studies have provided reliable evidence for the traditional efficacy, such as suppressing liver yang, regulating menstruation and relieving pain. However, there are still some problems to be solved, such as part of the pharmacological mechanism has not been clarified and the biosynthetic pathway of cage-like monoterpenoids remains poorly defined. In addition, further studies on compounds other than paeoniflorin are clearly warranted. It is hoped that P. lactiflora will serve the clinic better in the future.
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Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (CRP) is used as common health-care food and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which exerts pharmacological effects, such as anti-cardiovascular, anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-virus, hepatoprotective, blood pressure-lowering and neuroprotective. In this study, reliable, and sensitive ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods were developed and validated for the determination of eleven active components in rat plasma after oral administration of the CRP extract. The results of this method exhibited that the specificity, linearity (r > 0.999), precision and accuracy (the coefficient of variation (CV) < 11.5â¯%), recovery (52.9-107.9â¯%), matrix effects (63.8-107.5â¯%), and stability (CV < 10.8â¯%) met all requirements for the quantitation of plasma samples. The pharmacokinetic results showed that the Tmax of flavone glycosides was less than 0.7â¯h, and that of polymethoxyflavones and volatile components were within 1-7â¯h. Meanwhile, the area-under-the-curve (AUC) and concentration maximum (Cmax) of hesperidin, nobiletin, tangeretin, and D-limonene were higher than those of the other components, suggesting that the plasma exposure levels of these constituents were higher in CRP. The present research lays a foundation for elucidating the therapeutic material basis and provides a reference for further scientific research and clinical application of CRP.
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Citrus , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Animales , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem/métodos , Ratas , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Administración Oral , Citrus/química , Masculino , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Flavonas/farmacocinética , Flavonas/sangre , Flavonas/administración & dosificación , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/farmacocinética , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/administración & dosificación , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacocinética , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/sangre , Extractos Vegetales/química , Cromatografía Líquida con Espectrometría de MasasRESUMEN
Introduction: Pogostemon cablin (PC) is used in traditional Chinese medicine and food, as it exerts pharmacological effects, such as immune-modulatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, antitumor, and antiviral. Currently, the pharmacokinetics (PK) studies of PC mainly focus on individual components. However, research on these individual components cannot reflect the actual PK characteristics of PC after administration. Therefore, the simultaneous determination of multiple components in rat plasma using UPLC-MS/MS was used for the pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of PC extract in this study, providing reference value for the clinical application of PC. Methods: In the present study, a reliable and sensitive ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of 15 prototype components (vanillic acid, vitexin, verbascoside, isoacteoside, hyperoside, cosmosiin, apigenin, ß-rhamnocitrin, acacetin, ombuin, pogostone, pachypodol, vicenin-2, retusin, and diosmetin-7-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside) in rat plasma after oral administration of the PC extract. Plasma samples were prepared via protein precipitation using acetonitrile, and icariin was used as the internal standard (IS). Results: The intra-day and inter-day accuracies ranged from -12.0 to 14.3%, and the precision of the analytes was less than 11.3%. The extraction recovery rate of the analytes ranged from 70.6-104.5%, and the matrix effects ranged from 67.4-104.8%. Stability studies proved that the analytes were stable under the tested conditions, with a relative standard deviation lower than 14.1%. Conclusion: The developed method can be applied to evaluate the PK of 15 prototype components in PC extracts of rats after oral administration using UPLC-MS/MS, providing valuable information for the development and clinical safe, effective, and rational use of PC.
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Pogostemon cablin (PC) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and food as well as an important essential oil plant in China. PC essential oil exerts pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-platelet, anti-thrombotic, and anti-depressant. This study established a reliable and sensitive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for the simultaneous determination of the pharmacokinetics of patchouli alcohol, ß-elemene, ß-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, and farnesol in the plasma of rats after oral administration of PC essential oil extract. Using ethyl acetate to prepare the plasma samples, and p-menthone was used as the internal standard (IS). An HP5-MS column (0.25 µm × 0.25 mm × 30 m) was used for chromatographic separation, and detection was performed in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The accuracies of intra-day and inter-day for all analytes displayed a range of -6.7 %-9.2 %, with precision below 12.5 %. Extraction recoveries for analytes ranged from 74.0 to 106.4 % and matrix effects ranged from 92.4 to 106.9 %. Stability results have demonstrated that the relative standard deviations (RSD) of analytes were below 12.1 %. Therefore, the developed GC-MS method successfully evaluated the pharmacokinetics of five volatile components in PC essential oil extract administered orally to rats.
