Ni-Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction Toward Ethanol.

The electroreduction of CO2 offers a sustainable route to generate synthetic fuels. Cu-based catalysts have been developed to produce value-added C2+ alcohols; however, the limited understanding of complex C-C coupling and reaction pathway hinders the development of efficient CO2-to-C2+ alcohols catalysts. Herein, a Cu-free, highly mesoporous NiO catalyst, derived from the microphase separation of a block copolymer, is reported, which achieves selective CO2 reduction toward ethanol with a Faradaic efficiency of 75.2% at -0.6 V versus RHE. The dense mesopores create a favorable local reaction environment with CO2-rich and H2O-deficient interfaces, suppressing hydrogen evolution and maximizing catalytic activity of NiO for CO2 reduction. Importantly, the C1-feeding experiments, in situ spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations consistently show that the direct coupling of *CO2 and *COOH is responsible for C-C bond formation on NiO, and subsequent reduction of *CO2-COOH to ethanol is energetically facile through the *COCOH and *OC2H5 pathway. The unconventional C-C coupling mechanism on NiO, in contrast to the *CO dimerization on Cu, is triggered by strong CO2 adsorption on the polarized Ni2+-O2- sites. The work not only demonstrates a highly selective Cu-free Ni-based alternative for CO2-to-C2+ alcohols transformation but also provides a new perspective on C-C coupling toward C2+ synthesis.

Essential Roles of PIEZO1 in Mammalian Cardiovascular System: From Development to Diseases.

Mechanical force is the basis of cardiovascular development, homeostasis, and diseases. The perception and response of mechanical force by the cardiovascular system are crucial. However, the molecular mechanisms mediating mechanotransduction in the cardiovascular system are not yet understood. PIEZO1, a novel transmembrane mechanosensitive cation channel known for its regulation of touch sensation, has been found to be widely expressed in the mammalian cardiovascular system. In this review, we elucidate the role and mechanism of PIEZO1 as a mechanical sensor in cardiovascular development, homeostasis, and disease processes, including embryo survival, angiogenesis, cardiac development repair, vascular inflammation, lymphangiogenesis, blood pressure regulation, cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis, ventricular remodeling, and heart failure. We further summarize chemical molecules targeting PIEZO1 for potential translational applications. Finally, we address the controversies surrounding emergent concepts and challenges in future applications.

Neutral effect of Zishen Yutai Pill on frozen-thawed embryo transfer: a propensity score matching study.

Objective: To investigate whether using Zishen Yutai Pills (ZYP) following embryo transfer would affect the live birth rate in frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 15044 FET cycles in the Reproductive Medicine Center of The Affiliated Chenggong Hospital of Xiamen University from January 2013 to December 2020. Patients who used Zishen Yutai Pills were defined as Zishen Yutai Pills Group (ZYP, n=2735), while patients who did not use them were defined as Non- Zishen Yutai Pills Group (Non-ZYP, n=12309). The propensity score matching method was used to control for potential confounders between the two groups, and logistic regression analysis was also used to assess whether using ZYP would affect the live birth rate. Results: After propensity score matching, basic characteristics were similar between the two groups. Using ZYP did not increase the pregnancy rate (51.5% vs. 52.7%, P=0.372), and live birth rate (43.0% vs. 44.7%, P=0.354). This was also confirmed by the logistic regression analysis results (OR=0.95, 95%CI=0.85-1.06). In the subgroup analysis of the endometrial preparation protocols, however, it was found that the use of ZYP in patients with natural cycles increased the live birth rate (47.4% vs. 41.5%, P=0.004). A significant interaction between endometrial preparation and ZYP was found (OR=1.38, 95%CI=1.07-1.79) in the multivariate model. Conclusion: The use of ZYP may not improve the live birth rate of unselected patients in FET cycles. However, a future study is needed on the effect of ZYP in natural cycles for endometrial preparation.

