Association between Sleep Duration and Symptoms of Depression Aged between 18 and 49: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES â ¦) from 2016 to 2018.

This study aimed to determine the association between symptoms of depression and sleep duration in a representative sample of the Korean population. Using national cross-sectional data from the seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES-VII), 5461 adults aged 18−49 years were analyzed using logistic regression models. The proportions of participants with total daily sleep durations (24 h) of <6 h, 6−8 h, and ≥9 h were 26.2%, 60.6%, and 13.3%, respectively. The proportions of individuals with symptoms of depression in the <6 h, 6−8 h, and ≥9 h sleep duration groups were 37.4%, 46.3%, and 16.3%, respectively. The odds ratios (ORs) were significantly higher in the <6 h and ≥9 h sleep groups than in the 6−8 h sleep group. There was a significant association between short (<6 h/day) and long (≥9 h/day) sleep duration and symptoms of depression among the general Korean population. In particular, our findings suggest that short sleep (<6 h/day) is more associated with symptoms of depression than long sleep (≥9 h/day).

Analysis of related factors for adolescents' intention to use alcohol in Korea.

The harmful effects of alcohol consumption by adolescents have been increasingly emphasized. Thus, it is necessary to identify individual and environmental factors that encourage drinking. This study investigated factors associated with the sustainable use of alcohol (SUA) in adolescents who consume alcohol, and the possibility of future drinking (PFD) in non-drinking adolescents. Data from "The Adolescents Awareness Survey of Alcohol Encouraging Environment" by the Ministry of Health and Welfare and the Korea Health Promotion Institute (2017) were used. The survey was completed by 1,038 participant, selected through a proportional allocation extraction method, who were aged 13-18 years and lived in five cities with a population of over 1 million. The factors associated with SUA included gender (ß = 0.634, p = 0.004), grade (8th ß = 1.591, p<0.001, 9th ß = 1.674, p<0.001, 10th ß = 1.497, p = 0.001, 11th ß = 1.041, p = 0.004, 12th ß = 2.610, p<0.001), drinking alone (ß = -2.147, p = 0.002), liquor commercial (ß = 1.644, p<0.001), ease of alcohol purchase (ß = 1.541, p = 0.025), parent's recommendation for drinking (ß = 1.084, p<0.001), not knowing the mother's education level (ß = -0.685, p = 0.045), positive expectancy of drinking (ß = 0.141, p<0.001), number of pubs (ß = 0.303, p = 0.002), internet game cafes (ß = 0.456, p = 0.019), and karaokes (ß = -0.098, p = 0.023) in the community. The factors associated with the PFD in non-drinkers were grade (8th ß = 0.531, p = 0.024, 10th ß = 0.717, p = 0.035, 12th ß = 1.882, p = 0.001), liquor commercial (ß = -1.355, p<0.001), parent's recommendation for drinking (ß = 0.783, p = 0.020), positive expectancy of drinking (ß = 0.139, p<0.001), and relationship with the father (ß = 0.072, p = 0.033). Multidimensional interventions, including those by individuals, parents, peers, and local communities, are needed to prevent SUA and the PFD in adolescents.

Utilization of Traditional Korean Medicine Services by the Older Population: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Korean healthcare service is divided into conventional medicine and traditional Korean medicine (TKM). This cross-sectional study compared the older population (65 years and older) with two groups of the general population (19-50 years and 51-64 years) to understand the current patterns in the use of TKM services by the older population. Using data from the 2017 National Survey of TKM Usage, we analyzed the main purpose and diseases or symptoms for TKM use, the reason for choosing TKM over other types of medicine, and the treatments provided. Both age groups sought TKM services to "[treat] a disease". The top five diseases and symptoms in the older adult (65 and older) group were musculoskeletal and are as follows: arthritis and joint diseases (37.8%, n = 166), disc-related diseases (25.5%, n = 112), back pain (8.4%, n = 37), frozen shoulder and shoulder pain (7.7%, n = 34), and sprain (5.9%, n = 26). The most frequently used treatments for these diseases were acupuncture, moxibustion, cupping, and physiotherapy. The present study suggests that older adults primarily used TKM clinics for the treatment of musculoskeletal diseases. Further studies are necessary to assess the clinical effectiveness of conventional medicine versus TKM versus a combination of both in treating musculoskeletal disorders.

