Treatment response assessment of acute pyelonephritis: A multi-reader DWI-based MRI approach.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a structured reporting score (SRS) in treatment response assessment for acute pyelonephritis (APN) using a diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) -based MRI approach. Additionally, we explored the influence of reader experience on the interpretation of SRS and DWI, including lesion conspicuity and measurements of Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) maps. METHODS: Follow-up DWI-based MRIs of 36 patients treated for APN between September 2021 and June 2023 were retrospectively reviewed by three readers. Follow-up blood inflammatory markers were used as reference standard. Treatment response was assessed using a structured reporting score (SRS). Each reader assigned a score from 1 to 3 to the "conspicuity" of the residual disease on DWI. Quantitative ADC measurements were compared with the Mann-Whitney U test. Descriptive statistics and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) were calculated. RESULTS: The diagnostic accuracy of SRS was 80.6 %, 76.9 %, and 72.2 % for the Reader 1, 2, and 3 respectively. ICC decreased from 0.82 (Reader 1 and 2), to 0.68 when considering all readers. The average conspicuity varied between 2.3 and 2.7. ADC values were significantly higher in complete responders for Reader 1 and 2 (153.5-154.5 vs 107.7-116.2, p < 0.001). The ICC was good (0.89) for Reader 1 and 2 and moderate (0.60) when considering all readers. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment response of pyelonephritis can be accurately assessed by a DWI-based MRI, potentially avoiding unnecessary contrast agent administration and radiation exposure. SRS and DWI analysis showed a good inter-observer agreement but a certain learning curve may be necessary for less expert readers.

Histo-Anatomy and Sonographic Examination for the Retrocalcaneal Bursal Complex: EURO-MUSCULUS/USPRM Approach.

Insertional Achilles tendinopathy is an umbrella medical term referring to pain and swelling on the posterior aspect of the calcaneus. High-resolution ultrasound imaging is commonly used in daily practice to assess the pathological changes of the Achilles tendon, cortical bone of the calcaneus, and soft tissues located inside the retrocalcaneal space to optimize the management of relevant patients. To the best of our knowledge, a standardized ultrasound protocol to evaluate the retrocalcaneal bursal complex is lacking in the pertinent literature. In this sense, our step-by-step sonographic approach is intended to be an easy and ready-to-use guide for sonographers/physicians in daily practice to assess this anatomical complex in patients with Achilles tendinopathy. Needless to say, the peculiar histological features of this V-shaped synovial/fibrocartilaginous bursa surrounding the posteroinferior wedge of the Kager's fat pad and the retrocalcaneal space make the examination challenging.

High-resolution ultrasound approach to quadrangular joint in carpal boss: Everything musculoskeletal sonographer should know.

At the quadrangular joint (QAJ) of the carpus, a rare bony protuberance called carpal boss (CB) may occur. This bone abnormality may be due to osteophytes development or os styloideum. Symptomatic patients may complain pain, swelling, and restrictions in hand motion. These symptoms result from joint degenerative-inflammatory changes, development of ganglion cyst/bursitis, or tendons pathology. Correct diagnosis and appropriate management can be achieved through high-resolution ultrasonography (HR-US). The purpose of this review is to define the pathology spectrum around and within the QAJ in CB. The role of HR-US is highlighted and the standard technique for the QAJ assessment is described.

Dynamic ultrasound assessment for insertional achilles tendinopathy: the COcco-RIcci (CORI) sign.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a novel, dynamic ultrasound assessment of the Achilles tendon at the calcaneal insertion taking advantage of the effusion within the deep retrocalcaneal bursa as a natural contrast agent. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Positioning the ultrasound transducer in a longitudinal plane over the Achilles tendon at the calcaneal insertion, manual compression of the deep retrocalcaneal bursa can be performed using the other hand. Dynamically shifting the anechoic effusion from the proximal to the distal compartment of the bursa, the undersurface of the Achilles tendon is lifted from the underlying cortical bone of the superior facet of the calcaneal tuberosity. RESULTS: Pushing the anechoic effusion from the bursal cavity toward the undersurface of the Achilles tendon, an eventual focal injury of its deep fibers can be visualized dynamically during the maneuver as a "black crescent" within the tendon-i.e., the COcco-RIcci (CORI) sign. Otherwise, the gliding of the posteroinferior wedge of the Kager's fat pad inside the tendon-bone interface can be observed in normal conditions. CONCLUSION: The CORI sign is a novel sonographic sign to further enhance the diagnostic accuracy of dynamic ultrasound imaging in patients with insertional Achilles tendinopathy especially to detect focal injury involving the deep fibers of the tendon.

