Service utilization among adolescents seeking trauma-related care: Differences by risk for suicide and ethnoracial background.

Adolescents from ethnoracially minoritized backgrounds increasingly report high rates of attempted suicide, trauma exposure, and limited access to mental healthcare services. However, less is known regarding their use of services across different youth-serving systems. This study examines the associations and interactions between self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITBs), race/ethnicity, and service sector utilization (mental healthcare, general healthcare, school, and social services) among a sample of trauma-exposed and treatment-seeking adolescents. Participants were treatment-seeking adolescents (N = 4406) ages 12-17 from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network Core Data Set who had available data for SITBs, race/ethnicity, services utilized, and other key variables. Mixed effects logistic regression was used to examine main and interactive effects for whether adolescents' race/ethnicity and SITBs were associated with service utilization in each of the identified service sectors. SITBs were associated with adolescents' utilization of mental healthcare (OR = 1.38 p < 0.001), general healthcare (OR = 2.30; p < 0.001), and school services (OR = 1.38 p < 0.001). NH Black adolescents reporting SITBs were less likely to use mental health services than other NH Black youths (OR = 0.53; p = 0.004). Hispanic adolescents reporting SITBs were more likely to utilize healthcare services than other Hispanic youths (OR = 1.51; p = 0.039). Trauma-exposed adolescents reporting SITBs are more likely to utilize mental healthcare, general healthcare, and school-based services than other trauma-exposed adolescents. However, NH Black adolescents experiencing SITBs may face additional barriers to utilizing mental healthcare services. Findings can be used to develop nursing practices and policies to address barriers faced by adolescents reporting SITBs.

"We have to change our mindsets": a qualitative study of barriers and facilitators in research collaboration across integrated care system organisations.

The introduction of Integrated Care Systems (ICS) in England aimed to increase joint planning and delivery of health and social care, and other services, to better meet the needs of local communities. There is an associated duty to undertake collaborative research across ICS partners to inform this new integrated approach, which might be challenging given that organisations span health, local authority, voluntary and community sector, and research. This study aimed to explore the appetite for collaborative Research and Innovation (R&I) across ICSs, potential barriers and solutions. This qualitative study involved semi-structured interviews with 24 stakeholders who held senior positions within organisations across two ICS areas (Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent; Shropshire, Telford and Wrekin). Interview transcripts were analysed using inductive and deductive analysis, first mapping to the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF), then considering key influences on organisational behaviour in terms of Capability, Opportunity and Motivation from the COM-B Behaviour Change Wheel. There were fundamental limitations on organisational opportunities for collaborative R&I: a historical culture of competition (rather than collaboration), a lack of research culture and prioritisation, compounded by a challenging adverse economic environment. However, organisations were motivated to undertake collaborative R&I. They recognised the potential benefits (e.g., skill-sharing, staff development, attracting large studies and funding), the need for collaborative research that mirrors integrated care, and subsequent benefits for care recipients. Related barriers included negative experiences of collaboration, fear of failing and low confidence. Capability varied across organisations in terms of research skills and confidence, which reflected the range of partners (from local authorities to NHS Trusts, primary care, and academic institutions). These findings indicate a need to shift from a culture of competition to collaboration, and to help organisations across ICS to prioritise research, and share resources and skills to mitigate the limiting effects of a constrained economic environment. This could be further explored using a systems change approach, to develop the collaborative research efforts alongside the overarching move towards integrated care.

Navigating a maze: Midwives' identity response to the enactment of an abortion law in Chile.

