Integrated Analysis of Microbiome and Metabolome Reveals Disease-Specific Profiles in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Intestinal Behçet's Disease.

The gut microbial and metabolic characteristics of intestinal Behçet's disease (BD), a condition sharing many clinical similarities with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), are largely unexplored. This study investigated the gut microbial and metabolic characteristics of intestinal BD as well as potential biomarkers, comparing them with those in UC, CD, and healthy controls. Colon tissue and stool samples from 100 patients (35 UC, 30 CD, and 35 intestinal BD) and 41 healthy volunteers were analyzed using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing to assess microbial diversity, taxonomic composition, and functional profiling. Plasma metabolomic analyses were performed using gas chromatography and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results indicated reduced microbial diversity in CD but not in intestinal BD, with intestinal BD showing fewer changes compared to controls yet distinct taxonomic features from UC, CD, and controls. Common alterations across all diseases included a reduction in beneficial bacteria producing short-chain fatty acids. Intestinal BD-specific changes featured a decreased abundance of Bacteroides fragilis. Metabolomic profiles in intestinal BD were similar to those in CD but distinct from those in UC, displaying significant changes in energy metabolism and genetic information processing. This integrative analysis revealed both shared and unique profiles in intestinal BD compared with UC, CD, and controls, advancing our understanding of the distinctive features of these diseases.

Clinical Significance of Prognostic Nutrition Index in Patients with Crohn's Disease after Primary Bowel Resection.

PURPOSE: Although advancements in medical treatments have been made, approximately half of patients with intestinal Crohn's disease (CD) require intestinal resections during their lifetime. It is well-known that the nutritional status of CD patients can impact postoperative morbidity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical significance of prognostic nutritional index (PNI) in patients with intestinal CD who underwent primary bowel resection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively investigated patients who were diagnosed with CD and underwent intestinal surgery at Severance Hospital between January 2005 and October 2018. The patients were divided into two groups: PNI ≤40 (n=150) and PNI >40 (n=77). We assessed the clinical significance of PNI in terms of the incidence of postoperative infectious complications (PICs) and the postoperative recurrence of CD. RESULTS: The low PNI group had significantly higher rates of infectious complications (32.0% vs. 10.4%, p=0.001) compared to the high PNI group. Multivariable analysis identified low PNI (≤40) and longer operation time (>180 min) as independent risk factors associated with PICs [odds ratio (OR)=2.754, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.140-6.649, p=0.024; OR=2.986, 95% CI=1.451-6.143, p=0.003]. PICs were significantly associated with surgical recurrence (hazard ratio=2.217, 95% CI=1.064-4.617, p=0.034). CONCLUSION: Preoperative PNI could serve as a predictive factor for PICs in CD patients who undergo intestinal resection. Additionally, PICs are significantly associated with a higher risk of surgical recurrence in CD.

Primary surgery versus pharmacotherapy for newly diagnosed ileocecal Crohn's disease: a hospital-based cohort study.

Background/Aims: Limited knowledge exists regarding the optimal timing and relative advantages of primary surgery compared to medical treatment in ileocecal Crohn's disease (CD). This study aimed to compare long-term outcomes between medication-based treatment versus surgery in newly diagnosed ileocecal CD patients in an Asian population. Methods: Among the 885 patients diagnosed with CD and enrolled in the study site hospital cohort between 1980 and 2013, 93 (10.5%) had ileocecal CD. Patients were categorized into either the surgical or medical remission group based on their initial management strategy that led to remission. The rates of relapse, hospitalization, and surgery after achieving remission were compared using Kaplan-Meier curves. Results: The numbers of patients assigned to surgical and medical remission groups were 15 (17.0%) and 73 (83.0%), respectively. The surgical remission group exhibited a lower relapse rate and longer maintenance of remission (10.7 vs. 3.7 yr; p = 0.017) during a median follow-up of 6.6 years. Hospitalization after the first remission tended to be lower in the surgical remission group (p = 0.054). No cases required repeated intestinal resection after the initial surgical remission, whereas a 23% surgery rate was reported at 5 years after initial medical treatment (p = 0.037). In the multivariable analysis, the initial medication-based treatment was significantly associated with relapse (hazard ratio = 3.23, p = 0.039). Conclusions: In selected cases of localized ileocecal CD, ileocolic resection might be a favorable alternative to medication- based treatment, as it demonstrates a lower relapse rate and longer maintenance of remission.