Aortic dissection: How to identify it during an abdominal ultrasound examination and achieve a potentially lifesaving diagnosis.

Aortic dissection (AD) is a rare and potentially fatal condition that may be diagnosed late. During an emergency or elective abdominal ultrasound (US) examination, when going to evaluate the abdominal aorta for other reasons, it may happen that we find ourselves suspecting an AD. It is therefore important to know the US characteristics of this pathology to avoid wrong or missed diagnoses. Here, we present our practical experience regarding the application of US in the study of the abdominal aorta, which allowed us on several occasions to find an unexpected dissection in patients brought to our attention for other reasons.

Ultrasound-Assisted and Ultrasound-Guided Thoracentesis: An Educational Review.

Thoracentesis is one of the most important invasive procedures in the clinical setting. Particularly, thoracentesis can be relevant in the evaluation of a new diagnosed pleural effusion, thus allowing for the collection of pleural fluid so that laboratory tests essential to establish a diagnosis can be performed. Furthermore, thoracentesis is a maneuver that can have therapeutic and palliative purposes. Historically, the procedure was performed based on a physical examination. In recent years, the role of ultrasound has been established as a valuable tool for assistance and guidance in the thoracentesis procedure. The use of ultrasound increases success rates and significantly reduces complications. The aim of this educational review is to provide a detailed and sequential examination of the procedure, focusing on the two main modalities, the ultrasound-assisted and ultrasound-guided form.

Isolate scapulothoracic dislocation: Radiological findings and management.

Scapulothoracic dislocation (STD) is a rare condition consisting in the loss of anatomical relations of the scapula with the posterior chest wall. This pathological condition commonly occurs after a scapular region trauma or an upper arm distractive injury. Here-in, we present a case of STD occurring in a young male patient, and we discuss the mechanism of injury, the radiological imaging features, and how it can guide and help the orthopedist in the management.

High-Resolution Ultrasound of Odontogenic Cutaneous Sinus Tract: An International Multicentric Experience and a Review of the Literature.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the role of high-resolution ultrasound (HR-US) in the initial and differential diagnosis of the Odontogenic Cutaneous Sinus Tract (OCST) in a multicentric setting. METHODS: Skin HR-US examinations of OCSTs performed between January 2019 and June 2023 at different Institutions were retrospectively reviewed. Epidemiological and clinical data (age, gender, location of the skin lesion, causative tooth, and the clinical suspicion) as well as HR-US imaging findings (morphology and length of the sinus tract, Doppler signal, and cortical bone interruption of maxilla or mandible) were collected. US examinations were performed by expert radiologists using a high-performance US scanner, employing a high-frequency linear probe (15 MHz or higher frequencies). In only one patient the HR-US exam was integrated with strain elastography (SE). RESULTS: Sixteen patients were enrolled with a median age of 37.6 years (range 16-70 years). The most frequent clinical suspicion was epidermal cyst, while OCST was suspected in only two cases. In all cases, HR-US depicted the sinus tract as a nodular, triangular or "champignon-shaped" lesion in the subcutaneous layer, which continued with a slightly tortuous band structure, up to the focally interrupted cortical bone plate. Furthermore, color Doppler evaluation showed color signals around and/or within the lesion, expression of inflammation. On SE, the sinus tract showed a hard pattern, due to fibrous and granulomatous tissue. CONCLUSIONS: HR-US, thanks to its high spatial resolution, allows the evaluation of OCST, and play a crucial diagnostic role, mainly when the clinical suspicious is different.

Understanding CEAP Classification: Insights from an Italian Survey on Corona Phlebectatica and Recurrent Active Venous Ulcers by Vascular Specialists.