Development and immunopathological characteristics of an Alternaria-induced chronic rhinosinusitis mouse model.

Airborne fungi are associated with upper and lower airway inflammatory diseases. Alternaria is commonly found in nasal secretions and induces the production of chemical mediators from sinonasal mucosa. This study aimed to establish an Alternaria-induced chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) mouse model and determine the influence of host allergic background on the immunopathological characteristics of CRS. BALB/c mice were used for establishing the CRS model. Alternaria was intranasally instilled for 8 or 16 weeks with or without ovalbumin (OVA) presensitization. Total serum IgE and Alternaria-specific IgE levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels in nasal lavage fluid (NLF) and splenocytes were measured by ELISA and their mRNAs and levels of associated transcription factors in sinonasal mucosa were determined with quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Hematoxylin-eosin staining and periodic acid-Schiff staining were performed to evaluate histological changes. Total serum IgE was increased in both allergic and non-allergic CRS. IL-4 was strongly expressed in NLF in both allergic and non-allergic CRS at 16 weeks and not only eosinophils but also neutrophils were increased in NLF of non-allergic CRS mice. The levels of Th1, Th2, and Treg cytokines and transcription factor mRNAs were significantly increased in sinonasal mucosa of non-allergic CRS mice. Both inflammatory cell infiltration and goblet cell hyperplasia were increased in CRS mice. Repeated intranasal instillation of Alternaria results in sinonasal inflammation with inflammatory cell infiltration. The sinonasal mucosal immune responses against Alternaria were shown to differ depending on the host allergic background.

Clinical Outcome of Minor Salivary Gland Cancers in the Oral Cavity: A Comparative Analysis With Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Oral Cavity.

Purpose: Salivary gland cancer (SGC) in the oral cavity is not common and has been less studied in comparison with oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). This study aimed to identify the clinical characteristics and outcomes of SGC in the oral cavity compared with oral SCC. Methods: The medical charts of the patients with SGC (N = 68) arising from minor salivary glands and SCC (N = 750) in the oral cavity between 1995 and 2017 were reviewed retrospectively. The clinical and pathological factors and treatment outcomes were compared to identify clinical differences between oral SGC and SCC in total cases and in tumor size and subsite (propensity score)-matched pairs (N = 68 in each group). In addition, pattern of local invasion was pathologically assessed in a subset of SGC and SCC tumors. Results: Patients with SGC in the oral cavity showed >90% survival at 5 years. Most common pathologies of SGC were mucoepidermoid carcinoma (39.7%) and adenoid cystic carcinoma (35.3%), where high-grade tumors (including adenoid cystic carcinomas having solid components, grade 2 or 3) represented only 36.8%. Compared with oral SCC, surgery for SGC had narrow surgical safety margin. However, local control was very successful in SGC even with <5 mm or positive resection margin through surgery plus adjuvant radiation treatments or surgery alone for small low-grade tumors. Pathologic analysis revealed that the frequency of oral SGC with infiltrative tumor border was significantly lower than that of oral SCC (46.4 vs. 87.2%, P < 0.001). Conclusions: SGC in the oral cavity represents relatively good prognosis and has a locally less aggressive pathology compared with oral SCC. Adjuvant radiation can be very effective to control minimal residual disease in oral SGC. Our study proposed that a different treatment strategy for oral SGC would be reasonable in comparison with oral SCC.

Incidence of postoperative facial weakness in parotid tumor surgery: a tumor subsite analysis of 794 parotidectomies.