BACKGROUND: Chilean midwives have been identified as essential for successfully implementing an abortion law, a practice which could potentially be understood as contradicting their central mission. Nevertheless, to date, there has been no investigation into how Chilean midwives have incorporated induced abortion care provision into their professional identity. OBJECTIVE: To elucidate how Chilean midwives understand and provide abortion care and how they have (re)defined their professional identity to include induced abortion care. This article reports the findings of the second part of this aim. METHODS: This study was underpinned by a constructivist grounded theory methodology informed by a reproductive justice and feminist perspective. Midwives from Chile who have cared for women undergoing abortion were invited to participate in the study. After purposive and theoretical sampling, fifteen midwives were recruited. FINDINGS: Midwives' identity is woman-centred, with high value placed on their role protecting life. These two aspects of midwives' identity are in contradiction when providing abortion care. Midwives' identity results from and informs midwives' practice. Midwifery regulation influences both practice and identity. The model 'Navigating a maze' explains the interaction of these three elements. CONCLUSION: Midwives' identity response to the enactment of the Chilean abortion law is an example of how professional identity must navigate regulation and practice to make sense of its purpose. In light of this study's findings, the current tension experienced in midwives' identity should be carefully attended to prevent adverse outcomes for midwives and the Chilean population.

Chilean midwives' experiences while providing induced abortion care after the enactment of a law decriminalising abortion.

INTRODUCTION: The recent change in Chilean legislation towards abortion enabled midwives to include the care of women having an induced abortion within their scope of practice. However, midwives' identity could be strained by induced abortion care provision as it is contrary to midwives' traditional role. Considering this, the aim of the study was to elucidate how Chilean midwives understand and provide abortion care. METHODS: A constructivist grounded theory study was conducted using online semi-structured in-depth interviews. Midwives were purposively sampled considering maximum variation criteria and then theoretical sampling occurred. Saturation was achieved with fifteen interviews. Interviews were conducted in Spanish and then translated into English. Constant comparison analysis generated categories. Data were managed using NVivo 12. All interviewees provided their consent to be part of this study. RESULTS: This article reports on the experiences of nine midwives who had provided lawful induced abortion care in Chile. The experiences of these midwives were grouped into two major categories: 'Defining a position towards abortion' and 'Abortion care is emotional labour'. CONCLUSION: Midwives can successfully provide abortion care despite being challenged by certain areas of it. Considering the high demand for emotional labour in abortion care, efforts should be made to increase midwives' emotional self-regulation skills. Likewise, organisations should strengthen and implement their offer of well-being and emotional self-care support to midwives.

A global overview of midwives' working conditions: A rapid review of literature on positive practice environment.

BACKGROUND: In the United Kingdom (UK), a critical shortage of midwives puts pressure on the already overworked midwives working in maternity services. Considering the challenges that midwives in the UK face, this rapid review was conducted to inform a larger-scale initiative to improve the working conditions of midwives in an acute NHS Trust in the Midlands area of the UK. OBJECTIVE: To describe midwives' perceptions and experiences of positive practice environments. METHODS: A search strategy to identify literature about midwives' perceptions and experiences of positive practice environments was conducted in Medline, CINAHL Plus and Embase databases. Literature screening was conducted independently in two steps using an eligibility tool. The articles' quality assessment was conducted using the Mixed Method Appraisal Tool. Data were extracted using the Job Quality framework and managed using NVivo12. RESULTS: Seventy articles were included in this review. Midwives' working conditions can be improved in all seven areas of the Job Quality framework. Most articles in the review reported the negative aspects of midwives' working environments, making it challenging for the team to define a positive practice environment for midwives. Despite this, authors discuss that a positive practice environment is at least sustained by ensuring midwives' ability to provide care; providing good employment conditions; developing respectful organisations; and increasing team resources, such as those that improve team resilience. CONCLUSIONS: Midwives' working conditions are universally challenging. Failure to address the situation will compromise recruitment and retention, increasing the shortage of midwives. Provision of safe and respectful care appears to be directly linked to midwives' safe and respectful working conditions.

Association between skin barrier development and early-onset atopic dermatitis: A longitudinal birth cohort study.