A Scalable Ultramicroporous Coordination Network for Ethylene Separation from the Quaternary Mixture.

Adsorptive ethylene separation from the C2H2/C2H4/C2H6/CO2 four-component gas mixture provides a low-energy input solution for industrial ethylene purification, yet it is still a great challenge. Herein, we report a facile scaled-up synthesis of a stable ultramicroporous coordination network of Zn-CO3-datz (Hdatz = 3,5-diamine-1,2,4-triazole), which enables selective adsorption of C2H2, C2H4 and CO2 over C2H4, thanks to its specific pore environment supported by GCMC simulation of gas adsorption sites. Dynamic breakthrough experiments exhibited efficient one-step production of polymer-grade (≥99.95%) C2H4 from the quaternary C2H4/C2H2/C2H6/CO2 (1/1/1/1) mixture, with excellent C2H4 productivity of 0.12 mol kg-1 at 298 K. Moreover, it can be easily synthesized in kilogram scale with an affordable and low-cost ligand, rendering its further potential industrial applications.

Ordered assembly of two different metal clusters with the same topological connectivity in one single coordination network.

The introduction of heterogeneous components within one single coordination network leads to the multifunctionality of the final material. However, it is hard to precisely control the local distribution of these different components in such a coordination network, especially for different components with identical topological connectivity. In this study, we successfully achieved the ordered assembly of [Mn3(µ3-O)] nodes and [Mn6(µ3-O)2(CH3COO)3] nodes within one pacs coordination network. The resulting new structure (NPU-6) with heterogeneous metal nodes simultaneously inherits the advantages of both parent networks (good thermal stability and high pore volume). The significant effect of the reaction concentration of competing ligand CH3COO- on the mixed assembly of these two nodes in NPU-6 is revealed by a series of control experiments. This method is anticipated to offer a valuable reference for orderly assembling heterogeneous components in coordination networks.

Ambient air pollution decreased normal fertilization rate via the mediation of seminal prosaposin.

OBJECTIVE: This study focuses on the association between seminal concentration of prosaposin and ambient air pollutants and whether the association affects the normal fertilization rate in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. METHODS: The cohort of 323 couple participants aged 22-46 was recruited from Jan. 2013 to Jun. 2018. At enrollment, resident address information was obtained and semen parameters of male counterparts were evaluated according to WHO criteria. We used inverse distance weighting interpolation to estimate the levels of ambient pollutants (SO2, O3, CO, NO2, PM2.5, and PM10) in the surrounding area. The exposure of each participant was estimated based on the data gathered from air quality monitoring stations and their home address over various periods (0-9, 10-14, and 0-90 days) before semen sampling. The generalized linear regression model (GLM) and the Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were used to analyze the associations between pollutants, semen parameters, prosaposin, and normal fertilization. Additionally, the mediating effect of prosaposin and semen parameters on the link between pollutants and normal fertilization was investigated. RESULTS: GLM and BKMR showed exposure to ambient air pollutants was all associated with the concentration of seminal prosaposin, among them, O3 and CO were also associated with normal fertilization (-0.10, 95 %CI: -0.13, -0.06; -26.43, 95 %CI: -33.79, -19.07). Among the semen parameters, only the concentration of prosaposin and total motile sperm count (TMC) was associated with normal fertilization (0.059, 95 %CI: 0.047, 0.071; 0.016, 95 %CI: 0.012, 0.020). Mediation analysis showed that prosaposin played a stronger mediating role than TMC in the relationship between short-term exposure to O3 and fertilization (66.83 %, P<0.001 versus 3.05 %, P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Seminal plasma prosaposin showed a stronger meditating effect reflect the correlation between ambient air pollutants and normal fertilization rate than conventional semen parameters, which may be used as one of the indicators between pollution and fertilization in IVF.

Tracking and optimizing toxic chemical exposure pathways through food trade: A case study in SCCPs contaminated seafood in China.