Optimal Treatment Approaches to Intestinal Behçet's Disease Complicated by Myelodysplastic Syndrome: The KASID and KSBD Multicenter Study.

PURPOSE: Studies on intestinal Behçet's disease (BD) complicated by myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) are rare, and no established therapeutic guidelines exist. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical presentation and outcomes of patients with intestinal BD complicated by MDS (intestinal BD-MDS) and suggest a treatment strategy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from patients with intestinal BD-MDS from four referral centers in Korea who were diagnosed between December 2000 and December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical features and prognosis of intestinal BD-MDS compared with age-, sex-matched intestinal BD without MDS were investigated. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients with intestinal BD-MDS were included, and 24 (70.6%) had trisomy 8. Among the 35 patients, 23 (65.7%) were female, and the median age at diagnosis for intestinal BD was 46.0 years (range, 37.0-56.0 years). Medical treatments only benefited eight of the 32 patients, and half of the patients underwent surgery due to complications. Compared to 70 matched patients with intestinal BD alone, patients with intestinal BD-MDS underwent surgery more frequently (51.4% vs. 24.3%; p=0.010), showed a poorer response to medical and/or surgical treatment (75.0% vs. 11.4%; p<0.001), and had a higher mortality (28.6% vs. 0%; p<0.001). Seven out of 35 patients with intestinal BD-MDS underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and four out of the seven patients had a poor response to medical treatment prior to HSCT, resulting in complete remission of both diseases. CONCLUSION: Patients with intestinal BD-MDS frequently have refractory diseases with high mortalities. HSCT can be an effective treatment modality for medically refractory patients with intestinal BD-MDS.

A Comprehensive Understanding of Post-Translational Modification of Sox2 via Acetylation and O-GlcNAcylation in Colorectal Cancer.

Aberrant expression of the pluripotency-associated transcription factor Sox2 is associated with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer (CRC). We investigated the regulatory roles of major post-translational modifications in Sox2 using two CRC cell lines, SW480 and SW620, derived from the same patient but with low and high Sox2 expression, respectively. Acetylation of K75 in the Sox2 nuclear export signal was relatively increased in SW480 cells and promotes Sox2 nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and proteasomal degradation of Sox2. LC-MS-based proteomics analysis identified HDAC4 and p300 as binding partners involved in the acetylation-mediated control of Sox2 expression in the nucleus. Sox2 K75 acetylation is mediated by the acetyltransferase activity of CBP/p300 and ACSS3. In SW620 cells, HDAC4 deacetylates K75 and is regulated by miR29a. O-GlcNAcylation on S246, in addition to K75 acetylation, also regulates Sox2 stability. These findings provide insights into the regulation of Sox2 through multiple post-translational modifications and pathways in CRC.

Effects of COVID-19 vaccines on patient-reported outcomes in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a multicenter survey study in Korea.

Background/Aims: The impact of vaccination on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients is still unknown, and no studies have assessed the changes in patient-reported outcomes (PROs) after vaccination in patients with IBD. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the impact of vaccines on the PROs of patients with IBD. Methods: We conducted a questionnaire survey of patients with IBD who visited outpatient clinics at 4 specialized IBD clinics of referral university hospitals from April 2022 to June 2022. A total of 309 IBD patients were included in the study. Patient information was collected from a questionnaire and their medical records, including laboratory findings, were reviewed retrospectively. Risk factors associated with an increase in PROs after COVID-19 vaccination were analyzed using logistic regression analyses. In addition, we assessed whether there were differences in variables by vaccine order using the linear mixed model. Results: In multivariate analysis, young age ( < 40 years) and ulcerative colitis (UC) were found to be independent risk factors for aggravation of PROs in patients with IBD. In all patients, platelet count significantly increased with continued vaccination in multiple pairwise comparisons. In UC patients, PROs such as the short health scale, UC-abdominal signs and symptoms, and UC-bowel signs and symptoms were aggravated significantly with continued vaccination. There was no significant increase in the variables of patients with Crohn's disease. Conclusions: Therefore, there may be a need to counsel patients with IBD younger than 40 years of age, and patients with UC before they receive COVID-19 vaccinations.

