Nano Fe3O4 improved the electron donating capacity of dissolved organic matter during sludge composting.

The effect of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) on the electron transfer process in aerobic composting systems remains unexplored. In this study, we compared the electron transfer characteristics of DOM in sludge composting without additives (group CK) and with the addition of 50 mg/kg Fe3O4 NPs additive (group Fe). It was demonstrated that the electron transfer capacity (ETC) and electron donating capacity (EDC) of compost-derived DOM increased by 13%-29% and 40%-47%, respectively, with the addition of Fe3O4 NPs during sludge composting. Analyzing the composition and structure of DOM revealed that Fe3O4 NPs promoted the formation of humic acid-like substances and enhanced the aromatic condensation degree of DOM. Correlation analysis indicated that the increase in EDC of DOM was closely associated with the phenolic group in DOM and influenced by quinone groups and the degree of aromatization of DOM. The higher EDC and the structural evolution of DOM in group Fe reduced the bioaccessibility of Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the redox evolutionary mechanism of DOM in sludge composting and broadens the application of iron oxides additives.

Machine learning in predicting postoperative complications in Crohn's disease.

Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease of unknown origin that can cause significant disability and morbidity with its progression. Due to the unique nature of CD, surgery is often necessary for many patients during their lifetime, and the incidence of postoperative complications is high, which can affect the prognosis of patients. Therefore, it is essential to identify and manage postoperative complications. Machine learning (ML) has become increasingly important in the medical field, and ML-based models can be used to predict postoperative complications of intestinal resection for CD. Recently, a valuable article titled "Predicting short-term major postoperative complications in intestinal resection for Crohn's disease: A machine learning-based study" was published by Wang et al. We appreciate the authors' creative work, and we are willing to share our views and discuss them with the authors.

Recent Progress on In Situ Catalytic Conversion Catalysts for Oil Shale.

With the gradual depletion of oil resources, it is urgent to vigorously develop unconventional and renewable energy sources. As an unconventional resource with abundant resources, the rational and efficient development of oil shale is of great significance to alleviating the national energy crisis. The main methods of oil shale development are surface dry distillation and in situ transformation. In situ catalytic conversion technology, as an emerging mining method, has the potential to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and environmental impact and is an important direction for future oil shale development. As a key component in the in situ conversion process, catalysts play a crucial role in the rate, selectivity, and product quality of the reaction. However, the research on oil shale pyrolysis catalysts is still in the laboratory stage and is difficult to translate into practical applications. Therefore, this paper reviews recent progress of catalyst research in the in situ catalytic conversion of oil shale, including the types, design principles, and reaction mechanisms of catalysts, and looks forward to the future development direction. It provides a certain reference for the discovery of new catalysts that can improve yield and reduce environmental pollution in the process of oil shale extraction and also provides a valuable technical reference for the green development and utilization of unconventional and strategic alternative energy sources in the world and the transformation and sustainable development of the global energy structure.

Higher or lower? Interpersonal behavioral and neural synchronization of movement imitation in autistic children.

How well autistic children can imitate movements and how their brain activity synchronizes with the person they are imitating have been understudied. The current study adopted functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) hyperscanning and employed a task involving real interactions involving meaningful and meaningless movement imitation to explore the fundamental nature of imitation as a dynamic and interactive process. Experiment 1 explored meaningful and meaningless gesture imitation. The results revealed that autistic children exhibited lower imitation accuracy and behavioral synchrony than non-autistic children when imitating both meaningful and meaningless gestures. Specifically, compared to non-autistic children, autistic children displayed significantly higher interpersonal neural synchronization (INS) in the right inferior parietal lobule (r-IPL) (channel 12) when imitating meaningful gestures but lower INS when imitating meaningless gestures. Experiment 2 further investigated the imitation of four types of meaningless movements (orofacial movements, transitive movements, limb movements, and gestures). The results revealed that across all four movement types, autistic children exhibited significantly lower imitation accuracy, behavioral synchrony, and INS in the r-IPL (channel 12) than non-autistic children. This study is the first to identify INS as a biomarker of movement imitation difficulties in autistic individuals. Furthermore, an intra- and interindividual imitation mechanism model was proposed to explain the underlying causes of movement imitation difficulties in autistic individuals.