BACKGROUND: The reported incidence of facial weakness immediately after parotid tumor surgery ranges from 14 to 65%. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of postoperative facial weakness related to parotidectomy with use of preoperative computed tomography (CT), intraoperative facial nerve monitoring, and surgical magnification. Also, we sought to elucidate additional information about risk factors for postoperative facial weakness in parotid tumor surgery, particularly focusing on the tumor subsites. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 794 cases with parotidectomy for benign and malignant tumors arising from the parotid gland (2009-2016). Patients with pretreatment facial palsy were excluded from the analyses. Tumor subsites were stratified based on their anatomical relations to the facial nerve as superficial, deep, or both. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify risk factors for postoperative facial weakness. RESULTS: The overall incidences of temporary and permanent (more than 6 months) facial weakness were 9.2 and 5.2% in our series utilizing preoperative CT, intraoperative facial nerve monitoring, and surgical magnification. Multivariable analysis revealed that old age, malignancy, and recurrent tumors (revision surgery) were common independent risk factors for both temporary and permanent postoperative facial weakness. In addition, tumor subsite (tumors involving superficial and deep lobe) was associated with postoperative facial weakness, but not tumor size. Extent of surgery was strongly correlated with tumor pathology (malignant tumors) and tumor subsite (tumors involving deep lobe). CONCLUSION: Aside from risk factors for facial weakness in parotid tumor surgery such as old age, malignant, or recurrent tumors, the location of tumors was found to be related to postoperative facial weakness. This study result may provide background data in a future prospective study and up-to-date information for patient counseling.

Incidence of Terson Syndrome in Treated Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in South Korea: a National Health Insurance Database Study.

The aim of this study is to investigate the incidence and mortality of Terson syndrome in patients with treated subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in South Korea. In this nationwide, population-based study, we used the National Health Insurance(NHI) database (2011-2015) to identify patients aged ≥18 years. Newly diagnosed non-traumatic SAH, treated using clipping or coil embolization, were identified, and Terson syndrome was defined as newly diagnosed retinal or vitreous hemorrhage within 3 months of SAH diagnosis. We identified 22,864 patients with treated SAH (tSAH), 196 of whom had Terson syndrome, with the cumulative incidence during 5 years of 0.86% (95% CI: 0.74-0.98): 1.10% (95% CI: 0.88-1.33) in men and 0.71% (95% CI, 0.58-0.85) in women. The cumulative incidence of Terson syndrome in patients aged under 40 was higher than in those aged 40 or over (1.41% vs. 0.81%; p = 0.007). The mortality rate of Terson syndrome in patients with tSAH was not different from that in those without Terson syndrome (4.08% vs. 7.30%; p = 0.089). This was the first nationwide epidemiological study of Terson syndrome using a population-based database. The incidence of Terson syndrome in patients with tSAH was higher in those age under 40 than in those aged 40 or over.

Comparison of the accuracy and errors of blood pressure measured by 2 types of non-mercury sphygmomanometers in an epidemiological survey.

A few studies have compared auscultation and oscillometric devices with the mercury sphygmomanometer (MS) reference values for blood pressure (BP) measurement in an epidemiologic survey.Four trained observers recorded BP measurements from 766 subjects from general Korean population in 2014 and 2015. Measurements were repeated 3 times for each device, alternately using an MS and 2 electronic devices (EDs; Greenlight 300 vs Omron HEM-907), together with a randomized device sequence. The BP measurement difference was defined as BP measured by MS minus BP obtained by ED, and the absolute error as the absolute value of the difference.Mean differences in systolic BP (SBP) were -0.52 and -0.62 mmHg and those of diastolic BP (DBP) were -0.78 and 6.23 mmHg (P < .01) in the Greenlight and Omron device group, respectively. The concordance correlation coefficients were 0.97 and 0.94 for SBP and 0.95 and 0.76 for DBP in the Greenlight and Omron group, respectively (P < .05). Kappa values for the Joint National Committee 7 BP classification were 0.84 and 0.74 for Greenlight and Omron group, respectively. The prevalence of normotension, prehypertension and hypertension were 53.5%, 33.9%, and 12.5% with the MS and 59.8%, 29.0%, and 11.2% with the ED in the Omron group (P = .03, McNemar test), whereas they were insignificant in the Greenlight group.The Greenlight 300 may be a good alternative to the MS, and the Omron HEM-907 has good accuracy in SBP measurement. Due to the measurement error in DBP, Omron HEM-907 was inferior to the Greenlight device.