Neither hepatic steatosis nor fibrosis is associated with clinical outcomes in patients with intestinal Behçet's disease.

BACKGROUND: Behçet's disease (BD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are chronic inflammatory diseases that share pathogenetic mechanisms. In this study, we investigated whether NAFLD influences the clinical outcomes in patients with intestinal BD. METHODS: Patients with intestinal BD and available hepatic steatosis index (HSI) and fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) scores were recruited between 2005 and 2022. An HSI of ≥30 and FIB-4 of ≥1.45 were used to diagnose hepatic steatosis and significant liver fibrosis, respectively. The primary outcomes were intestinal BD-related hospitalization, surgery, emergency room visits, or the first use of corticosteroids, immunomodulators, or biologic agents for intestinal BD. RESULTS: A total of 780 patients with BD were selected. The prevalence of hepatic steatosis and significant liver fibrosis were 72.3% and 8.8%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that younger age, prior smoking history, concomitant skin lesions, higher white blood cell count, and lower serum albumin levels were independently associated with an increased risk of clinical relapse (all P < 0.05), whereas hepatic steatosis and significant liver fibrosis were not (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.164, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.923-1.468; P = 0.199 for hepatic steatosis; HR = 0.982, 95% CI 0.672-1.436; P = 0.927 for significant liver fibrosis). CONCLUSION: Hepatic steatosis and liver fibrotic burden were not independently associated with clinical outcomes in patients with intestinal BD.

New genetic biomarkers predicting 5-aminosalicylate-induced adverse events in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases.

Background: Notably, 5-aminosalicylates (5-ASA) are vital in treating inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The adverse events of 5-ASA rarely occur but they could be fatal. Objectives: We aimed to discover new genetic biomarkers predicting 5-ASA-induced adverse events in patients with IBD. Design: This was a retrospective observational study. Methods: We performed a genome-wide association study on patients with IBD in South Korea. We defined subset 1 as 39 all adverse events and 272 controls; subset 2 as 20 severe adverse events and 291 controls (mild adverse events and control); subset 3 as 20 severe adverse events and 272 controls; and subset 4 as 19 mild adverse events and 272 controls. Logistic regression analysis was performed and commonly found associated genes were determined as candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms predicting 5-ASA adverse events. Results: Patients with Crohn's disease (CD) were significantly negatively associated with the development of adverse events compared to patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) (5.3% versus 22.9%). However, sex and age at diagnosis were unassociated with the adverse events of 5-ASA. rs13898676 [odds ratio (OR), 20.33; 95% confidence interval (CI), 5.69-72.67; p = 3.57 × e-6], rs12681590 (OR, 7.35; 95% CI, 2.85-19.00; p = 3.78 × e-5), rs10967320 (OR, 4.51; 95% CI, 2.18-9.31; p = 4.72 × e-5), and rs78726924 (OR, 3.54; 95% CI, 1.69-7.40; p = 7.96 × e-5) were genetic biomarkers predicting 5-ASA-induced severe adverse events in patients with IBD. Conclusion: The adverse events of 5-ASA were more common in patients with UC than those with CD in our study. We found that novel rs13898676 nearby WSB2 was the most significant genetic locus contributing to 5-ASA's adverse event risk.

Effectiveness and Tolerability of Methotrexate Combined with Biologics in Patients with Crohn's Disease: A Multicenter Observational Study.

BACKGROUND: Methotrexate (MTX) combination therapy with biological agents has gained increasing interest. Here, we assessed the efficacy and tolerability of the MTX combination therapy in patients with Crohn's disease (CD). METHODS: We performed a multicenter observational study with 185 patients with CD with MTX and biologics combination therapy; the patients were recruited from three IBD Clinics in Korea. We evaluated the outcomes of the MTX combination therapy and examined the predictive factors of clinical and endoscopic remission. RESULTS: MTX was administered orally to 62.7% of patients; the mean dose was 15.5 mg per week, and the mean treatment duration was 36 months. Of the 169 patients treated with MTX combination therapy for over 6 months, the steroid-free clinical remission rates were 34.3%, 26.0%, 29.8%, and 32.7% at 4, 12, 18, and 24 months, respectively. Previous thiopurine use was a significant negatively associated independent factor (p < 0.001), and a higher dose of MTX (≥ 15 mg/week) was a positively associated independent factor of steroid-free clinical remission (p = 0.035). Ninety-six patients underwent follow-up endoscopy after 28 months, and 36 (37.5%) achieved endoscopic remission. Longer disease duration (p = 0.006), ileocolonic type of Montreal location (p = 0.036), and baseline C-reactive protein (CRP) level of more than 5 mg/L (p = 0.035) were significant negatively associated independent factors and a higher dose of MTX (≥ 15 mg/week) was a positively associated independent factor of endoscopic remission (p = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS: MTX combination therapy with biologics was effective and tolerable in patients with CD.