BACKGROUND: A diagnosis of atopic dermatitis (AD) is common during infancy; however, it is unclear whether differential skin barrier development defines this period and signals disease onset in predisposed individuals. OBJECTIVE: We sought to study (NCT03143504) and assess the feasibility of remote skin testing from birth to monitor skin barrier maturation and model association with an AD diagnosis by age 12 months. METHODS: Biophysical testing and infrared spectroscopy were conducted at the maternity ward and family home. Tape stripping collected samples for desquamatory protease and natural moisturizing factor analysis. The 4 common European filaggrin risk alleles were screened. RESULTS: A total of 128 infants completed the study, with 20% developing mild disease. Significant changes in permeability barrier function, desquamatory protease activity, and molecular composition assessed spectroscopically were observed longitudinally, but only subtle evidence of differential skin barrier development was noted between infant subgroups. Common filaggrin risk alleles were strongly associated with early-onset disease and conferred a significant reduction in natural moisturizing factor and water content by age 4 weeks. Accounting for a family history of atopy, these parameters alongside a greater lipid/protein ratio and reduced chymotrypsin-like activity at birth were associated with AD. Measured in ambient conditions, transepidermal water loss did not signal disease risk at any stage. CONCLUSIONS: Skin barrier dysfunction lacked an acquired modality but was considered proportional to cohort severity and suggests that a portfolio of tests used in a community setting has the potential to improve current AD risk evaluations from birth.

Skin care interventions in infants for preventing eczema and food allergy.