A review of complex hormone regulation in thyroid cancer: novel insights beyond the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis.

Like the ovaries and prostate, the thyroid exhibits characteristic hormone secretion and regulation. Thyroid cancer (TC), especially differentiated thyroid carcinoma, has typical sex-specific and age-specific hormone-driven clinical features. Previous research has primarily focused on the effects of thyroid stimulating hormone, thyroid hormones, and estrogens on the onset and progression of TC, while the roles of growth hormone (GH), androgens, and glucocorticoids have largely been overlooked. Similarly, few studies have investigated the interactions between hormones and hormone systems. In fact, numerous studies of patients with acromegaly have shown that serum levels of GH and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) may be associated with the onset and progression of TC, although the influences of age, sex, and other risk factors, such as obesity and stress, remain unclear. Sex hormones, the GH/IGF axis, and glucocorticoids are likely involved in the onset and progression of TC by regulating the tumor microenvironment and metabolism. The aim of this review was to clarify the roles of hormones and hormone systems in TC, especially papillary thyroid carcinoma, as references for further investigations.

Development of a multienzyme isothermal and lateral flow dipstick combination assay for the rapid detection of goose astrovirus II.

Introduction: Goose astrovirus (GAstV) is a newly emerging pathogen that is currently widespread among geese, causing visceral gout and leading to substantial gosling mortalities, posing a severe threat to the waterfowl industry. GAstV II is the predominant epidemic strain, characterized by its high morbidity and mortality rate. Consequently, there is an urgent necessity to develop an effective diagnostic approach to control the dissemination of GAstV II, particularly in clinical farms with limited laboratory resources. Methods: In this study, a novel multi-enzyme isothermal rapid amplification (MIRA) and lateral flow dipstick (LFD) combined assay was developed. Different primers designed specific targeting a highly conserved region within the viral RdRp gene for the detection of GAstV II. Primers optimized and MIRA-LFD assay analyzed its performance regarding limits of detection, specificity, and efficiency of detection. Results: The developed MIRA amplification is conducted at a constant temperature and accomplished within 10 minutes. Subsequent naked-eye observation of the LFD strips merely takes 5 minutes. The established MIRA-LFD method exhibits high specificity, with no cross-reaction with other pathogens and attains a detection sensitivity of 1 copy/µl, which is consistent with the reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assay. Further evaluation with clinical samples indicates that the accuracy of this MIRA-LFD method correlates well with RT-qPCR for the detection of GAstV II. Conclusion: In summary, the convenience, sensitivity, and rapidity of this newly developed detection method offer a significant advantage for on-site diagnosis of GAstV II.

Effect of bile duct resection on the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma combined with extrahepatic bile duct tumor thrombus.