Hepatic Steatosis but Not Fibrosis Is Independently Associated with Poor Outcomes in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Background/Aims: Increased prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been reported. However, the effects of NAFLD on the outcome of IBD remains unclear. We investigated whether the presence of NAFLD could influence the outcomes of patients with IBD. Methods: We recruited 3,356 eligible patients with IBD into our study between November 2005 and November 2020. Hepatic steatosis and fibrosis were diagnosed using hepatic steatosis index of ≥30 and fibrosis-4 of ≥1.45, respectively. The primary outcome was clinical relapse, defined based on the following: IBD-related admission, surgery, or first use of corticosteroids, immunomodulators, or biologic agents for IBD. Results: The prevalence of NAFLD in patients with IBD was 16.7%. Patients with hepatic steatosis and advanced fibrosis were older, had a higher body mass index, and were more likely to have diabetes (all p<0.05). Conclusions: Hepatic steatosis was independently associated with increased risks of clinical relapse in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, whereas fibrotic burden in the liver was not. Future studies should investigate whether assessment and therapeutic intervention for NAFLD will improve the clinical outcomes of patients with IBD.

Risk factors for post-polypectomy bleeding in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing colonoscopic polypectomy.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Little is known about the risk factors of bleeding after colonoscopic polypectomy in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). This study investigated the incidence and risk factors of post-polypectomy bleeding (PPB), including immediate and delayed bleeding, in patients with ESRD. METHODS: Ninety-two patients with ESRD who underwent colonoscopic polypectomy between September 2005 and June 2020 at a single tertiary referral center were included. The patients' medical records were retrospectively reviewed. Patient- and polyp-related factors associated with immediate PPB (IPPB) were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Additionally, the optimal cutoff polyp size related to a significant increase in the risk of IPPB was determined by performing receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and calculating the area under the ROC curve (AUC). RESULTS: In total, 286 polyps were removed. IPPB occurred in 24 (26.1%) patients and 46 (16.1%) polyps and delayed PPB occurred in 2 (2.2%) patients. According to multivariate analysis, the polyp size (> 7 mm), old age (> 70), and endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) as the polypectomy method (EMR versus non-EMR) were found to be independent risk factors for IPPB. According to the Youden index method, the optimal cutoff polyp size to identify high-risk polyps for IPPB was 7 mm (AUC = 0.755; sensitivity, 76.1%; specificity, 69.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Colonoscopic polypectomy should be performed with caution in patients with ESRD, especially in those with the following risk factors: advanced age (> 70 years), polyp size > 7 mm, and EMR as the polypectomy method.

Impact of age at diagnosis on long-term prognosis in patients with intestinal Behçet's disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Although age at disease onset is considered to be a significant factor in the prognosis of Crohn's disease, little is known about its influence on the long-term prognosis of those with intestinal Behçet's disease (BD). This study aimed to evaluate the long-term clinical outcomes of patients with intestinal BD according to age of disease onset. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with intestinal BD at < 18, 18-60, and > 60 years of age were classified into early-onset, adult-onset, and late-onset groups, respectively. The influence of disease onset time on clinical prognosis, including specific medical requirements, BD-related intestinal surgery, hospitalization, and emergency room visits, was compared using the log-rank test in a large cohort of patients with intestinal BD. RESULTS: Among 780 patients, 21 (2.7%), 672 (86.2%), and 87 (11.1%) comprised the early-onset, adult-onset, and late-onset groups, respectively. Patients in the early-onset group were more likely to require immunosuppressants than those in the adult-onset group (P = 0.048). Nine (42.9%), 158 (23.5%), and 18 (20.7%) patients in the early-onset, adult-onset, and late-onset groups, respectively, underwent intestinal resection. The early-onset group exhibited a higher risk for intestinal resection than the late-onset (P = 0.043) and adult-onset (P = 0.030) groups. The late-onset group exhibited a higher risk for BD-related hospitalization than the adult-onset group (P = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS: Age at diagnosis affected the clinical course of intestinal BD, including intestinal surgery, hospitalization, and specific medical requirements. Different treatment strategies should be established according to age at diagnosis.