Background and Objectives: The clinical relevance of "corona phlebectatica" and the management of risk factors for recurrence of venous ulcers in patients with chronic venous disease may be variable based on vascular specialists in different geographical areas of Italy. The aim of the present survey is to evaluate the management of patients with chronic venous disease by vascular specialists in different areas of the national territory. In particular, this involves ascertaining the clinical/prognostic relevance attributed to the presence of the "corona phlebectatica" as well as to the management of risk factors related to recurrence of venous ulcers. Materials and Methods: The web-based survey aimed at vascular medicine specialists with particular interest in venous disease. A questionnaire was developed, based on 12 questions, in relation to clinical assessment, risk factor management, and therapy in patients with chronic venous disease. Results: Almost all of the specialists involved actively participated in the survey, declaring that they personally manage chronic venous disease overall. There was a strong agreement in the prognostic consideration attributed to the presence of "corona phlebectatica" and to the management of risk factors for venous ulcer recurrence, regardless of the different geographical areas of interest. Conclusions: Accordingly with the results of this self-assessment survey, the skills and experience of the specialists involved appear to be of a good standard, both in the clinical evaluation and in the management of the progression of chronic venous disease. However, the need to reach more cultural insights into the correlations between chronic venous disease and risk factors correlated with disease progression emerges. Moreover, there was the need for a greater and tighter overall clinical control of a patient with chronic venous disease, also in relation to the presence of comorbidities.

Musculoskeletal disorders in padel: from biomechanics to sonography.

Padel is a racket sport, combining high-frequency and low-intensity athletic gestures, that has been gaining growing scientific interest in recent years. Musculoskeletal injuries are very common among padel players with an incidence rate of 3 per 1000 h of training and 8 per 1000 matches. To the best of our knowledge, a comprehensive collection describing the most common sonographic findings in padel players with musculoskeletal injuries is lacking in the pertinent literature. In this sense, starting from the biomechanical features of padel-specific gestures we have reported the ultrasonographic patterns of most frequent injuries involving the upper limb, the trunk, and the lower limb. Indeed, comprehensive knowledge of the biomechanical and clinical features of musculoskeletal injuries in padel is paramount to accurately perform a detailed ultrasound examination of the affected anatomical site. So, the present investigation aims to provide a practical guide, simple and ready-to-use in daily practice, to optimize the sonographic assessment of padel players by combining it with the clinical findings and the biomechanical features of athletic gestures.

Ultrasound diagnosis of a pseudoaneurysm of the internal right mammary artery.

One of the principles of managing trauma patients is that of their continuous re-evaluation over the hours and days. Even if the execution of the computed tomography method is classically recommended, especially in the most serious cases and in polytraumas with major dynamics, the clinician can use or request an ultrasound examination, especially in subsequent re-evaluations. Here we report a clinical case demonstrating how an ultrasound re-evaluation after the acute event can lead to a correct diagnosis of a rare complication of thoracic trauma. The findings were suggestive for a pseudoaneurysm of the internal right mammary artery. Subsequently, an ultrasound-guided injection of thrombin was carried out until complete interruption of the flow within the formation. At subsequent follow-up, no arterial or venous blush was highlighted.

Multi-omics staging of locally advanced rectal cancer predicts treatment response: a pilot study.

Treatment response assessment of rectal cancer patients is a critical component of personalized cancer care and it allows to identify suitable candidates for organ-preserving strategies. This pilot study employed a novel multi-omics approach combining MRI-based radiomic features and untargeted metabolomics to infer treatment response at staging. The metabolic signature highlighted how tumor cell viability is predictively down-regulated, while the response to oxidative stress was up-regulated in responder patients, showing significantly reduced oxoproline values at baseline compared to non-responder patients (p-value < 10-4). Tumors with a high degree of texture homogeneity, as assessed by radiomics, were more likely to achieve a major pathological response (p-value < 10-3). A machine learning classifier was implemented to summarize the multi-omics information and discriminate responders and non-responders. Combining all available radiomic and metabolomic features, the classifier delivered an AUC of 0.864 (± 0.083, p-value < 10-3) with a best-point sensitivity of 90.9% and a specificity of 81.8%. Our results suggest that a multi-omics approach, integrating radiomics and metabolomic data, can enhance the predictive value of standard MRI and could help to avoid unnecessary surgical treatments and their associated long-term complications.

Breast ultrasound: An opportunity to detect unsuspected pleural and pulmonary abnormalities.

PURPOSE: While scanning women for breast US, is possible to observe changes in the appearance of the pleural line or in the most superficial portion of the lung. The objective of this single-center, prospective study was to determine the prevalence of a variety of pleural and pulmonary US findings during routine breast US. METHODS: In this study, there were 200 women undergoing standard breast US examination. The presence of pleural and pulmonary abnormalities in these cases was recorded. Two off-site reviewers confirmed the presence of pleura and lung changes. RESULTS: There was no abnormal finding in 168 out of 200 cases (84%) while there were one or more abnormal findings in 32 cases (16%). Pleural effusion was observed in 0.5% of cases, thickening of the pleural line 5% of cases, irregularity of the pleural line in 6% of cases, increased number of vertical artifacts in 9% of cases, subpleural nodulations in 2% of cases, and lung consolidation in 0.5%. CONCLUSION: Pleural and lung changes are not uncommon during breast US. Operators performing breast US examinations should be aware of the possibility to identify unsuspected pleuro-pulmonary abnormalities.