BACKGROUND: Surgical therapy is the most optimal treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) combined with bile duct tumor thrombus (BDTT) patients. However, whether to perform bile duct resection (BDR) is still controversial. The purpose of this multicenter research is to compare the effect of BDR on the prognosis of extrahepatic BDTT patients. METHODS: We collected the data of 111 HCC patients combined with extrahepatic BDTT who underwent radical hepatectomy from June 1, 2004 to December 31, 2021. Those patients had either received hepatectomy with extrahepatic bile duct resection (BDR group) or hepatectomy without bile duct resection (NBDR group). Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) was used to reduce the potential bias between two groups and balance the influence of confounding factors in baseline data. Then compare the prognosis between the two groups of patients. Cox regression model was used for univariate and multivariate analysis to further determine the independent risk factors that influence the prognosis of HCC-BDTT patients. RESULTS: There were 38 patients in the BDR group and 73 patients in the NBDR group. Before and after IPTW, there were no statistical significance in OS, RFS and intraoperative median blood loss between the two groups (all P > 0.05). Before IPTW, the median postoperative hospital stay in the NBDR group was shorter (P = 0.046) and the grade of postoperative complications was lower than BDR group (P = 0.014). After IPTW, there was no difference in postoperative hospital stay between the two groups (P > 0.05). The complication grade in the NBDR group was still lower than that in the BDR group (P = 0.046). The univariate analysis showed that TNM stage and portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) were significantly correlated with OS (both P < 0.05). Preoperative AFP level, TNM stage and prognostic nutritional index (PNI) were significantly correlated with postoperative RFS (all P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that tumor TNM stage was an independent risk factor for the OS rate (P = 0.014). TNM stage, PNI and AFP were independent predictors of RFS after radical hepatectomy (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: For HCC-BDTT patients, hepatocellular carcinoma resection combined with choledochotomy to remove the tumor thrombus may benefit more.

[Anti-inflammatory effect and its mechanism of Saracae Cortex based on zebrafish model and network pharmacology].

This paper aims to explore the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Saracae Cortex by using network pharmacology and molecular docking methods and verify it through the inflammation model of zebrafish. The effective components, potential core targets, and signaling pathways of Saracae Cortex were obtained by using network pharmacology. A lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced inflammation model of zebrafish was established to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract and 70% ethanol extract of Saracae Cortex with cell apoptosis rate and reactive oxygen species(ROS) production rate as indicators. q PCR was performed to verify the main targets predicted by network pharmacology. The prediction found that there were 121 potential anti-inflammatory targets in Saracae Cortex. Protein-protein interaction(PPI) analysis showed that Saracae Cortex mainly acted on signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3), vascular endothelial growth factor A( VEGFA), epidermal growth factor( EGF), tumor necrosis factor( TNF),tumor protein p53(TP53), matrix metalloprotein 9(MMP9), c-fos proto-oncogene protein(FOS), estrogen receptor 1(ESR1), cx-c motif chemokine ligand 8(CXCL8), cluster of differentiation 8(CD8), and other targets. Gene Ontology(GO) analysis showed the biological process mainly acted on the inhibition of apoptosis, the positive regulation of gene expression, and the positive regulation of cell proliferation. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) analysis showed that the mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1(HIF-1) signaling pathway may play a key role in anti-inflammation of Saracae Cortex. Molecular docking verified that five key compounds had a strong binding force with their corresponding core target. Zebrafish animal experiments showed that Saracae Cortex could significantly inhibit ROS formation and reduce cell apoptosis in juvenile fish caused by inflammation and inhibit the further enhancement of inflammatory response in tissue. In addition, compared with the blank group, the transcription levels of nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB), TP53, FOS, adaptor protein complex-1(AP-1), and mitogen-activated protein kinases P38(P38) were significantly up-regulated in the model group. Compared with the model group, the m RNA expression of NF-κB, TP53, FOS, AP-1, and P38 was significantly down-regulated in zebrafish tissue treated with aqueous extract and 70% ethanol extract of Saracae Cortex. Saracae Cortex plays an anti-inflammatory role through multiple components and targets, and its anti-inflammatory effect may be related to the inhibition of the MAPK signaling pathway.

A novel technique for the single-port laparoscopic percutaneous extraperitoneal closure (SLPEC) of paediatric isolated giant inguinal hernias using double-modified hernia needles.