Food safety is related to human health and sustainable development. International food trade poses food safety risks through the collateral transport of toxic chemicals that are detrimental to human health. Domestic interprovincial trade has similar effects within countries but has not been comprehensively investigated previously. Here, we assessed the effects of interprovincial trade on food safety and human dietary exposure to short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), a group of emerging persistent toxic chemicals, in seafood across China by synthesizing data from field observation and various models. Our findings indicate that there is a higher level of SCCPs exposure risk in coastal provinces compared to inland provinces. Approximately, 70.3% of human exposure to SCCPs through seafood consumption in China was embodied in the interprovincial seafood trade in 2021. Specifically, the domestic trade led to a remarkable increase in SCCPs exposure in the coastal provinces in South China, attributable to low SCCPs pollution in these provinces and imported seafood from those provinces with high SCCPs pollution. In contrast, human exposure to SCCPs decreased in those coastal provinces in East China due to importing seafood from those provinces with low SCCPs concentrations. The interprovincial seafood trade routes were optimized by linear programming to minimize human exposure to SCCPs considering both shipping cost and health risk constraints. The optimized trade routes reduced the national per capita SCCPs exposure through seafood consumption by over 12%. This study highlights the importance of interprovincial food trade in the risk assessment of toxic chemicals.

Body mass index modified the effectiveness of low dose aspirin treatment on frozen-thawed embryo transfer outcome: a propensity score-matched study.

Background: Low-dose aspirin is one of the widely used adjuvants in assisted reproductive technologies with the hope of improving the live birth rate. However, the studies regarding its effects are conflicting. The study aimed to investigate the association between aspirin administration and live birth following frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) in patients with different body mass index (BMI). Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed on 11,993 patients receiving FET treatments. 644 of which received a low-dose aspirin (100 mg/day) during endometrial preparation until 10 weeks after transfer. Propensity score matching was performed to avoid selection biases and potential confounders. Results: The clinical pregnancy rate and live birth rate were similar before matching (54.4% versus 55.4%, RR: 1.02, 95%CI: 0.95-1.09, and 46.3 versus 47.8, RR: 1.03, 95%CI: 0.95-1.12 respectively). A weak association in favor of aspirin administration was found in the matched cohort (49.5% versus 55.4%, RR: 1.12, 95%CI: 1.01-1.24, and 41.9% versus 47.8%, RR: 1.14, 95%CI: 1.01-1.29 respectively). However, when stratified the patients with WHO BMI criteria, a significant increase in live birth rate associated with aspirin treatment was found only in patients with low BMI (<18.5 kg/m2) in either unmatched (46.4% versus 59.8%, RR:1.29, 95%CI:1.07-1.55) or matched cohort (44% versus 59.8%, RR: 1.36, 95%CI: 1.01-1.83) but not in patients with higher BMI categories. With the interaction analysis, less association between aspirin and live birth appeared in patients with normal BMI (Ratio of OR:0.49, 95%CI: 0.29-0.81) and high BMI (Ratio of OR:0.57, 95%CI: 0.27-1.2) compared with patients with low BMI. Conclusion: BMI may be considered when evaluating aspirin's effect in FET cycles.

Recent Progress of Low-Dimensional Metal-Organic Frameworks for Aqueous Zinc-Based Batteries.

Aqueous zinc-based batteries (AZBs) are promising energy storage solutions with remarkable safety, abundant Zn reserve, cost-effectiveness, and relatively high energy density. However, AZBs still face challenges such as anode dendrite formation that reduces cycling stability and limited cathode capacity. Recently, low-dimensional metal-organic frameworks (LD MOFs) and their derivatives have emerged as promising candidates for improving the electrochemical performance of AZBs owing to their unique morphologies, high structure tunability, high surface areas, and high porosity. However, clear guidelines for developing LD MOF-based materials for high-performance AZBs are scarce. In this review, the recent progress of LD MOF-based materials for AZBs is critically examined. The typical synthesis methods and structural design strategies for improving the electrochemical performance of LD MOF-based materials for AZBs are first introduced. The recent noteworthy research achievements are systematically discussed and categorized based on their applications in different AZB components, including cathodes, anodes, separators, and electrolytes. Finally, the limitations are addressed and the future perspectives are outlined for LD MOFs and their derivatives in AZB applications. This review provides clear guidance for designing high-performance LD MOF-based materials for advanced AZBs.