Air embolism as a rare complication of lung biopsy: A case report.

Lung biopsy is an important interventional radiology procedure allowing the characterization of lesions with suspected malignancy. The most frequent complications are pneumothorax and hemorrhage. Air embolism is a rare but potentially fatal occurrence. In this case report, we present an air embolism after core needle CT-guided biopsy showing CT and MRI features that radiologists should expect in the everyday clinical practice.

Complications Subsequent to Urinary Tract Stent Placement: An Overview Focusing on the Imaging of Cancer Patients.

Ureteral involvement by a tumor is common, and both partial and complete obstructions can result in symptoms that are distressing and debilitating, especially in cancer patients for whom the resection of the primary tumor is not considered an option. Maintaining ureteric patency in these patients is a challenge. In addition, in cases where a patient has undergone nephroureterectomy due to primary transitional cell cancer, it becomes necessary to decompress the urinary tract to preserve the contralateral kidney from irreversible damage. This is possibly due to ureteral stenting, both retrograde and anterograde, and percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN). Since imaging plays an important role in the routine monitoring of stents, their more and more increasing use requires radiologists to be familiar with these devices, their correct position, their potential complications, and their consequences. The aim of this review is to offer a comprehensive review of the imaging features of some urinary stents and to show the complications encountered in cancer patients as a direct consequence of an invasive diagnostic or therapeutic procedure. Specifically, we focus on ureteral stents and PCN.

From Histopathology to High-Resolution Ultrasound Imaging of Skin Scars.

Nowadays, modern ultrasound machines and high-frequency transducers allow us to accurately assess the superficial soft tissues of the human body. In this sense, sonographic evaluation of the skin and related pathologies is progressively growing in the pertinent literature. To the best of our knowledge, a standardized sonographic protocol focused on the assessment of pathological skin scars is still lacking. As such, the main purpose of the present study was to propose a technical guide to sonographically assess skin scars in the daily practice of clinicians-starting from knowledge on their histopathological features. In order to standardize the ultrasound examination, a superficial-to-deep, layer-by-layer approach has been proposed to optimize its reproducibility and to promote a common language among the different healthcare providers.

Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Follow-Up for Acute Pyelonephritis Patients.

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is increasingly used in clinical practice as the first diagnostic method in patients with suspected pyelonephritis rather than abdominal CT with contrast medium, especially in young subjects. We performed a retrospective analysis on patients in for whom a CEUS examination was utilized as a follow-up method after acute pyelonephritis as normal clinical practice. Through evaluating all patients, in terms duration between CEUS examination and normalization (healing) of the renal disease, we found that the mean duration is 25.9 days. Our ultrasound findings did not induce any therapeutic modifications, not even in the cases in which the examination was repeated several times. Therefore, setting up a CEUS follow-up examination after 25 days from the first diagnosis can reduce the number of repeated tests, benefitting patients and the healthcare system in terms of reducing costs.

Ultrasound Imaging of the Sciatic Nerve.

The sciatic nerve (SN) is the biggest nerve in the human body and innervates a large skin surface of the lower limb and several muscles of the thigh, leg, and foot. It originates from the ventral rami of spinal nerves L4 through S3 and contains fibers from both the posterior and anterior divisions of the lumbosacral plexus. After leaving the neural foramina, the nerve roots merge with each other forming a single peripheral nerve that travels within the pelvis and thigh. Non-discogenic pathologies of the SN are largely underdiagnosed entities due to nonspecific clinical tests and poorly described imaging findings. Likewise, to the best of our knowledge, a step-by-step ultrasound protocol to assess the SN is lacking in the pertinent literature. In this sense, the aim of the present manuscript is to describe the normal sono-anatomy of the SN from the greater sciatic foramen to the proximal thigh proposing a standardized and simple sonographic protocol. Then, based on the clinical experience of the authors, a few tips and tricks have been reported to avoid misinterpretation of confounding sonographic findings. Last but not least, we report some common pathological conditions encountered in daily practice with the main purpose of making physicians more confident regarding the sonographic "navigation" of a complex anatomical site and optimizing the diagnosis and management of non-discogenic neuropathies of the SN.