MAGNESIUM SULFATE AMELIORATES HISTONE-INDUCED COAGULATION DYSFUNCTION AND LUNG DAMAGE IN MICE.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Extracellular histones have been determined as significant mediators of sepsis, which can induce endothelial cell injury and promote coagulation activation, and ultimately contribute to multiorgan failure. Evidence suggests that magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4 ) exerts a potential coagulation-modulating activity; however, whether MgSO 4 ameliorates histone-induced coagulation dysfunction and organ damage remains unclear. Methods: To measure circulating histone levels, blood specimens were collected from septic patients and mice, and the relationship between circulating histone levels, coagulation parameters, and Mg 2+ levels in sepsis was investigated. Furthermore, to explore the possible protective effects of MgSO 4 , we established a histone-induced coagulation model in mice by intravenous histone injection. The survival rate of mice was assessed, and the histopathological damage of the lungs (including endothelial cell injury and coagulation status) was evaluated using various methods, including hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results: The circulating histone levels in septic patients and mice were significantly associated with several coagulation parameters. In septic patients, histone levels correlated negatively with platelet counts and positively with prothrombin time and D-dimer levels. Similarly, in cecal ligation and puncture mice, histones correlated negatively with platelet counts and positively with D-dimer levels. Interestingly, we also observed a positive link between histones and Mg 2+ levels, suggesting that Mg 2+ with anticoagulant activity is involved in histone-mediated coagulation alterations in sepsis. Further animal experiments confirmed that MgSO 4 administration significantly improved survival and attenuated histone-mediated endothelial cell injury, coagulation dysfunction, and lung damage in mice. Conclusion: These results suggest that therapeutic targeting of histone-mediated endothelial cell injury, coagulation dysfunction, and lung damage, for example, with MgSO 4 , may be protective in septic individuals with elevated circulating histone levels.

After-effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation with parameter dependence on long-term potentiation-like plasticity and object recognition memory in rats.

Objective: To investigate the after-effects of 25-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) at 60, 100, and 120% resting motor threshold (rMT) on long-term potentiation (LTP) in the rat hippocampus, to clarify the intensity dependence of rTMS, and to determine whether it simultaneously affects learning and memory ability. Methods: Five rats were randomly selected from 70 male Wistar rats, and evoked rMT potentials were recorded in response to magnetic stimulation. The remaining 65 rats were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 13), including sham rTMS, 1 Hz 100% rMT, and 25 Hz rTMS groups with 3 subgroups of 60% rMT, 100% rMT, and 120% rMT. Five rats in each group were anesthetized and induced by a priming TMS-test design for population spike (PS) response of the perforant path-dentate gyrus in the hippocampus; the remaining eight rats in each group were evaluated for object recognition memory in the novel object recognition (NOR) task after the different rTMS protocols. Results: Forty-five percent (approximately 1.03 T) of the magnetic stimulator output was confirmed as rMT in the biceps femoris muscle. The PS ratio was ranked as follows: 25 Hz 100% rMT (267.78 ± 25.71%) > sham rTMS (182 ± 9.4%) >1 Hz 100% rMT (102.69 ± 6.64%) > 25 Hz 120% rMT (98 ± 11.3%) > 25 Hz 60% rMT (36 ± 8.5%). Significant differences were observed between the groups, except for the difference between the 25 Hz 120% rMT and the 1 Hz 100% rMT groups (p = 0.446). LTP was successfully induced over the 60-min recording period only in the sham rTMS and 25 Hz 100% rMT groups. Moreover, these two groups spent more time exploring a novel object than a familiar object during the NOR task (p < 0.001), suggesting long-term recognition memory retention. In the between-group analysis of the discrimination index, the following ranking was observed: 25 Hz 100% rMT (0.812 ± 0.158) > sham rTMS (0.653 ± 0.111) > 25 Hz 120% rMT (0.583 ± 0.216) >1 Hz 100% rMT (0.581 ± 0.145) > 25 Hz 60% rMT (0.532 ± 0.220). Conclusion: The after-effect of 25-Hz rTMS was dependent on stimulus intensity and provided an inverted (V-shaped) bidirectional modulation on hippocampal plasticity that involved two forms of metaplasticity. Furthermore, the effects on the recognition memory ability were positively correlated with those on LTP induction in the hippocampus in vivo.