Microporous Coordination Polymers for Efficient Recovery of Chloromethane from Organic Silicon Industrial Exhaust Gas.

Removal and recovery of methyl chloride (CH3Cl) from exhaust gas of organic silicon industry is highly important from the perspective of environment and economy. For the first time, a tailor-made microporous coordination polymer (Mn-BDC-TPA) was synthesized and applied to the efficient capture and recovery of CH3Cl from related gas mixtures. The high adsorption capacity of CH3Cl (163.4 cm3/g) and high adsorption selectivity of CH3Cl over other impurity gases (1965 for N2, 65 for CH4, and 16 for C2H6) were achieved at 298 K and 100 kPa due to the dual-cage pore system and larger polarizability of CH3Cl. Dynamic breakthrough experiments demonstrate the excellent CH3Cl recovery performance (capacity of >98 cm3/g and purity of >95%) in one adsorption-desorption cycle from the CH3Cl-involved binary, ternary, or quaternary gas mixture.

N and OH-Immobilized Cu3 Clusters In Situ Reconstructed from Single-Metal Sites for Efficient CO2 Electromethanation in Bicontinuous Mesochannels.

Cu-based catalysts hold promise for electrifying CO2 to produce methane, an extensively used fuel. However, the activity and selectivity remain insufficient due to the lack of catalyst design principles to steer complex CO2 reduction pathways. Herein, we develop a concept to design carbon-supported Cu catalysts by regulating Cu active sites' atomic-scale structures and engineering the carbon support's mesoscale architecture. This aims to provide a favorable local reaction microenvironment for a selective CO2 reduction pathway to methane. In situ X-ray absorption and Raman spectroscopy analyses reveal the dynamic reconstruction of nitrogen and hydroxyl-immobilized Cu3 (N,OH-Cu3) clusters derived from atomically dispersed Cu-N3 sites under realistic CO2 reduction conditions. The N,OH-Cu3 sites possess moderate *CO adsorption affinity and a low barrier for *CO hydrogenation, enabling intrinsically selective CO2-to-CH4 reduction compared to the C-C coupling with a high energy barrier. Importantly, a block copolymer-derived carbon fiber support with interconnected mesopores is constructed. The unique long-range mesochannels offer an H2O-deficient microenvironment and prolong the transport path for the CO intermediate, which could suppress the hydrogen evolution reaction and favor deep CO2 reduction toward methane formation. Thus, the newly developed catalyst consisting of in situ constructed N,OH-Cu3 active sites embedded into bicontinuous carbon mesochannels achieved an unprecedented Faradaic efficiency of 74.2% for the CO2 reduction to methane at an industry-level current density of 300 mA cm-2. This work explores effective concepts for steering desirable reaction pathways in complex interfacial catalytic systems via modulating active site structures at the atomic level and engineering pore architectures of supports on the mesoscale to create favorable microenvironments.

Hydrogen bond unlocking-driven pore structure control for shifting multi-component gas separation function.