The objective was to explore the efficacy of single-port laparoscopic percutaneous extraperitoneal closure using double-modified hernia needles with hydrodissection (SLPEC group) and two-port laparoscopic percutaneous extraperitoneal closure (TLPEC group) for the treatment of giant indirect inguinal hernias in children. We performed a retrospective review of all children with giant indirect inguinal hernias (inner ring orifice diameter ≥ 1.5 cm) who underwent laparoscopic high ligation of the hernia sac at FuJian Children's Hospital from January 2019 to December 2021. We collected data from the medical records of all the children and analysed their clinical characteristics and operation-related and follow-up information. Overall, this study included a cohort of 219 patients with isolated giant inguinal hernias who had complete clinical data and who had undergone laparoscopic high ligation of the hernia sac at our centre. All procedures were successfully performed for the 106 patients who underwent SLPEC and for the 113 patients who underwent TLPEC at our centre. There were no statistically significant differences in patient age, sex, body weight, follow-up time or the side of inguinal hernia between the SLPEC group and the TLPEC group (P = 0.123, 0.613, 0.121, 0.076 and 0.081, respectively). However, there were significant differences in the bleeding volume, visual analogue scale (VAS) score, and postoperative activity time between the two groups (P ≤ 0.001). The operation times in the TLPEC group were significantly longer than those in the SLPEC group (P = 0.048), but there were no significant differences in hospital length of stay or hospitalization costs between the two groups (P = 0.244 and 0.073, respectively). Incision scars were found in 2 patients in the SLPEC group and 9 patients in the TLPEC group, and there was a significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.04). However, the incidence of ipsilateral hernia recurrence, surgical site infection, suture-knot reactions and chronic inguinodynia did not significantly differ between the two groups (P = 0.332, 0.301, 0.332 and 0.599, respectively). Postoperative hydrocele occurred in only 1 male child in the SLPEC group and in no male children in the TLPEC group, and there was no difference between the two groups (P = 0.310). In this study, there were no cases of testicular atrophy or iatrogenic ascent of the testis. Compared with the TLPEC group, the SLPEC group had the advantages of a concealed incision, light scarring, minimal invasiveness, a reduced operation time, minimal bleeding, mild pain and rapid recovery. In conclusion, SLPEC using double-modified hernia needles with hydrodissection and high ligation of the hernia sac is a safe, effective and minimally invasive surgery. The cosmetic results are impressive, and the follow-up results are promising.

Challenges in early detection and endoscopic resection of esophageal cancer: There is a long way to go.

The publication by Qu et al provided a comprehensive discussion about the epidemiology, etiology, histopathology, early detection, and endoscopic treatment of esophageal carcinoma (EC) and summarized the progress in the advanced technologies for screening and endoscopic resection for EC. In this editorial, we will provide deeper insight into the challenges that hinder practical application of these advanced technologies along with the role of these technologies in upper endoscopy quality. More efforts need to be made to overcome the challenges and add the value of these technologies in upper endoscopy quality. Clinical outcomes of management strategies after noncurative endoscopic dissection for early EC patients need further investigation. The experiences with noncurative endoscopic resection of other organs may have certain implications for noncurative resection of early EC.

Refining the targeted population and achieving better for colorectal cancer screening.

This editorial comments on the article entitled "Stage at diagnosis of colorectal cancer through diagnostic route: Who should be screened?" by Agatsuma et al, who conducted a retrospective study aiming at clarifying the stage at colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnosis based on different diagnostic routes. We share our opinion about CRC screening programs. The current situation suggests the need for a more specific and targeted population for CRC screening.

First Measurement of Drift-Alfvén Wave Polarization in Magnetically Confined Fusion Plasmas.

Polarization of drift-Alfvén waves, defined as the ratio of electrostatic to electromagnetic fluctuations, has remained unmeasurable in fusion plasmas for decades, despite its pivotal role in understanding wave dynamics and their impact on plasmas. We report the first measurements of drift-Alfvén wave polarization in a hot, magnetically confined plasma. The breakthrough is enabled by a novel methodology developed from gyrokinetic theory, utilizing fluctuations of electron temperature and density. Analysis of data from the DIII-D tokamak reveals that the waves above the geodesic acoustic mode frequency exhibit dominant electromagnetic polarization, whereas lower-frequency waves show a mix of electromagnetic and electrostatic polarization, indicating a strong coupling between shear Alfvén waves and drift-acoustic waves.