Factors Influencing Disabled Stroke Survivors' Quality of Life in Rural China: Based on the Structural Characteristics and Psychometric Properties of the SF-36 Assessment.

Many stroke survivors' quality of life is impaired. Few studies of factors influencing their quality of life have been based on the factors tested by the short form 36 instrument. This study did so with 308 physically disabled stroke survivors in rural China. Principal components analysis was applied to refine the dimension structure of the short form 36 assessment, followed by backward multiple linear regression analysis to determine the independent factors influencing quality of life. The structure revealed differed from the generic structure in showing that the mental health and vitality dimensions are not unidimensional. Subjects who reported access to the outdoors as convenient demonstrated better quality of life in all dimensions. Those who exercised regularly achieved better social functioning and negative mental health scores. Other factors influencing a better quality of life in terms of physical functioning were younger age and not being married. Being older and better educated predicted better role-emotion scores. Being female correlated with better social functioning scores, while men scored better on bodily pain. Being less educated predicted higher negative mental health, while being less disabled predicted better physical and social functioning. The results suggest that the SF-36's dimension structure should be re-evaluated before using it to assess stroke survivors.

Asymmetric cortical activation in healthy and hemiplegic individuals during walking: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy neuroimaging study.

Background: This study investigated the cortical activation mechanism underlying locomotor control during healthy and hemiplegic walking. Methods: A total of eight healthy individuals with right leg dominance (male patients, 75%; mean age, 40.06 ± 4.53 years) and six post-stroke patients with right hemiplegia (male patients, 86%; mean age, 44.41 ± 7.23 years; disease course, 5.21 ± 2.63 months) completed a walking task at a treadmill speed of 2 km/h and a functional electrical stimulation (FES)-assisted walking task, respectively. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to detect hemodynamic changes in neuronal activity in the bilateral sensorimotor cortex (SMC), supplementary motor area (SMA), and premotor cortex (PMC). Results: fNIRS cortical mapping showed more SMC-PMC-SMA locomotor network activation during hemiplegic walking than during healthy gait. Furthermore, more SMA and PMC activation in the affected hemisphere was observed during the FES-assisted hemiplegic walking task than during the non-FES-assisted task. The laterality index indicated asymmetric cortical activation during hemiplegic gait, with relatively greater activation in the unaffected (right) hemisphere during hemiplegic gait than during healthy walking. During hemiplegic walking, the SMC and SMA were predominantly activated in the unaffected hemisphere, whereas the PMC was predominantly activated in the affected hemisphere. No significant differences in the laterality index were noted between the other groups and regions (p > 0.05). Conclusion: An important feature of asymmetric cortical activation was found in patients with post-stroke during the walking process, which was the recruitment of more SMC-SMA-PMC activation than in healthy individuals. Interestingly, there was no significant lateralized activation during hemiplegic walking with FES assistance, which would seem to indicate that FES may help hemiplegic walking recover the balance in cortical activation. These results, which are worth verifying through additional research, suggest that FES used as a potential therapeutic strategy may play an important role in motor recovery after stroke.

Subsequent Acupuncture Reverses the Aftereffects of Intermittent Theta-Burst Stimulation.

Objective: This study explored whether acupuncture affects the maintenance of long-term potentiation (LTP)-like plasticity induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and the acquisition of motor skills following repetitive sequential visual isometric pinch task (SVIPT) training. Methods: Thirty-six participants were recruited. The changes in the aftereffects induced by intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) and followed acupuncture were tested by the amplitude motor evoked potential (MEP) at pre-and-post-iTBS for 30 min and at acupuncture-in and -off for 30 min. Secondly, the effects of acupuncture on SVIPT movement in inducing error rate and learning skill index were tested. Results: Following one session of iTBS, the MEP amplitude was increased and maintained at a high level for 30 min. The facilitation of MEP was gradually decreased to the baseline level during acupuncture-in and did not return to a high level after needle extraction. The SVIPT-acupuncture group had a lower learning skill index than those in the SVIPT group, indicating that acupuncture intervention after SVIPT training may restrain the acquisition ability of one's learning skills. Conclusion: Acupuncture could reverse the LTP-like plasticity of the contralateral motor cortex induced by iTBS. Subsequent acupuncture may negatively affect the efficacy of the acquisition of learned skills in repetitive exercise training.