Anti-inflammatory effect of bee venom in an allergic chronic rhinosinusitis mouse model.

Bee venom (BV) has long been used as anti-inflammatory agent in traditional oriental medicine; however, the effect of BV on chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is not commonly studied. The aim of the present study was to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of BV on an allergic CRS mouse model. An allergic CRS mouse model was established following the administration of ovalbumin with Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB) into the nose. A total of 0.5 or 5 ng/ml of BV were intranasally applied 3 times a week for 8 weeks. Histopathological alterations were observed using hematoxylin and eosin, and Periodic acid Schiff staining. The levels of inflammatory cell infiltration, interleukin (IL)­4, IL­10 and interferon (INF)­Î³ in nasal lavage fluid (NLF) were measured. Nuclear factor (NF)­κB and activator protein (AP)­1 expressions were also determined by immunohistochemical staining. The group treated with BV had significantly decreased inflammatory cell infiltration and PAS­positive cells. The levels of INF­Î³, and neutrophil and eosinophil counts in NLF were significantly decreased, and the SEB­induced NF­κB and AP­1 expressions in mouse nasal mucosa were significantly suppressed by 0.5 and 5 ng/ml BV. Thus, BV exerted significant anti­inflammatory effects in an allergic CRS mouse model and may have potential value for the treatment of CRS.

The Effects of Melittin and Apamin on Airborne Fungi-Induced Chemical Mediator and Extracellular Matrix Production from Nasal Polyp Fibroblasts.

Melittin and apamin are the main components of bee venom and they have been known to have anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of melittin and apamin on airborne fungi-induced chemical mediator and extracellular matrix (ECM) production in nasal fibroblasts. Primary nasal fibroblasts were isolated from nasal polyps, which were collected during endoscopic sinus surgery. Nasal fibroblasts were treated with Alternaria and Aspergillus. The effects of melittin and apamin on the production of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 were determined with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. ECM mRNA and protein expressions were determined with the use of quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot. Alternaria-induced IL-6 and IL-8 production was significantly inhibited by apamin. However, melittin did not influence the production of IL-6 and IL-8 from nasal fibroblasts. Melittin or apamin significantly inhibited collagen type I, TIMP-1, and MMP-9 mRNA expression and protein production from nasal fibroblasts. Melittin and apamin inhibited Alternaria-induced phosphorylation of Smad 2/3 and p38 MAPK. Melittin and apamin can inhibit the fungi-induced production of chemical mediators and ECM from nasal fibroblasts. These results suggest the possible role of melittin and apamin in the treatment of fungi induced airway inflammatory diseases.

Immunopathologic characteristics of nasal polyps in adult Koreans: A single-center study.

BACKGROUND: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (NP) (CRSwNP) is classified into eosinophilic and noneosinophilic types based on the level of tissue eosinophilia. The immunopathologic features of Western and Asian CRSwNP differ. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the immunopathologic characteristics of Korean patients with eosinophilic NP versus noneosinophilic NP and those with atopic NP versus nonatopic NP. METHODS: Tissue samples were collected from 81 patients with NP and 24 controls. The clinical characteristics of all the patients were analyzed. Tissues were investigated for expression of chemical mediators, including interleukin (IL) 5, IL-10, IL-17, interferon-γ, and tumor growth factor-ß1; transcription factors, including GATA binding protein 3 (GATA-3), forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), retinoic acid-related orphan receptor C (RORC), and T-box transcription factor (T-bet), and extracellular matrix, including collagen type I, fibronectin, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9. RESULTS: Although the clinical characteristics differed between eosinophilic and noneosinophilic NPs, atopic status did not affect the clinical findings of CRSwNP. Both T-helper 1 and 2 cytokines increased significantly in patients with eosinophilic NP, but atopic status did not affect the expression of any of the chemical mediators. GATA-3 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression increased significantly in patients with eosinophilic NP, and RORC mRNA expression increased significantly in patients with noneosinophilic NP. T-bet, RORC, and Foxp3 mRNA expression increased significantly in patients with nonatopic NP. Fibronectin and MMP-9 mRNA expression increased significantly in patients with noneosinophilic NP, whereas only MMP-9 mRNA increased significantly in patients with eosinophilic and those with noneosinophilic NP. CONCLUSION: The immunopathologic characteristics differed between eosinophilic NP and noneosinophilic NP and between atopic NP and nonatopic NP. The different underlying pathogenic processes may influence the development of Korean NP.