Prevalence, treatment efficacy, and risk factors of vascular complications in acute pancreatitis: A case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the prevalence of vascular complications in acute pancreatitis (AP), to compare patient outcomes using various treatments, and to explore the related risk factors. METHODS: Consecutive AP patients admitted from January 2010 to July 2017 were retrospectively included. Demographics, vascular complications, laboratory indices, and imaging findings were collected. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to explore potential risk factors of vascular complications. RESULTS: Of 3048 AP patients, 808 (26.5%) had vascular complications, including visceral vein thrombosis, sinistral portal hypertension, and arterial complications. And 38 (4.7%) patients received anticoagulant therapy and had a higher rate of recanalization (P < 0.001). Bleeding occurred in 95 (11.8%) patients, who received further treatment. Multivariate analysis identified male gender (odds ratio [OR] 1.650, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.101-2.472), hyperlipidemia (OR 1.714, 95% CI 1.356-2.165), disease recurrence (OR 3.727, 95% CI 2.713-5.118), smoking (OR 1.519, 95% CI 1.011-2.283), hemoglobin level (OR 0.987, 95% CI 0.981-0.993), white blood cell (WBC) count (OR 1.094, 95% CI 1.068-1.122), non-vascular local complications (OR 3.018, 95% CI 1.992-4.573), computed tomography severity index (CTSI) (OR 1.425, 95% CI 1.273-1.596), and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II score (OR 1.057, 95% CI 1.025-1.090) were related to vascular complications. CONCLUSIONS: Vascular complications in AP is prevalent and their treatment is challenging. Further investigations are warranted to determine the optimal treatment strategy. Independent risk factors included male gender, hyperlipidemia, disease recurrence, smoking, WBC count, non-vascular local complications, CTSI, and APACHE II score.

Experiences of formal caregivers of elderly inpatients with physical disabilities in China: a qualitative study.

AIM: To explore the views and experiences of formal caregivers caring for older inpatients with physical disabilities. METHODS: It was a qualitative phenomenological study. Using purposive sampling, twelve formal caregivers were chosen in a tertiary comprehensive hospital in Hangzhou, China. Semi-structured, face-to-face interviews were conducted, guided by open-ended questions that focused on gaining rich insights into participants' views and experiences. Coding reliability thematic analysis was used to guide data analysis and categorize, based on Lazarus and Folkman's theory of transactional coping. RESULTS: Four themes emerged from the data analysis: (1) Caregiving Threats. (2) motivations. (3) Responsibility Management. (4) Fear. CONCLUSION: Despite facing significant pressure at work, formal caregivers of elderly inpatients with physical disabilities possess the drive and various coping strategies to excel in their role. Identifying caregivers' experiences of care can be helpful in improving resilience to stress and maintaining stability in formal caregivers.

RNA editing in host lncRNAs as potential modulator in SARS-CoV-2 variants-host immune response dynamics.

Both host and viral RNA editing plays a crucial role in host's response to infection, yet our understanding of host RNA editing remains limited. In this study of in-house generated RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data of 211 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with PreVOC, Delta, and Omicron variants, we observed a significant differential editing frequency and patterns in long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), with Delta group displaying lower RNA editing compared to PreVOC/Omicron patients. Notably, multiple transcripts of UGDH-AS1 and NEAT1 exhibited high editing frequencies. Expression of ADAR1/APOBEC3A/APOBEC3G and differential abundance of repeats were possible modulators of differential editing across patient groups. We observed a shift in crucial infection-related pathways wherein the pathways were downregulated in Delta compared to PreVOC and Omicron. Our genomics-based evidence suggests that lncRNA editing influences stability, miRNA binding, and expression of both lncRNA and target genes. Overall, the study highlights the role of lncRNAs and how editing within host lncRNAs modulates the disease severity.