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Cimicifugae Rhizoma, generally known as "Sheng Ma" in China, has great medicinal and dietary values. Cimicifugae Rhizoma is the dried rhizome of Cimicifuga foetida L., Cimicifuga dahurica (Turcz.) Maxim. and Cimicifuga heracleifolia Kom., which has been used to treat wind-heat headache, tooth pain, aphtha, sore throat, prolapse of anus and uterine prolapse in traditional Chinese medicine. This review systematically presents the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, clinical studies, quality control and toxicity of Cimicifugae Rhizoma in order to propose scientific evidence for its rational utilization and product development. Herein, 348 compounds isolated or identified from the herb are summarized in this review, mainly including triterpenoid saponins, phenylpropanoids, chromones, alkaloids, terpenoids and flavonoids. The crude extracts and its constituents had various pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiviral, antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-osteoporosis and relieving menopausal symptoms. The recent research progress of Cimicifugae Rhizoma in ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacological effects demonstrates the effectiveness of its utilization and supplies valuable guidance for further research. This review will provide a basis for the future development and utilization of Cimicifugae Rhizoma.
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The two-step preconcentration technique consisting of large-volume sample stacking (LVSS) and micelle to solvent stacking (MSS) in cyclodextrin-modified electrokinetic chromatography (CDEKC) was developed for the analysis of five cationic alkaloids in complex Chinese herbal prescriptions. Relevant parameters affecting separation and stacking performance were optimized separately. Under the optimal LVSS-MSS-CDEKC conditions, less analysis time and organic solvent were required, and the enhancement factors of analytes ranged from 12 to 15 compared with the normal CDEKC separation mode. Further, all validation results demonstrated good applicability and multiple alkaloids (epiberberine, dehydrocorydaline, jatrorrhizine, coptisine and berberine) in Yangxinshi tablet (YXST) have been simultaneously determined. This approach presents powerful potential for the determination of multiple components in complex preparations of Chinese medicine.
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Alcaloides , Cromatografía Capilar Electrocinética Micelar , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Comprimidos , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/química , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/análisis , Cromatografía Capilar Electrocinética Micelar/métodos , Comprimidos/química , Alcaloides/análisis , Alcaloides/química , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Micelas , Modelos Lineales , Ciclodextrinas/química , Límite de DetecciónRESUMEN
The utilization of deep eutectic solvents (DES) in sustainable extracting and separating of phytochemicals shows promising prospect. An exceptionally fast, eco-friendly, and sustainable approach was proposed for extracting bioactive compounds from Coptidis Rhizoma based on deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasound-assisted matrix solid phase dispersion (DES-UA-MSPD). Single-factor experiments and Box-Behnken design were utilized to explore the optimal extraction conditions. The analysis indicated that the acidic DES, especially betaine-acrylic acid (Bet-Aa 1:4 mol/mol) with 50% water content, was proved to be the most effective medium for the extraction of alkaloids (magnoflorine, groenlandicine, coptisine, epiberberine, berberine and palmatine) and organic acid (chlorogenic acid). With the parameters optimized, the total maximum extraction yield of alkaloids and organic acids reached 128.83 mg g-1 applying the optimal DES, which was 1.33-5.33 folds higher than conventional extraction solvents. Additionally, through microstructure analysis using scanning electron microscopy, density functional theory , and frontier molecular orbitals theory, a deeper understanding of the extraction principle was gained, and the molecular mechanism of DES synthesis and the interactions between target compounds were systematically elucidated. The sustainable and green potential of the DES-UA-MSPD method was demonstrated through Green Analytical Procedure Indexanalysis. The overall results of this investigation revealed that the proposed technology was a highly promising and sustainable alternative for effective extraction and quantification of natural products.