Age-period-cohort analysis of hepatitis A incidence rates in Korea from 2002 to 2012.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the epidemiology of hepatitis A in Korea from 2002 to 2012 using age-period-cohort analyses. METHODS: We used claims data from the Korean National Health Insurance Corporation for the entire population. Census data from 2010 were used as the standard population. The incidence of hepatitis A was assumed to have a Poisson distribution, and the models and effects were evaluated using the intrinsic estimator method, the likelihood ratio, and the Akaike information criterion. RESULTS: The incidence of hepatitis A gradually increased until 2007 (from 17.55 to 35.72 per 100,000 population) and peaked in 2009 (177.47 per 100,000 population). The highest incidence was observed among 27-29-year-old individuals when we omitted data from 2005 to 2007. From 2005 to 2007, the peak incidence was observed among 24-26-year-old individuals, followed by 27-29-year-olds. The best model fits were observed when the age-period-cohort variables were all considered at the same time for males, females, and the whole population. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of hepatitis A exhibited significant age-period-cohort effects; its incidence peaked in 2009 and was especially high among Koreans 20-39 years of age. These epidemiological patterns may help predict when high incidence rates of hepatitis A may occur in developing countries during their socioeconomic development.

Effect of eosinophils activated with Alternaria on the production of extracellular matrix from nasal fibroblasts.

BACKGROUND: Eosinophils and fibroblasts are known to play major roles in the pathogenesis of nasal polyps. Fungi are commonly found in nasal secretion and are associated with airway inflammation. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether activated eosinophils by airborne fungi can influence the production of extracellular matrix (ECM) from nasal fibroblasts. METHODS: Inferior turbinate and nasal polyp fibroblasts were stimulated with Alternaria or Aspergillus, respectively, for 24 hours and ECM messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expressions were measured. Eosinophils isolated from healthy volunteers were stimulated with Alternaria or Aspergillus for 4 hours then superoxide, eosinophil peroxidase, and transforming growth factor ß1 were measured. Then activated eosinophils were cocultured with nasal fibroblasts for 24 hours, and ECM mRNA expressions were measured. RESULTS: Alternaria strongly enhanced ECM mRNA expression and protein production from nasal fibroblasts. Alternaria also induced the production of superoxide, eosinophil peroxidase, and transforming growth factor ß1 from eosinophils, and activated eosinophils enhanced ECM mRNA expression when they were cocultured without the Transwell insert system. CONCLUSION: Eosinophils activated with Alternaria enhanced ECM mRNA expression from nasal polyp fibroblasts. Alternaria plays an important role in tissue fibrosis in the pathogenesis of nasal polyps by directly or indirectly influencing the production of ECM from nasal fibroblasts.

The effects of cervical traction, cranial rhythmic impulse, and Mckenzie exercise on headache and cervical muscle stiffness in episodic tension-type headache patients.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of cervical traction treatment, cranial rhythmic impulse treatment, a manual therapy, and McKenzie exercise, a dynamic strengthening exercise, on patients who have the neck muscle stiffness of the infrequent episodic tension-type (IETTH) headache and frequent episodic tension-type headache(FETTH), as well as to provide the basic materials for clinical interventions. [Subjects] Twenty-seven subjects (males: 15, females: 12) who were diagnosed with IETTH and FETTH after treatment by a neurologist were divided into three groups: (a cervical traction group (CTG, n=9), a cranial rhythmic contractiongroup (CRIG, n=9), and a McKenzie exercise group (MEG, n=9). An intervention was conducted for each group and the differences in their degrees of neck pain and changes in muscle tone were observed. [Results] In the within-group comparison of each group, headache significantly decreased in CTG. According to the results of the analysis of the muscle tone of the upper trapezius, there was a statistically significant difference in MEG on the right side and in CRIG on the left side. According to the results of the analysis of the muscle tone of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, there was a statistically significant difference in MEG on the right side and in CRIG on the left side. [Conclusion] In the comparison of the splenius capitis muscle between the groups, there was a statistically significant difference on the right side. Hence, compared to the other methods, cervical traction is concluded to be more effective at reducing headaches in IETTH and FETTH patients.