A Mobile Health App for the Collection of Functional Outcomes After Inpatient Stroke Rehabilitation: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Monitoring the functional status of poststroke patients after they transition home is significant for rehabilitation. Mobile health (mHealth) technologies may provide an opportunity to reach and follow patients post discharge. However, the feasibility and validity of functional assessments administered by mHealth technologies are unknown. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility, validity, and reliability of functional assessments administered through the videoconference function of a mobile phone-based app compared with administration through the telephone function in poststroke patients after rehabilitation hospitalization. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was conducted in a rehabilitation hospital in Southeast China. Participants were randomly assigned to either a videoconference follow-up (n=60) or a telephone follow-up (n=60) group. We measured the functional status of participants in each group at 2-week and 3-month follow-up periods. Half the participants in each group were followed by face-to-face home visit assessments as the gold standard. Validity was assessed by comparing any score differences between videoconference follow-up and home visit assessments, as well as telephone follow-up and home visit assessments. Reliability was assessed by computing agreements between videoconference follow-up and home visit assessments, as well as telephone follow-up and home visit assessments. Feasibility was evaluated by the levels of completion, satisfaction, comfort, and confidence in the 2 groups. RESULTS: Scores obtained from the videoconference follow-up were similar to those of the home visit assessment. However, most scores collected from telephone administration were higher than those of the home visit assessment. The agreement between videoconference follow-up and home visit assessments was higher than that between telephone follow-up and home visit assessments at all follow-up periods. In the telephone follow-up group, completion rates were 95% and 82% at 2-week and 3-month follow-up points, respectively. In the videoconference follow-up group, completion rates were 95% and 80% at 2-week and 3-month follow-up points, respectively. There were no differences in the completion rates between the 2 groups at all follow-up periods (X21=1.6, P=.21 for 2-week follow-up; X21=1.9, P=.17 for 3-month follow-up). Patients in the videoconference follow-up group perceived higher confidence than those in the telephone follow-up group at both 2-week and 3-month follow-up periods (X23=6.7, P=.04 for 2-week follow-up; X23=8.0, P=.04 for 3-month follow-up). The videoconference follow-up group demonstrated higher satisfaction than the telephone follow-up group at 3-month follow-up (X23=13.9; P=.03). CONCLUSIONS: The videoconference follow-up assessment of functional status demonstrates higher validity and reliability, as well as higher confidence and satisfaction perceived by patients, than the telephone assessment. The videoconference assessment provides an efficient means of assessing functional outcomes of patients after hospital discharge. This method provides a novel solution for clinical trials requiring longitudinal assessments. TRIAL REGISTRATION: chictr.org.cn: ChiCTR1900027626; http://www.chictr.org.cn/edit.aspx?pid=44831&htm=4.

Different exercise modalities relieve pain syndrome in patients with knee osteoarthritis and modulate the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: A multiple mode MRI study.