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Alcaloides , Disolventes Eutécticos Profundos , Alcaloides/análisis , Alcaloides/química , Alcaloides/aislamiento & purificación , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Disolventes Eutécticos Profundos/química , Ondas Ultrasónicas , Tecnología Química Verde/métodos , Extracción en Fase Sólida/métodos , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/química , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/análisis , Coptis chinensisRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Yangxinshi tablet (YXST) is a traditional Chinese medicine preparation characterized by its high efficacy and safety for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Anionic compounds have been revealed as potential active components. However, there is currently limited research regarding its quality control. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to establish a strategy for the simultaneous separation and determination of five key anionic compounds in YXST. METHOD: A sensitive and efficient analytical method was developed and applied for the simultaneous separation and determination of five key compounds in YXST using large-volume sample stacking with polarity switching and micelle electrokinetic chromatography (LVSS-PS-MEKC) coupled with diode array detection. Crucial parameters, including sample volume, applied voltage, composition and pH of the running buffer, concentration of organic modifier, and switching time of the polarity, were systematically evaluated and optimized using a single variable method to enhance separation performance. Furthermore, the impact of cyclodextrin and sodium dodecyl sulfate as electrolyte modifiers was also investigated. RESULTS: Under the optimal conditions, baseline separation of the five compounds (daidzein, puerarin, glycyrrhiztinic acid, chlorogenic acid, and salvianolic acid B) was achieved within 20 min. In comparison to the conventional MEKC mode, the constructed LVSS-PS-MEKC method exhibited a more than sixfold increase in the enrichment factor. The method was validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, 24 h stability, and recovery and successfully applied to analyze YXST samples. CONCLUSION: A sensitive strategy was developed for the simultaneous separation and determination of five key anionic components in YXST, offering a robust and efficient strategy for pharmaceutical analysis.
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Aniones , Cromatografía Capilar Electrocinética Micelar , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Comprimidos , Cromatografía Capilar Electrocinética Micelar/métodos , Comprimidos/química , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/química , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/análisis , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Dodecil Sulfato de Sodio/químicaRESUMEN
Cnidii Fructus, derived from the dried ripe fruit of Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cuss, has the effect of warming kidneys and invigorating Yang. This study established the spectrum-effect relationships between ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) fingerprints and the antitumor activities of Cnidii Fructus on human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. In UHPLC fingerprints, 19 common peaks were obtained, and 17 batches of herbs had similarity >0.948. In Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) test, 17 batches of Cnidii Fructus extract significantly inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells to different degrees, showing different half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values. Furthermore, gray correlation analysis, Pearson's analysis, and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis were performed to screen out eight components. The analysis of mass spectrum data and a comparison with standards revealed that the eight components were methoxsalen, isopimpinellin, osthenol, imperatorin, osthole, ricinoleic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid. The verification experiments by testing single compounds indicated that these eight compounds were the major anti-hepatoma compounds in Cnidii Fructus. This work provides a model combining UHPLC fingerprints and antitumor activities to study the spectrum-effect relationships of Cnidii Fructus, which can be used to determine the principal components responsible for the bioactivity.
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Proliferación Celular , Cnidium , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Humanos , Células Hep G2 , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Cnidium/química , Frutas/química , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/farmacología , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/química , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/tratamiento farmacológico , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/química , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/análisis , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/análisis , Furocumarinas/farmacología , Furocumarinas/análisis , Furocumarinas/químicaRESUMEN
After consultation with external experts, the authors acknowledged discrepancies in the classification of certain Berberis samples discussed in the article. Berberis is one of the most complex plant genera, and identifications are very hard, limited to only a handful of experts due to rampant hybridizations and other issues of reticulate evolution. This article has therefore been withdrawn at the request of the authors and with the consent of the editor until the species identification issue has been resolved. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/article-withdrawal.
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To facilitate the safety, efficacy and rationality of clinical application of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), pharmacokinetic research played an indispensable role. The key challenge during pharmacokinetic investigation lied at the substantial fluctuation of compound concentrations in the plasma over the course of absorption. Taking the pharmacokinetics of six compounds after administration of Toddalia asiatica (TA) as an example, an efficient strategy was established by introducing the online double collision energy (ODCE) into the quantification process applying ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). During the analytical program, double collision energy (DCE) was optimized to establish the dual calibration curve (DCC) with large concentration monitoring coverage (CMC) for meeting the wide content range of certain target compounds. Method validation test was performed in terms of linearity, precision, sensitivity, matrix effect, recovery, etc. The results displayed that the CMC of todarolactone with high exposure in plasma was extended from 1.25-2,500 ng/mL to 1.25-125,000 ng/mL. Furthermore, a rapid UHPLC-MS/MS method integrated with ODCE was successfully applied to the determination of six compounds in rat plasma, revealing an extremely high plasma concentration of todarolactone (16,662 ng/mL). This strategy could expand the range of quantification while retaining extraordinary sensitivity. Consequently, it could be a fit-for-purpose strategy to quantify compounds over a wide concentration range for in vivo process monitoring.