Purification of ethylene (C2H4) as the most extensive and output chemical, from complex multi-components is of great significance but highly challenging. Herein we demonstrate that precise pore structure tuning by controlling the network hydrogen bonds in two highly-related porous coordination networks can shift the efficient C2H4 separation function from C2H2/C2H4/C2H6 ternary mixture to CO2/C2H2/C2H4/C2H6 quaternary mixture system. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction revealed that the different amino groups on the triazolate ligands resulted in the change of the hydrogen bonding in the host network, which led to changes in the pore shape and pore chemistry. Gas adsorption isotherms, adsorption kinetics and gas-loaded crystal structure analysis indicated that the coordination network Zn-fa-atz (2) weakened the affinity for three C2 hydrocarbons synchronously including C2H4 but enhanced the CO2 adsorption due to the optimized CO2-host interaction and the faster CO2 diffusion, leading to effective C2H4 production from the CO2/C2H2/C2H4/C2H6 mixture in one step based on the experimental and simulated breakthrough data. Moreover, it can be shaped into spherical pellets with maintained porosity and separation performance.

The association between the basal metabolic rate and cardiovascular disease: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

BACKGROUND: Mendelian randomization analysis was applied to elucidate the causal relationship between the basal metabolic rate (BMR) and common cardiovascular diseases. METHOD: We choose BMR as exposure. BMR is the metabolic rate of the body when the basic physiological activities (blood circulation, breathing and constant body temperature) are maintained. The normal BMR is 1507 kcal/day for men and 1276 kcal/day for women. The dataset was drawn from the public GWAS dataset (GWAS ID: ukb-a-268), collected and analysed by UK biobank, containing 331,307 European males and females. SNPs independently and strongly associated with BMR were used as instrumental variables in the inverse variance weighted analysis. MR-Egger, weighted median, MR pleiotropy residual sum, and outlier methods were also performed, and the sensitivity was evaluated using horizontal pleiotropy and heterogeneity analyses to ensure the stability of the results. RESULTS: An increased BMR is associated with a higher risk of cardiomyopathy (odds ratio [OR] = 2.00, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.57-2.54, p = 1.87 × 10-8), heart failure (OR = 1.39, 95% CI, 1.27-2.51, p = 8.1 × 10-13), and valvular heart disease (OR = 1.18, 95% CI, 1.10-1.27, p = .00001). However, there was no clear association between BMR and the subtypes of other cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary disease (OR = .96, 95% CI, .85-1.08, p = .48651) and atrial fibrillation (AF) (OR = 1.85, 95% CI, 1.70-2.02, p = 6.28 × 10-44). CONCLUSION: Our study reveals a possible causal effect of BMR on the risk of cardiomyopathy, heart failure and valvular disease, but not for coronary disease and AF.

Does cleavage stage morphology increase the discriminatory power of prediction in blastocyst transfer outcome?

PURPOSE: To evaluate the contribution of the cleavage stage morphological parameters to the prediction of blastocyst transfer outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on 8383 single-blastocyst transfer cycles including 2246 fresh and 6137 vitrified-warmed cycles. XGboost, LASSO, and GLM algorithms were employed to establish models for assessing the predictive value of the cleavage stage morphological parameters in transfer outcomes. Four models were developed using each algorithm: all-in model with or without day 3 morphology and embryo quality-only model with or without day 3 morphology. RESULTS: The live birth rate was 48.04% in the overall cohort. The AUCs of the models with the algorithm of XGboost were 0.83, 0.82, 0.63, and 0.60; with LASSO were 0.66, 0.66, 0.61, and 0.60; and with GLM were 0.66, 0.66, 0.61, and 0.60 respectively. In models 1 and 2, female age, basal FSH, peak E2, endometrial thickness, and female BMI were the top five critical features for predicting live birth; In models 3 and 4, the most crucial factor was blastocyst formation on D5 rather than D6. In model 3, incorporating cleavage stage morphology, including early cleavage, D3 cell number, and fragmentation, was significantly associated with successful live birth. Additionally, the live birth rates for blastocysts derived from on-time, slow, and fast D3 embryos were 49.7%, 39.5%, and 52%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The value of cleavage stage morphological parameters in predicting the live birth outcome of single blastocyst transfer is limited.

Pretreatment prediction for IVF outcomes: generalized applicable model or centre-specific model?