OBJECTIVES: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a common degenerative joint disease with no satisfactory intervention. Recently, both physical and mindfulness exercises have received considerable attention for their implications in KOA pain management, and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has displayed a critical role in pain modulation. This study aimed to comparatively investigate the modulation effects of different exercises using multidisciplinary measurements. METHODS: 140 KOA patients were randomized into Tai Chi, Baduanjin, stationary cycling, or health education control groups for 12 weeks. Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), structural MRI, and serum biomarkers were measured at baseline and at the end of the study. RESULTS: We found: 1) increased KOOS pain subscores (pain reduction) and serum programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) levels in the three exercise groups compared to the control group; 2) decreased resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the DLPFC-supplementary motor area (SMA) and increased rsFC between the DLPFC and anterior cingulate cortex in all exercise groups compared to the control group; 3) significant associations between DLPFC-SMA rsFC with KOOS pain subscores and serum PD-1 levels at baseline; 4) significantly increased grey matter volume in the SMA in the Tai Chi and stationary cycling groups, and a trend toward significant increase in the Baduanjin group compared to the control group; 5) significant DLPFC rsFC differences among different exercise groups; and 6) that baseline DLPFC-SMA rsFC can predict the effect of mind-body exercise on pain improvement in KOA. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that different exercises can modulate both common and unique DLPFC (cognitive control) pathways, and altered DLPFC-SMA rsFC is associated with serum biomarker levels. Our findings also highlight the potentials of neuroimaging biomarkers in predicting the therapeutic effect of mind-body exercises on KOA pain.

Tai Chi Chuan and Baduanjin Increase Grey Matter Volume in Older Adults: A Brain Imaging Study.

The aim of this study is to investigate and compare how 12-weeks of Tai Chi Chuan and Baduanjin exercise can modulate brain structure and memory function in older adults. Magnetic resonance imaging and memory function measurements (Wechsler Memory Scale-Chinese revised, WMS-CR) were applied at both the beginning and end of the study. Results showed that both Tai Chi Chuan and Baduanjin could significantly increase grey matter volume (GMV) in the insula, medial temporal lobe, and putamen after 12-weeks of exercise. No significant differences were observed in GMV between the Tai Chi Chuan and Baduanjin groups. We also found that compared to healthy controls, Tai Chi Chuan and Baduanjin significantly improved visual reproduction subscores on the WMS-CR. Baduanjin also improved mental control, recognition, touch, and comprehension memory subscores of the WMS-CR compared to the control group. Memory quotient and visual reproduction subscores were both associated with GMV increases in the putamen and hippocampus. Our results demonstrate the potential of Tai Chi Chuan and Baduanjin exercise for the prevention of memory deficits in older adults.

Patient and Family Member Factors Influencing Outcomes of Poststroke Inpatient Rehabilitation.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate how family members' attitudes toward functional regain, and patients' knowledge and intention of independence influence poststroke rehabilitation. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Three rehabilitation inpatient settings. PARTICIPANTS: Younger (n=79) and older (n=84) poststroke patients, along with their family members (spouses, n=104; children, n=59). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Custom-designed questionnaires were used to tap into the patients' knowledge about rehabilitation (Patient's Rehabilitation Questionnaire-Knowledge About Rehabilitation) and intention of independence (Patient's Rehabilitation Questionnaire-Intention of Independence), and family members' attitudes toward patients in performing basic activities of daily living (BADL) (Family Member Attitudes Questionnaire-BADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (Family Member Attitudes Questionnaire-instrumental activities of daily living). The rehabilitation outcomes included gains in motor, cognitive, and emotional functions, and self-care independence, measured with common clinical instruments. RESULTS: The Family Member Attitudes Questionnaire-BADL predicted cognitive outcome and the Patient's Rehabilitation Questionnaire-Intention of Independence predicted motor outcome for both groups. Differential age-related effects were revealed for the Patient's Rehabilitation Questionnaire-Intention of Independence in predicting emotional outcome only for the younger group, and self-care independence only for the older group. CONCLUSIONS: Patients' intention of independence positively affected motor recovery, while family members' positive attitudes promoted cognitive regain. The findings suggested plausible age-related differences in how patients' intentions affect emotion versus self-care independence outcomes. Future studies should explore strategies for promoting positive attitudes toward independence among patients and family members during poststroke rehabilitation.