BACKGROUND: Eczema and food allergy are common health conditions that usually begin in early childhood and often occur in the same people. They can be associated with an impaired skin barrier in early infancy. It is unclear whether trying to prevent or reverse an impaired skin barrier soon after birth is effective for preventing eczema or food allergy. OBJECTIVES: Primary objective To assess the effects of skin care interventions such as emollients for primary prevention of eczema and food allergy in infants. Secondary objective To identify features of study populations such as age, hereditary risk, and adherence to interventions that are associated with the greatest treatment benefit or harm for both eczema and food allergy. SEARCH METHODS: We performed an updated search of the Cochrane Skin Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and Embase in September 2021. We searched two trials registers in July 2021. We checked the reference lists of included studies and relevant systematic reviews, and scanned conference proceedings to identify further references to relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs).  SELECTION CRITERIA: We included RCTs of skin care interventions that could potentially enhance skin barrier function, reduce dryness, or reduce subclinical inflammation in healthy term (> 37 weeks) infants (≤ 12 months) without pre-existing eczema, food allergy, or other skin condition. Eligible comparisons were standard care in the locality or no treatment. Types of skin care interventions could include moisturisers/emollients; bathing products; advice regarding reducing soap exposure and bathing frequency; and use of water softeners. No minimum follow-up was required. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: This is a prospective individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis. We used standard Cochrane methodological procedures, and primary analyses used the IPD dataset. Primary outcomes were cumulative incidence of eczema and cumulative incidence of immunoglobulin (Ig)E-mediated food allergy by one to three years, both measured at the closest available time point to two years. Secondary outcomes included adverse events during the intervention period; eczema severity (clinician-assessed); parent report of eczema severity; time to onset of eczema; parent report of immediate food allergy; and allergic sensitisation to food or inhalant allergen. MAIN RESULTS: We identified 33 RCTs comprising 25,827 participants. Of these, 17 studies randomising 5823 participants reported information on one or more outcomes specified in this review.  We included 11 studies, randomising 5217 participants, in one or more meta-analyses (range 2 to 9 studies per individual meta-analysis), with 10 of these studies providing IPD; the remaining 6 studies were included in the narrative results only.   Most studies were conducted at children's hospitals. Twenty-five studies, including all those contributing data to meta-analyses, randomised newborns up to age three weeks to receive a skin care intervention or standard infant skin care. Eight of the 11 studies contributing to meta-analyses recruited infants at high risk of developing eczema or food allergy, although the definition of high risk varied between studies. Durations of intervention and follow-up ranged from 24 hours to three years. All interventions were compared against no skin care intervention or local standard care. Of the 17 studies that reported information on our prespecified outcomes, 13 assessed emollients. We assessed most of the evidence in the review as low certainty and had some concerns about risk of bias. A rating of some concerns was most often due to lack of blinding of outcome assessors or significant missing data, which could have impacted outcome measurement but was judged unlikely to have done so. We assessed the evidence for the primary food allergy outcome as high risk of bias due to the inclusion of only one trial, where findings varied based on different assumptions about missing data. Skin care interventions during infancy probably do not change the risk of eczema by one to three years of age (risk ratio (RR) 1.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81 to 1.31; risk difference 5 more cases per 1000 infants, 95% CI 28 less to 47 more; moderate-certainty evidence; 3075 participants, 7 trials) or time to onset of eczema (hazard ratio 0.86, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.14; moderate-certainty evidence; 3349 participants, 9 trials). Skin care interventions during infancy may increase the risk of IgE-mediated food allergy by one to three years of age (RR 2.53, 95% CI 0.99 to 6.49; low-certainty evidence; 976 participants, 1 trial) but may not change risk of allergic sensitisation to a food allergen by age one to three years (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.71; low-certainty evidence; 1794 participants, 3 trials). Skin care interventions during infancy may slightly increase risk of parent report of immediate reaction to a common food allergen at two years (RR 1.27, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.61; low-certainty evidence; 1171 participants, 1 trial); however, this was only seen for cow's milk, and may be unreliable due to over-reporting of milk allergy in infants. Skin care interventions during infancy probably increase risk of skin infection over the intervention period (RR 1.33, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.75; risk difference 17 more cases per 1000 infants, 95% CI one more to 38 more; moderate-certainty evidence; 2728 participants, 6 trials) and may increase the risk of infant slippage over the intervention period (RR 1.42, 95% CI 0.67 to 2.99; low-certainty evidence; 2538 participants, 4 trials) and stinging/allergic reactions to moisturisers (RR 2.24, 95% 0.67 to 7.43; low-certainty evidence; 343 participants, 4 trials), although CIs for slippages and stinging/allergic reactions were wide and include the possibility of no effect or reduced risk. Preplanned subgroup analyses showed that the effects of interventions were not influenced by age, duration of intervention, hereditary risk, filaggrin (FLG) mutation, chromosome 11 intergenic variant rs2212434, or classification of intervention type for risk of developing eczema. We could not evaluate these effects on risk of food allergy. Evidence was insufficient to show whether adherence to interventions influenced the relationship between skin care interventions and eczema or food allergy development. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Based on low- to moderate-certainty evidence, skin care interventions such as emollients during the first year of life in healthy infants are probably not effective for preventing eczema; may increase risk of food allergy; and probably increase risk of skin infection. Further study is needed to understand whether different approaches to infant skin care might prevent eczema or food allergy.

Experiences of midwives and nurses when implementing abortion policies: A systematic integrative review.

INTRODUCTION: Policy implementation can be affected by what individuals believe to be right and wrong. When implementing abortion policies, providers' moral beliefs can be relevant in the success of the implementation process. Considering that midwives and nurses are direct providers of abortion care, exploring their experiences related to abortion policy implementation could provide helpful information to prevent policy failure. METHODS: Systematic integrative review. The studies were identified through an electronic search strategy and the screening of the reference lists of all selected articles. Studies were retrieved from eight medical and social sciences databases. Thirty-one studies focused on midwives' and nurses' experiences of implementing abortion policies, irrespective of setting or age of study were included in this review. Studies included used qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods. Study quality was appraised using the Mixed Method Appraisal Tool version 2018. No study was excluded from this review based on its quality appraisal. RESULTS: In terms of their quality, most studies included in this review were conducted appropriately. Three superordinate themes represent the main elements that challenge midwives and nurses when providing abortion care. The first superordinate theme identified that many midwives and nurses believed fetuses are sentient beings, making them worthy of compassionate treatment. The next superordinate theme was focused on preferences and expectations about abortion care. Finally, the third superordinate theme illustrates midwives' and nurses' experiences with other team members, highlights their creativity when challenged with insufficient resources and provides a glimpse of the numerous techniques used for coping with work-related stress. CONCLUSION: Midwives and nurses worldwide face multiple challenges when providing abortion care. Guidelines aiming to support policy implementation should consider how abortion affects healthcare providers and suggest appropriate measures to reduce these and other barriers. Midwives and nurses technical and ethical competencies for abortion provision should be strengthened.