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Medicina Tradicional China , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Ratas , Animales , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem/métodos , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Ligusticum sinense Oliv. and L. jeholense Nakai et Kitag. are globally recognized as medicinal botanical species, specifically the rhizomes and roots. These plant parts are collectively referred to as Ligustici Rhizoma et Radix (LReR), which is recorded in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (Ch. P). LReR enjoys widespread recognition in many countries such as China, Russia, Vietnam, and Korea. It is an herbal remedy traditionally employed for dispelling wind and cold, eliminating dampness, and alleviating pain. Numerous bioactive compounds have been successfully isolated and identified, displaying a diverse array of pharmacological activities and medicinal value. THE AIM OF THE REVIEW: This review aims to primarily center on the botanical aspects, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity, quality control, and other applications of LReR to furnish a comprehensive and multidimensional foundation for future exploration and utilization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Relevant information about LReR was acquired from ancient books, doctoral and master's dissertations, Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), ScienceDirect, classical literature, and clinical reports. Several electronic databases were also incorporated. RESULTS: In traditional usage, LReR had been traditionally employed for the treatment of anemofrigid headaches, colds, and joint pain. It possessed therapeutic properties for facial skin disorders, thereby facilitating skin regeneration. It has been subjected to comprehensive chemical analysis, resulting in the identification and isolation of 190 compounds, including phthalides, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, triterpenes, steroids, volatile oil, fatty acids, and other constituents. The pharmacological activities have been in-depth explored through modern in vivo and in vitro studies, confirming its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-melanin effects. Furthermore, it exhibited pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, and vasodilatory properties. This study provides a basic to contribute to the advancement of research, medicinal applications and product development related to LReR. CONCLUSIONS: Considering its traditional and contemporary applications, phytochemical composition, and pharmacological properties, LReR was regarded as a valuable botanical resource for pharmaceutical and pest control purposes. While certain constituents had demonstrated diverse pharmacological activities and application potential, further elucidation was required to fully understand their specific actions and underlying mechanisms. Hence, there was a need to conduct additional investigations to uncover its material foundation and mode of action.
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Botánica , Rizoma , Humanos , Etnofarmacología , Rizoma/química , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Extractos Vegetales/química , Medicina Tradicional China , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Fitoquímicos/uso terapéutico , Fitoquímicos/análisis , Control de CalidadRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Toddalia asiatica (TA) is a classical traditional Chinese medicine used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and contusions. However, research regarding TA quality control is currently limited. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to establish a strategy for identifying quality markers that can be used for the evaluation of the quality of TA. METHOD: A rapid and efficient ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the quantitative determination of 19 compounds in TA from different regions. Then, the extraction process of TA was successively optimized by single-factor optimization and response surface methodology. Moreover, chemometrics was employed to confirm the correlation between quality and target compounds. RESULTS: Utilizing the UHPLC-MS/MS method, separation of the 19 bioactive compounds was achieved within 14 min. The method was validated in terms of linearity (r2 > 0.9982), precision (0.08%-3.70%), repeatability (0.50%-2.54%), stability (2.26%-5.46%), and recovery (95.8%-113%). The optimal extraction process (extraction solvent, 65% ethanol aqueous solution; solid-liquid ratio, 1:20; extraction time, 25 min) was determined with the total content of 19 bioactive compounds as indicator. Significant disparities were observed in the contents of target compounds across different batches of TA. Besides, all samples could be categorized into two distinct groups, and magnoflorine, (-)-lyoniresinol, nitidine chloride, norbraylin, skimmianine, and decarine were identified as quality markers. CONCLUSION: In the present study, we developed a strategy to improve the quality control of TA. In consideration of the pharmacodynamic activity and statistical differences, six compounds are proposed as quality markers for TA.
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Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem/métodos , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Rutaceae/química , Quimiometría/métodos , Control de Calidad , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/química , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/análisis , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
A comprehensive strategy for effective identification of total constituents in Chinese patent medicine has been advanced applying full scan-preferred parent ions capture-static and active exclusion (FS-PIC-SAE) acquisition coupled with intelligent deep-learning supported mass defect filter (MDF) process, with Naoxintong capsule (NXT) as a case. Online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2DLC) coupled with Q-TOF-MS/MS system was established for obtaining the excellent separation and detection performance of total components, which could exhibit excellent peak capacity with 1052 and orthogonality with 0.69. In addition, a total of 901 unknown compounds could be classified into nine chemical classes rapidly and effectively, based on the intelligent deep-learning algorithm supported MDF model with 96.4% accuracy. Consequently, 276 compounds were successfully identified from NXT, especially including 44 flavonoids, 27 phenolic acids, 25 fatty acids, 17 saponins, 21 phthalocyanines, 20 triterpenes, 10 monoterpenes, 13 diterpenoid ketones, 14 amino acids, and others. It is concluded that the proposed program is an effective and practical strategy enabling the in-depth chemical profiling of complex herbal and biological samples.