Clinical Efficacy of Acupuncture Treatment in Combination With RehaCom Cognitive Training for Improving Cognitive Function in Stroke: A 2 × 2 Factorial Design Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify the clinical efficacy of acupuncture in combination with RehaCom cognitive training in poststroke patients with cognitive dysfunction. METHODS/DESIGN: This study was a 2 × 2 factorial design randomized controlled trial comparing acupuncture, computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation, and the usual treatment by per-protocol analysis. The trial was completed by 204 stroke patients, including 49 patients in a control group, 52 patients in an acupuncture treatment group, 51 patients in a RehaCom training group, and 52 patients in an acupuncture combined with RehaCom group. All of the patients accepted basic treatment and health education. The interventions continued for 12 weeks (30 minutes per day, 5 days per week). The relative cognitive and functional outcomes were measured at baseline and 12 weeks (at the end of intervention) using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scales. RESULTS: After 12 weeks of treatment, the functional statuses of the patients in each of the 4 groups showed varying degrees of improvement. Multiple comparisons of the changes in the MMSE, MoCA, and FIM scores indicated that acupuncture combined with RehaCom cognitive training (ACR) had enhanced therapeutic effects on the functional statuses of the stroke patients (P < .05). In addition, ACR had similar therapeutic effects on the functional statuses of the stroke patients according to each of the assessment scales applied (P△change value MMSE = 0.399, P△MoCA = 0.794, P△FIM = 0.862). The interaction effect values between acupuncture and RehaCom training (acceptance or nonacceptance) were as follows: △MMSE: F = 6.251, P = .013; △MoCA: F = 4.991, P = .027; and △FIM: F = 6.317, P = .013. Further, the main effect values for acupuncture and RehaCom training were both significant (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: There is an interaction effect in the treatment of stroke patients using ACR. The use of acupuncture in combination with RehaCom training has better therapeutic effects on the functional statuses of poststroke patients than the use of either treatment alone, demonstrating the clinical significance of this combination therapy.

Rater experience influences reliability and validity of the Brief International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health Core Set for Stroke.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate how clinical experience and access to patient information regarding functional capability influence inter-rater reliability and validity of the Brief International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health Core Set for Stroke (ICF) assessment. METHODS: Study 1 involved expert (clinical experience > 5 years) and novice (clinical experience < 2 years) rater-pairs, each evaluating the same post-stroke patients using the ICF assessment (n = 149). Study 2 involved novice raters separately evaluating a different cohort of post-stroke patients with the ICF assessment (n = 78). The novice raters had prior knowledge of patient functioning through conducting 6 clinical tests. RESULTS: For Study 1, the expert rater-pairs (kappa=0.50-0.85 for categories; intra-class correlation (ICC)=0.76-0.96 for components) had higher reliability coefficients than novice rater-pairs (kappa=0.18-0.69 for categories; ICC=0.63-0.88 for components). For Study 2, the novice raters with prior knowledge of patient's functioning yielded significantly higher ICF component scores than those without prior knowledge. The former raters' component scores were comparable to those of the expert rater-pairs. CONCLUSION: Clinical experience in post-stroke rehabilitation enhances inter-rater reliability of ICF assessment. Know-ledge of patient's functional capability, such as conducting common clinical tests in post-stroke rehabilitation, is useful for improving assessment validity.

The effect of a therapeutic regimen of Traditional Chinese Medicine rehabilitation for post-stroke cognitive impairment: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) lessens quality of life, restricts the rehabilitation of stroke, and increases the social and economic burden stroke imposes on patients and their families. Therefore effective treatment is of paramount importance. However, the treatment of PSCI is very limited. The primary aim of this protocol is to propose a lower cost and more effective therapy, and to confirm the long-term effectiveness of a therapeutic regimen of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) rehabilitation for PSCI. METHODS/DESIGN: A prospective, multicenter, large sample, randomized controlled trial will be conducted. A total of 416 eligible patients will be recruited from seven inpatient and outpatient stroke rehabilitation units and randomly allocated into a therapeutic regimen of TCM rehabilitation group or cognitive training (CT) control group. The intervention period of both groups will last 12 weeks (30 minutes per day, five days per week). Primary and secondary outcomes will be measured at baseline, 12 weeks (at the end of the intervention), and 36 weeks (after the 24-week follow-up period). DISCUSSION: This protocol presents an objective design of a multicenter, large sample, randomized controlled trial that aims to put forward a lower cost and more effective therapy, and confirm the long-term effectiveness of a therapeutic regimen of TCM rehabilitation for PSCI through subjective and objective assessments, as well as highlight its economic advantages. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (identifier: ChiCTR-TRC-14004872 ) on 23 June 2014.

