Neferine attenuates development of testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in mice by regulating androgen and TGF-ß/Smad signaling pathways.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common urinary disease among the elderly, characterized by abnormal prostatic cell proliferation. Neferine is a dibenzyl isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from Nelumbo nucifera and has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-prostate cancer effects. The beneficial therapeutic effects and mechanism of action of neferine in BPH remain unclear. A mouse model of BPH was generated by subcutaneous injection of 7.5 mg/kg testosterone propionate (TP) and 2 or 5 mg/kg neferine was given orally for 14 or 28 days. Pathological and morphological characteristics were evaluated. Prostate weight, prostate index (prostate/body weight ratio), expression of type Ⅱ 5α-reductase, androgen receptor (AR) and prostate specific antigen were all decreased in prostate tissue of BPH mice after administration of neferine. Neferine also downregulated the expression of pro-caspase-3, uncleaved PARP, TGF-ß1, TGF-ß receptor Ⅱ (TGFBR2), p-Smad2/3, N-cadherin and vimentin. Expression of E-cadherin, cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase-3 was increased by neferine treatment. 1-100 µM neferine with 1 µM testosterone or 10 nM TGF-ß1 were added to the culture medium of the normal human prostate stroma cell line, WPMY-1, for 24 h or 48 h. Neferine inhibited cell growth and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in testosterone-treated WPMY-1 cells and regulated the expression of androgen signaling pathway proteins and those related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, TGF-ß1, TGFBR2 and p-Smad2/3, N-cadherin and vimentin expression were increased but E-cadherin was decreased after 24 h TGF-ß1 treatment in WPMY-1 cells. Neferine reversed the effects of TGF-ß1 treatment in WPMY-1 cells. Neferine appeared to suppress prostate growth by regulating the EMT, AR and TGF-ß/Smad signaling pathways in the prostate and is suggested as a potential agent for BPH treatment.

Sinularin Exerts Anti-cancer Effects by Inducing Oxidative Stress-mediated Ferroptosis, Apoptosis, and Autophagy in Prostate Cancer Cells.

INTRODUCTION: Prostate cancer is the second-leading cause of cancer death in men. Sinularin is a soft coralsderived natural compound that has anticancer activity in many cancer cells. However, the pharmacological action of sinularin in prostate cancer is unclear. AIM: The aim of the study is to examine the anticancer effects of sinularin in prostate cancer cells. METHODS: We explored the anticancer effects of sinularin on the prostate cancer cell lines, PC3, DU145, and LNCaP, by MTT, Transwell assay, wound healing, flow cytometry, and western blotting. RESULTS: Sinularin inhibited the cell viability and colony formation of these cancer cells. Furthermore, sinularin inhibited testosterone-induced cell growth in LNCaP cells by downregulating the protein expression levels of androgen receptor (AR), type Ⅱ 5α-reductase, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Sinularin significantly attenuated the invasion and migration ability of PC3 and DU145 cells, with or without TGF-ß1 treatment. Sinularin inhibited epithelialmesenchymal transition (EMT) in DU145 cells after 48 h of treatment by regulating the protein expression levels of Ecadherin, N-cadherin, and vimentin. Sinularin induced apoptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis by regulating the protein expression levels of Beclin-1, LC3B, NRF2, GPX4, PARP, caspase-3, caspase-7, caspase-9, cleaved-PARP, Bcl-2, and Bax. Moreover, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were increased but glutathione was decreased after sinularin treatment in PC3, DU145 and LNCaP cells. CONCLUSION: Sinularin regulated the androgen receptor signaling pathway and triggered apoptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis in prostate cancer cells. In conclusion, the results indicated that sinularin may be a candidate agent for human prostate cancer and need further study for being applied to human.

Propagation and self-healing properties of Bessel-Gaussian beam carrying orbital angular momentum in an underwater environment.

In this paper, we report on experimental demonstration of the propagation and self-healing property of Bessel-Gaussian (BG) beam carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) in an underwater environment. Especially, the effects of topological charge, temperature gradient, and salinity on the transmission and self-reconstruction of BG beam in underwater turbulence are analyzed. The results show that the detection probabilities both for propagation and self-healing greatly decrease with temperature gradient, and gradually decrease with salinity. BG beam has a self-healing property in the underwater environment when the obstruction is quite small. The detection probability greatly decreases with obstruction size, while it gradually decreases with salinity fluctuations for different obstruction sizes. For the same blockage ratio, the smaller topological charge of BG beam is, the better self-healing characteristics the BG beam has.

An ant colony optimization based algorithm for identifying gene regulatory elements.

It is one of the most important tasks in bioinformatics to identify the regulatory elements in gene sequences. Most of the existing algorithms for identifying regulatory elements are inclined to converge into a local optimum, and have high time complexity. Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) is a meta-heuristic method based on swarm intelligence and is derived from a model inspired by the collective foraging behavior of real ants. Taking advantage of the ACO in traits such as self-organization and robustness, this paper designs and implements an ACO based algorithm named ACRI (ant-colony-regulatory-identification) for identifying all possible binding sites of transcription factor from the upstream of co-expressed genes. To accelerate the ants' searching process, a strategy of local optimization is presented to adjust the ants' start positions on the searched sequences. By exploiting the powerful optimization ability of ACO, the algorithm ACRI can not only improve precision of the results, but also achieve a very high speed. Experimental results on real world datasets show that ACRI can outperform other traditional algorithms in the respects of speed and quality of solutions.