A Study on the Characteristics of Infrequent and Frequent Outpatients Visiting Korean Traditional Medical Facilities.

OBJECTIVES: This study was intended to analyze the characteristics of infrequent and frequent outpatients visiting Korean medical facilities, and find the related variables of frequent users. METHODS: The data source was the Report on the Usage and Consumption of Korean Medicine (2011) published by the Ministry of Health and Welfare and Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs. We analyzed outpatient data using SAS 9.2. RESULTS: As much as 46.6% of the patients used Korean medical services over 11 times in 3 months. The proportion of frequent users increased depending on age, and their proportion was high in the low-income and low-education group. People with musculoskeletal disease, stroke, hypertension, and obesity were more likely to use Korean medical services. In general, patients were satisfied with their treatment, with frequent outpatients being more satisfied than infrequent outpatients. In logistic regression analysis, age and musculoskeletal disease were significant determinants of frequency of use of Korean medical services. CONCLUSION: Age, musculoskeletal disease, and specific diseases were highly associated with frequent Korean medical utilization.

Synergistic effect of 3,5-dichlorophenol and trioctylphosphine oxide on the extraction of vanadium(V) with 2-methyl-8-quinolinol derivatives.

The extraction of vanadium(V) with 2-methyl-8-quinolinol derivatives (HA), such as 2-methyl-8-quinolinol (HMQ), 2-methyl-5-butyloxymethyl-8-quinolinol (HMO4Q), and 2-methyl-5-hexyloxymethyl-8-quinolinol (HMO6Q), from a weakly acidic solution into chloroform was studied in both the absence and presence of 3,5-dichlorophenol (Hdcp) and trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) as the synergists. Vanadium(V) was extracted with HA as VO(OH)(A)2 in the absence of synergists, and its extractability increased with an increase in the hydrophobicity of HA. Vanadium(V) was quantitatively extracted from the lower pH region upon the addition of Hdcp and TOPO as VO(OH)(A)2 x Hdcp and VO2(A)(TOPO), respectively. The enhancement of the synergistic effect of Hdcp on the extraction of vanadium(V) with HA increased in the following order: HMQ < HMO4Q < HMO6Q, as opposed to that of TOPO. This result was ascribable to the difference in the mechanisms of the occurrence of the synergistic effect by Hdcp and TOPO.

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction equilibrium of gallium(III) with 2-methyl-8-quinolinol and 2-methyl-5-butyloxymethyl-8-quinolinol.

This work performed fundamental studies for the extraction of gallium(III) with 2-methyl-8-quinolinol (HMQ) and 2-methyl-5-butyloxymethyl-8-quinolinol (HMO(4)Q) into supercritical carbon dioxide (SF-CO(2)) from a weakly acidic solution. The distribution constants of HMO(4)Q between aqueous and SF-CO(2) phases were determined at 45 degrees C, 8.6-20.4 MPa and I=0.1 M (H, Na)NO(3) (M=mol dm(-3)). At 45 degrees C and 15.7 MPa, gallium(III) was hardly extracted with HMQ into SF-CO(2), but was quantitatively extracted with HMO(4)Q in the pH range of 2.20-2.84. The extraction constant, K(ex, SF-CO(2)) (=[Ga(OH)(MO(4)Q)(2)](SF-CO(2))[H(+)](3)[Ga(3+)](-1)[HMO(4)Q](SF-CO(2))(-2)), of gallium(III) with HMO(4)Q was determined to be 10(-2.6+/-0.1) at 45 degrees C, 15.7 MPa and I=0.1 M (H, Na)NO(3), which was 63 times larger than that in heptane at 45 degrees C and 0.10 MPa. It was also found that the addition of 3,5-dichlorophenol as a synergist enhanced the extractability of gallium(III) with HMO(4)Q into SF-CO(2).