Racialized emotion recognition accuracy and anger bias of children's faces.

Research suggests that individuals are racially biased when judging the emotions of others (Elfenbein & Ambady, 2002) and particularly regarding attributions about the emotion of anger (Halberstadt, Castro, Chu, Lozada, & Sims, 2018; Hugenberg & Bodenhausen, 2003). Systematic, balanced designs are rare, and are comprised of adults viewing adults. The present study expands the questions of racialized emotion recognition accuracy and anger bias to the world of children. Findings that adults demonstrate either less emotion accuracy and/or greater anger bias for Black versus White children could potentially explain some of the large racialized disciplinary discrepancies in schools. To test whether racialized emotion recognition accuracy and anger bias toward children exists, we asked 178 prospective teachers to complete an emotion recognition task comprised of 72 children's facial expressions depicting six emotions and divided equally by race (Black, White) and gender (female, male). We also assessed implicit bias via the child race Implicit Association Test and explicit bias via questionnaire. Multilevel modeling revealed nuanced racialized emotion recognition accuracy with a race by gender interaction, but clear racialized anger bias toward both Black boys and girls. Both Black boys and Black girls were falsely seen as angry more often than White boys and White girls. Higher levels of either implicit or explicit bias did not increase odds of Black children being victim to anger bias, but instead decreased odds that White children would be misperceived as angry. Implications for addressing preexisting biases in teacher preparation programs and by children and parents are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

PerCEIVED: Perceptions of children's emotions in videos, evolving and dynamic task.

Researchers have been studying emotion recognition skill for over 100 years (Feleky, 1914), yet technological advances continue to allow for the creation of better measures. Interest in consistent inaccuracies (sometimes described as bias) has also emerged recently. To support research in both emotion recognition skill and bias, we first describe all extant measures of emotion recognition with child actors that we have found, evaluating strengths and constraints of these measures. We then introduce a new measure of emotion understanding (Perceptions of Children's Emotions in Videos, Evolving and Dynamic task) that includes assessment of six emotions portrayed dynamically over rounds by 72 child actors, balancing child race and gender within each emotion, and certified by Facial Action Coding System coders. We provide participant accuracy and bias rates by round and within emotion, based on results from four studies (N = 477 adult participants), and report evidence for reliability over time, criterion and discriminant validity, and multidimensionality of emotion recognition from these studies. We conclude with potential uses of the measure in terms of assessing the accuracy and inaccuracies of participants, including opportunities for the study of developmental processes, individual differences, and confusions between various emotions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Adultification, anger bias, and adults' different perceptions of Black and White children.

Adultification, perceiving a child as older and more mature, and anger bias, perceiving anger where it does not exist, are two phenomena disproportionally imposed on Black children compared to White children. The current study assessed whether perceiving a Black child as older increases the odds of mistakenly perceiving anger. Participating were 152 parents who viewed video representations of 40 children in an emotion understanding paradigm. Black children were not seen as older than White children but they did have 1.27 higher odds of being misperceived as angry (p < .05). Additionally, for each year increase in perceived age, the odds of anger bias increased by 1.04 for the Black children (p < .05), but did not increase for White children. Implications of this finding include Black children receiving increased consequences when adults perceive them as older and angry.