STUDY QUESTION: What was the performance of different pretreatment prediction models for IVF, which were developed based on UK/US population (McLernon 2016 model, Luke model, Dhillon model, and McLernon 2022 model), in wider populations? SUMMARY ANSWER: For a patient in China, the published pretreatment prediction models based on the UK/US population provide similar discriminatory power with reasonable AUCs and underestimated predictions. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Several pretreatment prediction models for IVF allow patients and clinicians to estimate the cumulative probability of live birth in a cycle before the treatment, but they are mostly based on the population of Europe or the USA, and their performance and applicability in the countries and regions beyond these regions are largely unknown. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: A total of 26 382 Chinese patients underwent oocyte pick-up cycles between January 2013 and December 2020. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: UK/US model performance was externally validated according to the coefficients and intercepts they provided. Centre-specific models were established with XGboost, Lasso, and generalized linear model algorithms. Discriminatory power and calibration of the models were compared as the forms of the AUC of the Receiver Operator Characteristic and calibration curves. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: The AUCs for McLernon 2016 model, Luke model, Dhillon model, and McLernon 2022 model were 0.69 (95% CI 0.68-0.69), 0.67 (95% CI 0.67-0.68), 0.69 (95% CI 0.68-0.69), and 0.67 (95% CI 0.67-0.68), respectively. The centre-specific yielded an AUC of 0.71 (95% CI 0.71-0.72) with key predictors including age, duration of infertility, and endocrine parameters. All external models suggested underestimation. Among the external models, the rescaled McLernon 2022 model demonstrated the best calibration (Slope 1.12, intercept 0.06). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: The study is limited by its single-centre design and may not be representative elsewhere. Only per-complete cycle validation was carried out to provide a similar framework to compare different models in the sample population. Newer predictors, such as AMH, were not used. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Existing pretreatment prediction models for IVF may be used to provide useful discriminatory power in populations different from those on which they were developed. However, models based on newer more relevant datasets may provide better calibrations. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 22176159], the Xiamen Medical Advantage Subspecialty Construction Project [grant number 2018296], and the Special Fund for Clinical and Scientific Research of Chinese Medical Association [grant number 18010360765]. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: N/A.

Metal Selenide-Based Superstructure Nanoarrays with Ultrahigh Capacity for Alkaline Zn Batteries.

Transition metal selenides (TMSs) have great potential as cathode materials for alkaline Zn batteries (AZBs) owing to their high theoretical capacity and metallic conductivity. However, achieving a high specific capacity remains a formidable challenge due to the low structural stability and sluggish reaction kinetics of single-phase TMS. Herein, a facile method for fabricating a robust CoSe2 @Ni3 Se4 @Ni(OH)2 superstructure nanoarray (CNSNA) as an AZB cathode is presented. The sophisticated design enables structural stability and abundant active surface sites for efficient charge storage. Furthermore, the redox mediator K3 [Fe(CN)6 ] is employed to expedite the reaction kinetics and introduce supplementary redox reactions, further enhancing the charge storage capability. Consequently, the CNSNA electrode delivers an exceptional specific capacitance (609.08 mAh g-1 at 1 A g-1 ), surpassing all previously reported selenide-based materials. High-rate capability (239.37 mAh g-1 at 20 A g-1 ) and long cycling stability have also been achieved. The comprehensive charge storage mechanism studies confirmed the structural integrity, kinetic improvement, and high reactivity of the CNSNA superstructure. Moreover, the corresponding AZB based on CNSNA demonstrates an extraordinarily high energy density of 516.58 Wh kg-1 . The work offers guidance in the construction of superstructure-based TMS electrode materials, paving the way for the development of high-performance AZBs.

Assembly of an iron-based complex into a metal-organic framework: a space confinement strategy for isolation of mono-iron complexes to protect from dimerization.