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Chebulae Fructus, was extensively used as a food supplement and medicinal herb, which contained two medicinal forms corresponding to the mature fruit of Chebulae Fructus (CF) and CF pulp. They were widely used in the Chinese clinical medicine and it played a significant role in the Mongolian and Tibetan medicine for the treatment of sore throat, asthma, diarrhea and other diseases. Both of them were recorded in the 2020 Edition (Volume I) of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. However, the chemical components of CF and CF pulp have not been holistically explored, which seriously hindered its quality evaluation. This study investigated the overall chemical profile of the CF and CF pulp using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS) and ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Sixty-four chemical components were tentatively identified, and 13 components were quantified in Chebulae Fructus. Furthermore, multivariate chemometric methods were applied to compare the differences among CF samples, and all samples were classified by orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) based on the 13 quantified compounds. The results showed that CF and CF pulp were clustered in two different areas. Ellagic acid, chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid, corilagin and pentagalloyl glucose were selected as the significant constituents to different of CF and CF pulp. LC-MS coupled with chemometrics strategy analysis could comprehensively evaluate the holistic quality of CF, which provided a necessary information for the rational development and utilization of CF and CF pulp resource.
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A simple and sensitive strategy using cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography with diode array detector was developed and applied for the simultaneous separation and determination of nine components in Sanyetangzhiqing (SYTZQ), a hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic agent. Several important parameters affecting separation performance were evaluated and optimized using single variable methods. Under the optimal conditions, baseline separation of the nine components, including four flavonoids (hyperoside, isoquercitrin, quercetin-3-O-glucuronoside, and astragalin), four phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B, and lithospermic acid), and a monoterpenoids (paeoniflorin), were achieved in less than 16 min. The correlation coefficients of the calibration curves were over 0.9996 for all the analytes. Intraday and interday precisions ranged from 0.4% to 4.8% and 1.7% to 5.0%, respectively. Recoveries of analytes varied from 95.3% to 105%. Validation results as well as the application to analyse SYTZQ samples demonstrated the applicability of the proposed method and thus provided an effective tool for the quality control of SYTZQ. Moreover, with the advantages of short time consuming, low energy consumption, high efficiency, and low cost, this method has laid a foundation for the determination and quality evaluation of multicomponents in Chinese herbal compounds.
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ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Angelicae pubescentis radix (APR) has a long history in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in China. It has the effects of dispelling wind to eliminate dampness, removing arthralgia and stopping pain in the Chinese Pharmacopeia, but its mechanisms was remained unclear. Columbianadin (CBN), one of the main bioactive compounds of APR, has many pharmacological effects including anti-inflammatory and immunosuppression. However, there are few reports on therapeutic effect of CBN on RA. AIM OF THE STUDY: A comprehensive strategy via incorporating pharmacodynamics, microbiomics, metabolomics, and multiple molecular biological methods was adopted to evaluate the therapeutic effects of CBN on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice and explore the potential mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A variety of pharmacodynamic methods were used to evaluate the therapeutic effect of CBN on CIA mice. The microbial and metabolic characteristics of CBN anti-RA were obtained by metabolomics and 16S rRNA sequencing technology. The potential mechanism of CBN anti-RA was predicted through bioinformatics network analysis, and verified by a variety of molecular biology methods. RESULTS: CBN can effectively improved symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis in CIA mice, including paw swelling and arthritic scores. The inflammatory and oxidative stress were effectively regulated by the treatment of CBN. The fecal microbial communities and serum and urine metabolic compositions were significantly altered in CIA mice, CBN can ameliorate the CIA-associated gut microbiota dysbiosis, and regulate the disturbance of serum and urine metabolome. The acute toxicity test showed that the LD50 of CBN was greater than 2000 mg kg-1. CONCLUSIONS: CBN exert anti-RA effects from four perspectives: inhibiting inflammatory response, regulating oxidative stress, and improving changes in gut microbiota and metabolites. The JAK1/STAT3, NF-κB and Keap1/Nrf2 pathway may be important mechanism for CBN's inflammatory response and oxidative stress activity. CBN could be considered as a potential anti-RA drug for further study.