Exploring the STEP-uP to practice: A survey of UK Lead Midwives for Education views of the STudent midwife Extended Practice Placement during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: to assess the effect of implementation of the extended placement option available to midwifery students during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN: Online survey open from 2nd June 2020 to 15th July 2020. SETTING: United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS: Lead Midwives for Education (LMEs). FINDINGS: A total of 38 of 55 LMEs responded (response rate 69%). The majority of Approved Education Institutions (AEIs) offered an extended placement to students, but with some variation in the choices offered, unrelated to geographical location or size of student cohort. AEIs appeared to provide the majority of decisional support for students. Many practice learning environments became unavailable, particularly community, gynaecology/medical wards and neonatal units. LMEs experienced both internal and external pressures to instigate rapid change. KEY CONCLUSIONS: The impact of COVID-19 on midwifery education is significant and will need continual scrutiny to minimise future detriment. The pressures of providing midwifery education throughout the early phase of COVID-19 were substantial, but it is important that we learn from the immediate changes made, value and pursue the changes that have been beneficial, and learn from those that were not. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE/RESEARCH: Student learning experiences have undergone significant change during the pandemic. It is essential to assess what effect the extended placement has had on student readiness for practice, their confidence, resilience, mental health, and attrition and retention. Educators transitioned to remote working, and rapidly assimilated new skills for online education; exploration of the impact of this is recommended.

Skin care interventions in infants for preventing eczema and food allergy.

BACKGROUND: Eczema and food allergy are common health conditions that usually begin in early childhood and often occur together in the same people. They can be associated with an impaired skin barrier in early infancy. It is unclear whether trying to prevent or reverse an impaired skin barrier soon after birth is effective in preventing eczema or food allergy. OBJECTIVES: Primary objective To assess effects of skin care interventions, such as emollients, for primary prevention of eczema and food allergy in infants Secondary objective To identify features of study populations such as age, hereditary risk, and adherence to interventions that are associated with the greatest treatment benefit or harm for both eczema and food allergy. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the following databases up to July 2020: Cochrane Skin Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and Embase. We searched two trials registers and checked reference lists of included studies and relevant systematic reviews for further references to relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs). We contacted field experts to identify planned trials and to seek information about unpublished or incomplete trials. SELECTION CRITERIA: RCTs of skin care interventions that could potentially enhance skin barrier function, reduce dryness, or reduce subclinical inflammation in healthy term (> 37 weeks) infants (0 to 12 months) without pre-existing diagnosis of eczema, food allergy, or other skin condition were included. Comparison was standard care in the locality or no treatment. Types of skin care interventions included moisturisers/emollients; bathing products; advice regarding reducing soap exposure and bathing frequency; and use of water softeners. No minimum follow-up was required. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: This is a prospective individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis. We used standard Cochrane methodological procedures, and primary analyses used the IPD dataset. Primary outcomes were cumulative incidence of eczema and cumulative incidence of immunoglobulin (Ig)E-mediated food allergy by one to three years, both measured by the closest available time point to two years. Secondary outcomes included adverse events during the intervention period; eczema severity (clinician-assessed); parent report of eczema severity; time to onset of eczema; parent report of immediate food allergy; and allergic sensitisation to food or inhalant allergen. MAIN RESULTS: This review identified 33 RCTs, comprising 25,827 participants. A total of 17 studies, randomising 5823 participants, reported information on one or more outcomes specified in this review. Eleven studies randomising 5217 participants, with 10 of these studies providing IPD, were included in one or more meta-analysis (range 2 to 9 studies per individual meta-analysis). Most studies were conducted at children's hospitals. All interventions were compared against no skin care intervention or local standard care. Of the 17 studies that reported our outcomes, 13 assessed emollients. Twenty-five studies, including all those contributing data to meta-analyses, randomised newborns up to age three weeks to receive a skin care intervention or standard infant skin care. Eight of the 11 studies contributing to meta-analyses recruited infants at high risk of developing eczema or food allergy, although definition of high risk varied between studies. Durations of intervention and follow-up ranged from 24 hours to two years. We assessed most of this review's evidence as low certainty or had some concerns of risk of bias. A rating of some concerns was most often due to lack of blinding of outcome assessors or significant missing data, which could have impacted outcome measurement but was judged unlikely to have done so. Evidence for the primary food allergy outcome was rated as high risk of bias due to inclusion of only one trial where findings varied when different assumptions were made about missing data. Skin care interventions during infancy probably do not change risk of eczema by one to two years of age (risk ratio (RR) 1.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81 to 1.31; moderate-certainty evidence; 3075 participants, 7 trials) nor time to onset of eczema (hazard ratio 0.86, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.14; moderate-certainty evidence; 3349 participants, 9 trials). It is unclear whether skin care interventions during infancy change risk of IgE-mediated food allergy by one to two years of age (RR 2.53, 95% CI 0.99 to 6.47; 996 participants, 1 trial) or allergic sensitisation to a food allergen at age one to two years (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.28 to 2.69; 1055 participants, 2 trials) due to very low-certainty evidence for these outcomes. Skin care interventions during infancy may slightly increase risk of parent report of immediate reaction to a common food allergen at two years (RR 1.27, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.61; low-certainty evidence; 1171 participants, 1 trial). However, this was only seen for cow's milk, and may be unreliable due to significant over-reporting of cow's milk allergy in infants. Skin care interventions during infancy probably increase risk of skin infection over the intervention period (RR 1.34, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.77; moderate-certainty evidence; 2728 participants, 6 trials) and may increase risk of infant slippage over the intervention period (RR 1.42, 95% CI 0.67 to 2.99; low-certainty evidence; 2538 participants, 4 trials) or stinging/allergic reactions to moisturisers (RR 2.24, 95% 0.67 to 7.43; low-certainty evidence; 343 participants, 4 trials), although confidence intervals for slippages and stinging/allergic reactions are wide and include the possibility of no effect or reduced risk. Preplanned subgroup analyses show that effects of interventions were not influenced by age, duration of intervention, hereditary risk, FLG mutation,  or classification of intervention type for risk of developing eczema. We could not evaluate these effects on risk of food allergy. Evidence was insufficient to show whether adherence to interventions influenced the relationship between skin care interventions and risk of developing eczema or food allergy. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Skin care interventions such as emollients during the first year of life in healthy infants are probably not effective for preventing eczema, and probably increase risk of skin infection. Effects of skin care interventions on risk of food allergy are uncertain. Further work is needed to understand whether different approaches to infant skin care might promote or prevent eczema and to evaluate effects on food allergy based on robust outcome assessments.