Non-heme mononuclear iron complexes, especially when supported by tripodal tetradentate ligands, show promising C-H bond activation efficiency in catalytic reactions. Nevertheless, they intrinsically decay readily to their dinuclear form, and the dimerization process is inevitable in homogenous solution, which dramatically hinders their further application. Hence, we demonstrate that the mononuclear iron complex [(TPA)FeII-2L]2+ (L = labile ligands, mainly solvent molecules) was successfully encapsulated in a highly robust metal-organic framework UiO-66 via a two-step "ship-in-a-bottle" strategy. The nearly perfect size matching of the octahedral cages of the host UiO-66 provides ideal space confinement for the guest complex to protect from dimerization and dramatically increases the mono-nuclear complex stability compared to its un-confined state. The successful encapsulation of [(TPA)FeII-2L]2+ in UiO-66 was verified thoroughly by spectroscopy, microscopy, N2 adsorption, and electrochemistry characterization techniques. This work shows that encapsulating an unstable molecular complex in MOFs via a two-step "ship-in-a-bottle" strategy highlights opportunities for extending the heterogenization of homogeneous complexes.

The Role of Retinal Dopamine D1 Receptors in Ocular Growth and Myopia Development in Mice.

Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter in the signaling cascade controlling ocular refractive development, but the exact role and site of action of dopamine D1 receptors (D1Rs) involved in myopia remains unclear. Here, we determine whether retinal D1Rs exclusively mediate the effects of endogenous dopamine and systemically delivered D1R agonist or antagonist in the mouse form deprivation myopia (FDM) model. Male C57BL/6 mice subjected to unilateral FDM or unobstructed vision were divided into the following four groups: one noninjected and three groups that received intraperitoneal injections of a vehicle, D1R agonist SKF38393 (18 and 59 nmol/g), or D1R antagonist SCH39166 (0.1 and 1 nmol/g). The effects of these drugs on FDM were further assessed in Drd1-knock-out (Drd1-KO), retina-specific conditional Drd1-KO (Drd1-CKO) mice, and corresponding wild-type littermates. In the visually unobstructed group, neither SKF38393 nor SCH39166 affected normal refractive development, whereas myopia development was attenuated by SKF38393 and enhanced by SCH39166 injections. In Drd1-KO or Drd1-CKO mice, however, these drugs had no effect on FDM development, suggesting that activation of retinal D1Rs is pertinent to myopia suppression by the D1R agonist. Interestingly, the development of myopia was unchanged by either Drd1-KO or Drd1-CKO, and neither SKF38393 nor SCH39166 injections, nor Drd1-KO, affected the retinal or vitreal dopamine and the dopamine metabolite DOPAC levels. Effects on axial length were less marked than effects on refraction. Therefore, activation of D1Rs, specifically retinal D1Rs, inhibits myopia development in mice. These results also suggest that multiple dopamine D1R mechanisms play roles in emmetropization and myopia development.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT While dopamine is recognized as a "stop" signal that inhibits myopia development (myopization), the location of the dopamine D1 receptors (D1Rs) that mediate this action remains to be addressed. Answers to this key question are critical for understanding how dopaminergic systems regulate ocular growth and refraction. We report here the results of our study showing that D1Rs are essential for controlling ocular growth and myopia development in mice, and for identifying the retina as the site of action for dopaminergic control via D1Rs. These findings highlight the importance of intrinsic retinal dopaminergic mechanisms for the regulation of ocular growth and suggest specific avenues for exploring the retinal mechanisms involved in the dopaminergic control of emmetropization and myopization.

Inverse CO2/C2H2 separation assisted by coordinated water in a dysprosium(III) metal-organic framework.

An ultramicroporous metal-organic framework (MOF) constructed from dysprosium(III) and oxalate, termed Dy-F-oxa, is carefully studied for inverse separation of CO2 from C2H2. Adsorption experiments and modeling studies reveal that the high CO2 adsorption is attributed to the preferential sites for CO2 by coordinated water. After the equimolar gas mixture breakthrough experiment, C2H2 can be directly produced as a pure effluent.