Exploring the Structural Attributes of Yoda1 for the Development of New-Generation Piezo1 Agonist Yaddle1 as a Vaccine Adjuvant Targeting Optimal T Cell Activation.

Piezo1, a mechano-activated ion channel, has wide-ranging physiological and therapeutic implications, with the ongoing development of specific agonists unveiling cellular responses to mechanical stimuli. In our study, we systematically analyzed the chemical subunits in Piezo1 protein agonist Yoda1 to comprehend the structure-activity relationship and push forward next-generation agonist development. Preliminary screening assays for Piezo1 agonism were performed using the Piezo1-mCherry-transfected HEK293A cell line, keeping Yoda1 as a positive control. We introduce a novel Piezo1 agonist Yaddle1 (34, 0.40 µM), featuring a trifluoromethyl group, with further exploration through in vitro studies and density functional theory calculations, emphasizing its tetrel interactions, to act as an ambidextrous wedge between the domains of Piezo1. In contrast to the poor solubility of the established agonist Yoda1, our results showed that the kinetic solubility of Yaddle1 (26.72 ± 1.8 µM at pH 7.4) is 10-fold better than that of Yoda1 (1.22 ± 0.11 µM at pH 7.4). Yaddle1 (34) induces Ca2+ influx in human CD4+ T cell, suggesting its potential as a vaccine adjuvant for enhanced T cell activation.

Phylogenomic data exploration with increased sampling provides new insights into the higher-level relationships of butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera).

A robust and stable phylogenetic framework is a fundamental goal of evolutionary biology. As the third largest insect order in the world following Coleoptera and Diptera, Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) play a central role in almost every terrestrial ecosystem as indicators of environmental change and serve as important models for biologists exploring questions related to ecology and evolutionary biology. However, for such a charismatic insect group, the higher-level phylogenetic relationships among its superfamilies are still poorly resolved. Compared to earlier phylogenomic studies, we increased taxon sampling among Lepidoptera (37 superfamilies and 68 families containing 263 taxa) and acquired a series of large amino-acid datasets from 69,680 to 400,330 for phylogenomic reconstructions. Using these datasets, we explored the effect of different taxon sampling with significant increases in the number of included genes on tree topology by considering a series of systematic errors using maximum-likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods. Moreover, we also tested the effectiveness in topology robustness among the three ML-based models. The results showed that taxon sampling is an important determinant in tree robustness of accurate lepidopteran phylogenetic estimation. Long-branch attraction (LBA) caused by site-wise heterogeneity is a significant source of bias giving rise to unstable positions of ditrysian groups in phylogenomic reconstruction. Phylogenetic inference showed the most comprehensive framework to reveal the relationships among lepidopteran superfamilies, and presented some newly relationships with strong supports (Papilionoidea was sister to Gelechioidea and Immoidea was sister to Galacticoidea, respectively), but limited by taxon sampling, the relationships within the species-rich and relatively rapid radiation Ditrysia and especially Apoditrysia remain poorly resolved, which need to increase taxon sampling for further phylogenomic reconstruction. The present study demonstrates that taxon sampling is an important determinant for an accurate lepidopteran tree of life and provides some essential insights for future lepidopteran phylogenomic studies.