Effectiveness and safety of adalimumab in patients with intestinal Behçet's disease: a real-world prospective observational study in South Korea.

BACKGROUND: Intestinal Behçet's disease (BD) is characterized by typical gastrointestinal ulcers in patients with BD followed by complications such as bleeding, perforation and fistula. Biologic agents are currently under active investigation to delay the disease course. Various data regarding infliximab are available, but there is relatively lack of data regarding adalimumab. METHODS: This was a multicenter, real-world prospective observational study to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of adalimumab in intestinal BD. The primary endpoint was disease activity at each follow up, including disease activity index for intestinal Behçet's disease (DAIBD), serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level, and endoscopic findings. The secondary endpoint was the incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). RESULTS: A total of 58 patients were enrolled and 8 of them were excluded. Adverse events were reported in 72.0% of patients with 122 events. ADRs were reported in 24.0% with 28 events. For adverse events, arthralgia was most commonly reported (13.1%: 16/122) and only one experienced critical adverse event (0.82%, 1/122: death due to stroke). On multivariable regression analysis, a longer disease duration was significantly associated with decreased ADRs [Odds ratio 0.976 (0.953-0.999, 95% CI); p = 0.042]. Clinical response rates as assessed by DAIBD were 90.9% at Week 12 and 89.7% at Week 56, respectively. The mean serum CRP level at baseline was significantly decreased after 12 weeks (3.91 ± 4.93 to 1.26 ± 2.03 mg/dL; p = 0.0002). CONCLUSION: Adalimumab was found to be safe and effective in Korean patients with intestinal BD. A longer disease duration was significantly associated with decreased ADRs.

Genome-wide association analysis reveals the associations of NPHP4, TYW1-AUTS2 and SEMA6D for Behçet's disease and HLA-B*46:01 for its intestinal involvement.

BACKGROUND: Intestinal involvement in Behçet's disease (BD) is associated with poor prognosis and is more prevalent in East Asian than in Mediterranean populations. Identifying the genetic causes of intestinal BD is important for understanding the pathogenesis and for appropriate treatment of BD patients. METHODS: We performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and imputation/replication genotyping of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles for 1,689 Korean and Turkish patients with BD (including 379 patients with intestinal BD) and 2,327 healthy controls, followed by replication using 593 Japanese patients with BD (101 patients with intestinal BD) and 737 healthy controls. Stratified cross-phenotype analyses were performed for 1) overall BD, 2) intestinal BD, and 3) intestinal BD without association of overall BD. RESULTS: We identified three novel genome-wide significant susceptibility loci including NPHP4 (rs74566205; P=1.36 × 10-8), TYW1-AUTS2 (rs60021986; P=1.14 × 10-9), and SEMA6D (rs4143322; P=5.54 × 10-9) for overall BD, and a new association with HLA-B*46:01 for intestinal BD (P=1.67 × 10-8) but not for BD without intestinal involvement. HLA peptide binding analysis revealed that Mycobacterial peptides, have a stronger binding affinity to HLA-B*46:01 compared to the known risk allele HLA-B*51:01. CONCLUSIONS: HLA-B*46:01 is associated with the development of intestinal BD; NPHP4, TYW1-AUTS2, and SEMA6D are susceptibility loci for overall BD.