Skincare interventions in infants for preventing eczema and food allergy: A cochrane systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Eczema and food allergy start in infancy and have shared genetic risk factors that affect skin barrier. We aimed to evaluate whether skincare interventions can prevent eczema or food allergy. DESIGN: A prospectively planned individual participant data meta-analysis was carried out within a Cochrane systematic review to determine whether skincare interventions in term infants prevent eczema or food allergy. DATA SOURCES: Cochrane Skin Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase and trial registries to July 2020. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTED STUDIES: Included studies were randomized controlled trials of infants <1 year with healthy skin comparing a skin intervention with a control, for prevention of eczema and food allergy outcomes between 1 and 3 years. RESULTS: Of the 33 identified trials, 17 trials (5823 participants) had relevant outcome data and 10 (5154 participants) contributed to IPD meta-analysis. Three of seven trials contributing to primary eczema analysis were at low risk of bias, and the single trial contributing to primary food allergy analysis was at high risk of bias. Interventions were mainly emollients, applied for the first 3-12 months. Skincare interventions probably do not change risk of eczema by age 1-3 years (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.81, 1.31; I2 =41%; moderate certainty; 3075 participants, 7 trials). Sensitivity analysis found heterogeneity was explained by increased eczema in a trial of daily bathing as part of the intervention. It is unclear whether skincare interventions increase risk of food allergy by age 1-3 years (RR 2.53, 95% CI 0.99 to 6.47; very low certainty; 996 participants, 1 trial), but they probably increase risk of local skin infections (RR 1.34, 95% CI 1.02, 1.77; I2 =0%; moderate certainty; 2728 participants, 6 trials). CONCLUSION: Regular emollients during infancy probably do not prevent eczema and probably increase local skin infections.