The effect of tDCS on inhibitory control and its transfer effect on sustained attention in children with autism spectrum disorder: An fNIRS study.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have inhibitory control deficits. The combination of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and inhibitory control training produces good transfer effects and improves neuroplasticity. However, no studies have explored whether applying tDCS over the dlPFC improves inhibitory control and produces transfer effects in children with ASD. OBJECTIVE: To explore whether multisession tDCS could enhance inhibitory control training (response inhibition), near-transfer (interference control) and far-transfer effects (sustained attention; stability of attention) in children with ASD and the generalizability of training effects in daily life and the class, as reflected by behavioral performance and neural activity measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). METHODS: Twenty-eight autistic children were randomly assigned to either the true or sham tDCS group. The experimental group received bifrontal tDCS stimulation at 1.5 mA, administered for 15 min daily across eight consecutive days. tDCS was delivered during a computerized Go/No-go training task. Behavioral performance in terms of inhibitory control (Dog/Monkey and Day/Night Stroop tasks), sustained attention (Continuous Performance and Cancellation tests), prefrontal cortex (PFC) neural activity and inhibitory control and sustained attention in the class and at home were evaluated. RESULTS: Training (response inhibition) and transfer effects (interference control; sustained attention) were significantly greater after receiving tDCS during the Go/No-go training task than after receiving sham tDCS. Changes in oxyhemoglobin (HbO) concentrations in the dlPFC and FPA associated with consistent conditions in the Day/Night Stroop and Continuous Performance test were observed after applying tDCS during the inhibitory control training task. Notably, transfer effects can be generalized to classroom environments. CONCLUSION: Inhibitory control training combined with tDCS may be a promising, safe, and effective method for improving inhibitory control and sustained attention in children with ASD.

Environmental factors and particle size shape the community structure of airborne total and pathogenic bacteria in a university campus.

Given the dense population on university campuses, indoor and outdoor airborne bacterial contamination may lead to the rapid spread of diseases in a university environment. However, there are few studies of the characteristics of airborne and pathogenic bacterial communities in different sites on a university campus. In this study, we collected particulate matter samples from indoor and outdoor locations at a university in Bengbu City, Anhui Province, China, and analyzed the community characteristics of airborne and pathogenic bacteria using a high-throughput sequencing technique. The results showed that the composition of the dominant airborne and pathogenic bacterial communities was consistent among sites at the phylum and genus levels, with differences in their relative abundance. There were significant differences in the structure of the airborne and pathogenic bacterial communities between indoor and outdoor sites (p < 0.05). An analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) indicated that the structure of airborne bacterial communities in indoor sites was influenced by the room occupancy rate, ventilation conditions, and the extent of indoor furnishing (p < 0.05), while the structure of pathogenic bacterial communities was influenced by the number of individuals and spatial dimensions (p < 0.05). The impact of particle size on the structure of airborne and pathogenic bacterial communities was relatively minor. A total of 194 suspected pathogenic bacterial species were identified, accounting for 0.0001-1.3923% of the total airborne bacteria, all of which were conditional pathogens. Among them, Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula, Acinetobacter johnsonii, and Moraxella osloensis exhibited relatively high relative abundance, accounting for 24.40, 16.22, and 8.66% of the total pathogenic bacteria, respectively. Moreover, 18 emerging or re-emerging pathogenic bacterial species with significant implications for human health were identified, although their relative abundance was relatively low (0.5098%). The relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria in indoor environments was significantly higher than outdoors, with the laboratory and dormitory having the highest levels. The findings of this study provide valuable guidance for the prevention and control of airborne bacterial contamination and the associated health risks in both a campus environment and other public spaces with high occupancy rates.

The scheme, and regulative mechanism of pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and necroptosis in radiation injury.

Radiotherapy (RT) stands as the primary treatment for tumors, but it inevitably causes damage to normal cells. Consequently, radiation injury is a crucial consideration for radiation oncologists during therapy planning. Cell death including apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and necroptosis play significant roles in tumor treatment. While previous studies elucidated the induction of apoptosis and autophagy by ionizing radiation (IR), recent attention has shifted to pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and necroptosis, revealing their effects induced by IR. This review aims to summarize the strategies employed by IR, either alone or in combination therapy, to induce pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and necroptosis in radiation injury. Furthermore, we explore their effects and molecular pathways, shedding light on their roles in radiation injury. Finally, we summarize the regulative agents for these three types of cell death and their mechanisms. In summary, optimizing radiation dose, dose rate, and combined treatment plans to minimize radiation damage and enhance the killing effect of RT is a key focus.