Inhibition of Dickkopf-1 enhances the anti-tumor efficacy of sorafenib via inhibition of the PI3K/Akt and Wnt/ß-catenin pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Sorafenib improves the overall survival in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) is commonly overexpressed in HCC. In this study, we investigated whether the inhibition of DKK1 enhances the anti-tumor efficacy of sorafenib in HCC. METHODS: HCC cells were treated with sorafenib and WAY-262611, which is an inhibitor of DKK1. Transgenic mouse models were also developed using hydrodynamic tail vein injection. Mice were orally administered with sorafenib (32 mg/kg), WAY-262611 (16 mg/kg), or sorafenib + WAY-262611 for 10 days. Mechanisms of sorafenib and WAY-262611 were explored via western blotting, immunostaining, and RNA sequencing. RESULTS: DKK1 was significantly overexpressed in patients with HCC than in the healthy controls and patients with liver diseases except HCC (all P < 0.05). Compared with sorafenib alone, sorafenib + WAY-262611 significantly inhibited the cell viability, invasion, migration, and colony formation by promoting apoptosis and altering the cell cycles in HCC cells (all P < 0.05). Moreover, sorafenib + WAY-262611 decreased the p110α, phospho-Akt (all P < 0.05), active ß-catenin (all P < 0.05) and phospho-GSK-3ß (Ser9) expression levels, while increasing the phospho-GSK-3ß (Tyr216) expression levels compared with those in the sorafenib alone in vitro and in vivo. In addition, sorafenib + WAY-262611 inhibited tumor progression by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis, significantly better than sorafenib alone in mouse models. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that DKK1 inhibition significantly enhances the anti-tumor efficacy of sorafenib by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt and Wnt/ß-catenin pathways via regulation of GSK3ß activity, suggesting a novel therapeutic strategy for HCC. Video Abstract.

Clinical importance of weight gain and associated factors in patients with moderate to severe ulcerative colitis: results from the MOSAIK cohort in Korea.

BACKGROUND: Many patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) gain weight after treatment. However, the clinical significance of weight gain in these patients remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate body weight changes after treatment in patients newly diagnosed with moderate-to-severe UC and their effects on patients' prognosis. METHODS: The change in weight between diagnosis and 1 year after treatment in 212 patients enrolled in the MOSAIK cohort (mean age, 40 years; males, 60%) was analyzed. Significant weight gain was defined as a weight increase of ≥ 5% from the baseline at 1 year. Factors associated with significant weight gain and the effect of significant weight gain on the risk of major adverse outcomes (clinical relapse, hospitalization, and new use of steroids or biologics) during a follow-up period of 20 months were evaluated. RESULTS: Mean weight gain at 1 year was 1.7 ± 4.2 kg. The proportion of overweight/obese patients increased by 9.0% from 37.9% to 46.9%. Thirty-two percent had significant weight gain; extensive colitis at diagnosis was the only factor associated with significant weight gain (odds ratio 6.5, 95% confidence interval 1.4-31.0, p = 0.006). In multivariable analysis, significant weight gain was not associated with the risk of major adverse outcomes. Weight loss symptoms at diagnosis were associated with an increased risk for new steroid use after 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately one-third of patients with moderate-to-severe UC had significant weight gain after 1 year of treatment. However, significant weight gain was not associated with the patient's prognosis.

Effectiveness and tolerability of methotrexate monotherapy in Crohn's disease patients: a multicenter observational study.

Background: Methotrexate monotherapy is recommended as a maintenance therapy for Crohn's disease (CD). However, long-term follow-up data are scarce. Objectives: We aimed to examine the effectiveness and tolerability of methotrexate monotherapy in 94 CD patients from three inflammatory bowel disease Clinics in Korea. Design: This was a multicenter retrospective observational study. Methods: Patients with active CD treated with methotrexate monotherapy were included. Clinical characteristics, laboratory indicators, endoscopy indices were evaluated at baseline, 6, 12, and 24 months. Independent factors associated with long-term clinical and endoscopic outcomes were determined. Results: Methotrexate was administered orally (70.2%) or parenterally (29.8%). The mean methotrexate induction dose was 15.3 ± 0.4 mg/week, and the mean duration of therapy was 26.2 months. Of 76 patients who were treated for >6 months, the clinical remission rates were 76.3%, 74.6%, and 80.0% at 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively, by per-protocol analysis. The mean CRP levels were 7.5 ± 1.3, 5.3 ± 1.2, 3.8 ± 0.7, and 2.6 ± 0.5 mg/L at 0, 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively. Of 31 patients who underwent follow-up endoscopy after 27.5 months, the endoscopic remission rate was 38.7%. Baseline hemoglobin level <10 g/dL was a significant independent factor negatively associated with clinical remission at 6 [odds ratio (OR): 0.023, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.003-0.206, p = 0.001] and 12 (OR: 0.079, 95% CI: 0.009-0.699, p = 0.023) months. Parenteral administration was a significant independent factor positively associated with clinical remission (OR: 11.231, 95% CI: 1.027-122.811, p = 0.047) and endoscopic remission (hazard ratio: 4.711, 95% CI: 1.398-15.874, p = 0.012) at 12 months. Conclusions: Methotrexate monotherapy was effective and tolerable as a maintenance therapy in CD patients.