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Artritis Experimental , Artritis Reumatoide , Ratones , Animales , Artritis Experimental/inducido químicamente , Artritis Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Proteína 1 Asociada A ECH Tipo Kelch , ARN Ribosómico 16S , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2 , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Artritis Reumatoide/tratamiento farmacológico , Estrés Oxidativo , ColágenoRESUMEN
As a Traditional Chinese Medicine prescription, Qingjin Yiqi Granules (QJYQ) provides an effective treatment for patients recovering from COVID-19. However, the pharmacokinetics characteristics of the main components of QJYQ in vivo are still unknown. An efficacious ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of 33 components in rat plasma after oral administration of QJYQ. The plasma samples were precipitated with 400 µL methanol/acetonitrile (1/1, v/v) and analyzed in scheduled multiple reaction monitoring mode. The linear relationship of the 33 components was good (r > 0.9928). The lower limit of quantification for 33 components ranged from 0.4-60.5 ng/mL. The average recoveries and matrix effects of the analytes ranged from 72.9% to 115.0% with RSD of 1.4%-15.0%. All inter-day and intra-day RSDs were within 15.0%. After oral administration (3.15 g/kg), the validated approach was effectively applied to the pharmacokinetics of main components of QJYQ. Finally, fifteen main constituents of QJYQ with large plasma exposure were obtained, including baicalin, wogonoside, wogonin, apigenin-7-O-glucuronide, verbenalin, isoferulic acid, hesperidin, liquiritin, harpagide, protocatechuic acid, p-Coumaric acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, liquiritin apioside and glycyrrhizic acid. The present research lays a foundation for clarifying the therapeutic material basis of QJYQ and provides a reference for further scientific research and clinical application of QJYQ.
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For wild natural medicine, unanticipated biodiversity as species or varieties with similar morphological characteristics and sympatric distribution may co-exist in a single batch of medical materials, which affects the efficacy and safety of clinical medication. DNA barcoding as an effective species identification tool is limited by its low sample throughput nature. In this study, combining DNA mini-barcode, DNA metabarcoding and species delimitation method, a novel biological sources consistency evaluation strategy was proposed, and high level of interspecific and intraspecific variations were observed and validated among 5376 Amynthas samples from 19 sampling points regarded as "Guang Dilong" and 25 batches of proprietary Chinese medicines. Besides Amynthas aspergillum as the authentic source, 8 other Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) were elucidated. Significantly, even the subgroups within A. aspergillum revealed here differ significantly on chemical compositions and biological activity. Fortunately, this biodiversity could be controlled when the collection was limited to designated areas, as proved by 2796 "decoction pieces" samples. This batch biological identification method should be introduced as a novel concept regarding natural medicine quality control, and to offer guidelines for in-situ conservation and breeding bases construction of wild natural medicine.
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ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Perilla Folium (PF), is a traditional medicinal material with the homology of medicine and food in China and has been widely used due to its rich nutritional content and medicinal value. The hepatoprotective effects of PF extract include their protection against acute hepatic injury, tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP) induced oxidative damage, and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and D-galactosamine (D-GalN) induced hepatic injury have been well studied. However, there are few reports on the pharmacokinetics studies of PF extract in acute hepatic injury model rats, and the anti-hepatic injury activity of PF is still unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY: The differences in the plasma pharmacokinetic of 21 active compounds between the normal and model groups were comparedï¼ and established pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) modeling was to analyze the hepatoprotective effects of PF. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The acute hepatic injury model was induced with an intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and D-galactosamine (D-GalN), and the plasma pharmacokinetics of 21 active compounds of PF were analyzed in the normal and model groups using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The correlation between plasma components and hepatoprotective effects indicators (the alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)) in the model group was also investigated and established a Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) correlation analysis of the hepatoprotective effects of PF. RESULTS: The results revealed that organic acid compounds possessed the characteristics of faster absorption, shorter peak time and slower metabolism, while the flavonoid compounds had slower absorption and longer peak time, and the pharmacokinetics of various components were significantly affected after modeling. The results of PK/PD modeling analysis demonstrated that the plasma drug concentration of each component existed a good correlation with the three AST, ALT, and LDH, and the lag time of the efficacy of each component is relatively long. CONCLUSIONS: The plasma drug concentration of each component existed a good correlation with the three AST, ALT, and LDH, and the lag time of the efficacy of each component is relatively long in vivo.