[Research on characteristic of interrelationship between toxic organic compound BPA and Chlorella vulgaris].

The effects of different concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA) on Chlorella vulgaris and removal capacity of BPA by Chlorella vulgaris were investigated. Results showed that a low concentration (0-20 mg x L(-1)) of BPA promoted the growth of Chlorella vulgaris, whereas a relative high concentration (20-50 mg x L(-1)) of BPA inhibited the growth of Chlorella vulgaris, and the inhibition effect was positively correlated with the concentration of BPA. Likewise, a high dose of initial BPA (> 20 mg x L(-1)) led to a decline in the content of chlorephyll a. Chlorella vulgaris had BPA removal capacity when initial BPA concentration ranged from 2 mg x L(-1) to 50 mg x L(-1). There was positive correlation between the removal rate of BPA per cell and initial BPA concentration. The removal rate of BPA was the highest when initial BPA was 50 mg x L(-1), which appeared between lag phase and logarithmic phase.

Toxicity formation and distribution in activated sludge during treatment of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) wastewater.

The organic toxicity of sludge in land applications is a critical issue; however, minimal attention has been given to the mechanism of toxicity formation during high-strength wastewater treatment. To investigate the relevant factors that contribute to sludge toxicity, synthetic wastewater with N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was treated in a sequential aerobic activated sludge reactor. The acute toxicity of sludge, which is characterised by the inhibition rate of luminous bacteria T3, is the focus of this study. Using an operational time of 28 days and a hydraulic retention time of 12h, the study demonstrated a positive relationship between the acute toxicity of sludge and the influent DMF concentration; the toxicity centralised in the intracellular and inner sections of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in sludge flocs. Due to increased concentrations of DMF, which ranged from 40 to 200mgL(-1), the sludge toxicity increased from 25 to 45%. The organic toxicity in sludge flocs was primarily contributed by the biodegradation of DMF rather than adsorption of DMF. Additional investigation revealed a significant correlation between the properties of the bacterial community and sludge toxicity.

[Research on sludge toxicity caused by DMF biodegradation and toxicity spatial distribution in sludge flocs].

The aerobic sequencing batch activated sludge system (SBR) was used to remove the toxic and refractory organic pollutant, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). The formation property and spatial distribution of the organic toxicity in sludge were studied. The operation parameters were controlled as follows: influent COD was about 300 mg x L(-1), every DMF concentration phase lasted 30 d(40 mg x L(-1), 80 mg x L(-1), 120 mg x L(-1)), the SBR cycle lasted 12 h, and DO was 2.0-3.0 mg x L(-1). The results showed that the sludge toxicity increased in the beginning and then decreased to a steady range at each DMF concentration phase; there was a positive correlation between the sludge toxicity and the initial DMF concentration; most of the sludge organic toxicity was caused by DMF biodegradation and existed in the inner extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and intracellular section of sludge flocs.

Anionic triazine systems.

The synthesis of TAS+ C3N3F4- (1) (TAS+ = (Me2N)3S+) and the reactions of 1 with Me3SiOSiMe3 and Me3SiCF3 to give TAS+ C3N3F2O- (2) and TAS+[(NCF)(NCCF3)(NC(CF3)(2)]- (4) are reported. An isomer of 4, TAS+[(NCCF3)2(NCFCF3)]-, compound 6, was obtained by fluoride ion addition to (CF3CN)3. From the reactions with Me3SiNMe2 neutral fluoroamino triazines C3N3Fn(NMe2)(n-1) (n = 1, 2) were isolated. Possible reaction pathways are discussed, the X-ray structures of 1, 2, 4 and 6 were determined.