Characteristics and Treatment Outcomes of Transition among Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess disease characteristics and outcomes of transition in patient care among adolescent patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from patients younger than 18 years who were diagnosed with IBD (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, or intestinal Behçet's disease) were investigated. We categorized the patients into two groups: transition IBD group (Group A, diagnosed in pediatric care followed by transfer to/attendance in adult IBD care) and non-transition group (Group B, diagnosed and followed up in pediatric care or adult IBD care without transfer). RESULTS: Data from a total of 242 patients [Group A (n=29, 12.0%), Group B (n=213, 88.0%)] were analyzed. A significantly higher number of patients was diagnosed at an earlier age in Group A than in Group B (p<0.001). Group A patients had more severe disease in terms of number of disease flare ups (p=0.011) and frequency of bowel-related complications (p<0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that Group B patients had more medical non-compliance than Group A patients (ß=2.31, p=0.018). After transition, IBD-related admission frequency, emergency admission frequency, disease flare frequency, and medical non-compliance were significantly improved. CONCLUSION: The transition IBD group had more severe disease. Medical non-compliance was lower in the transition IBD group. Clinical outcomes improved after transition.

The global, regional, and national burden of inflammatory bowel diseases, 1990-2019: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, the global epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has changed rapidly. AIMS: We described the updated global IBD epidemiology results based on the 2019 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). METHODS: We estimated the prevalence rate, death rate, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) from GBD 2019 in 195 countries and territories between 1990 and 2019. RESULTS: The crude prevalence of IBD increased by 47% in 2019 globally. Accordingly, the age-standardized prevalence rate showed 19% decrease. The age-standardized death rates, YLDs, YLLs, and DALYs of IBD in 2019 decreased compared to those in 1990. The annual percentage change in age-standardized prevalence rate decreased most in United States and increased in East Asia and high-income Asia Pacific from 1990 to 2019. Continents with high socioeconomic index (SDI) had higher age-standardized prevalence rates compared to continents with low SDI. The 2019 age-standardized prevalence rate of high latitudes was higher than that of low latitudes in Asia, Europe, and North America. CONCLUSION: The observed trends and geographic variations in IBD documented in the 2019 GBD study will aid policymakers in policy, research, and investment development.

Bifidobacterium breve CBT BR3 is effective at relieving intestinal inflammation by augmenting goblet cell regeneration.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Bifidobacterium breve was the first bacteria isolated in the feces of healthy infants and is a dominant species in the guts of breast-fed infants. Some strains of B. breve have been shown to be effective at relieving intestinal inflammation, but the modes of action have yet to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of action of B. breve CBT BR3 isolated from South Korean infant feces in relieving colitis in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: Colitis was induced in mice with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS). Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, in vitro FITC-dextran flux permeability assay, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) luciferase assay are performed using Caco-2 cells and HT29-Lucia™ AhR cells. RESULTS: B. breve CBT BR3 was orally administered. B. breve CBT BR3 improved colitis symptoms in both DSS- and DNBS-induced colitis models. B. breve CBT BR3 increased the number of goblet cells per crypt. B. breve increased the mRNA expressions of Notch, Spdef, Muc5, and Il22. The mRNA expressions of Occludin, which encodes a membrane tight-junction protein, and Foxo3, which encodes a protein related to butyrate metabolism, were also increased in the DSS- and DNBS-induced colitis models. B. breve CBT BR3 protected inflammation-induced epithelial cell permeability and improved goblet cell function by inducing aryl hydrocarbon receptor in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that B. breve CBT BR3 is effective at relieving intestinal inflammation by augmenting goblet cell regeneration.