Contraceptive unmet needs in low and middle-income countries: A systematic review.

Contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa remains low, with a minimal rise from 23.6% to 28.5% between 2008 and 2015. Unmet needs for contraception remain a public health concern in low and middle-income countries. The objectives of this systematic review were to explore the perceptions of women and men accessing family planning services; and the perceptions of healthcare professionals delivering family planning services in low and middle-income countries. Literature search was limited to studies published in English in the period from 2000 to 2017. Thirty studies included in this review were identified from CINAHL, BNI, EMBASE, PsycINFO, MIDIRS and MEDLINE databases. A narrative synthesis, was adopted to synthesise the findings. Findings indicate a lack of awareness of contraception amongst women and men. Experienced and perceived side effects of contraceptives influence contraceptive continuation and discontinuation. Evidence from this review points to the need for awareness of contraception to dispel myths and misperceptions regarding modern contraception.

Experiences of women, men and healthcare workers accessing family planning services in Malawi: A grounded theory.

BACKGROUND: The importance of modern contraceptive methods in averting unwanted pregnancies has been acknowledged in Malawi. Currently, the country has registered the highest rates of unsafe abortions, unmet needs for contraception and a low contraceptive prevalence rate. Understanding why these rates exist is important. However, women's views and experiences regarding uptake of family planning methods in Malawi have not been explored. METHODS: A grounded theory methodology was used. Data were gathered through in-depth interviews with women (n = 18), men (n = 10), healthcare workers (n = 10) and non-participant observations of family planning clinic consultations (n = 10). Data were analysed using constant comparative technique. Methods of open, axial and selective coding enabled subsequent conceptualisations until theoretical saturation occurred. RESULTS: The core category 'disenabling environment prevents women's family planning needs from being met' provides an understanding of women's, men's and healthcare workers' experiences of contraceptive use and non-use. The disenabling environment contributed to shaping women's family planning experiences. This was supported by three main categories: navigating the processes, disempowerment of women and learning by chance. CONCLUSION: Findings from this study illuminate contextual issues into how women, men and healthcare workers experience family planning use and non-use in Malawi. A multifaceted strategy is required to support a woman's family planning needs. At community level, awareness and education of family planning methods is required to actively inform all people in society so that they support a woman's family planning needs. At national level, laws that would empower women with decision-making ought to be developed and enforced.

Teachers' Beliefs About Children's Anger and Skill in Recognizing Children's Anger Expressions.

Everyday beliefs often organize and guide motivations, goals, and behaviors, and, as such, may also differentially motivate individuals to value and attend to emotion-related cues of others. In this way, the beliefs that individuals hold may affect the socioemotional skills that they develop. To test the role of emotion-related beliefs specific to anger, we examined an educational context in which beliefs could vary and have implications for individuals' skill. Specifically, we studied 43 teachers' beliefs about students' anger in the school setting as well as their ability to recognize expressions of anger in children's faces in a dynamic emotion recognition task. Results revealed that, even when controlling for teachers' age and gender, teachers' belief that children's anger was useful and valuable in the school setting was associated with teachers' accuracy at recognizing anger expressions in children's faces. The belief that children's anger was harmful and not conducive to learning, however, was not associated with teachers' accuracy at recognizing children's anger expressions. These findings suggest that certain everyday beliefs matter for predicting skill in recognizing specific emotion-related cues.

'It's now or never'-nulliparous women's experiences of pregnancy at advanced maternal age: A grounded theory study.

BACKGROUND: Delayed pregnancy is increasingly common in many countries including the UK. There has been international interest in providing maternity care which aims to improve outcomes for mothers and babies when pregnancy occurs after the age of 35. Despite this, there is a lack of understanding of the experience of pregnancy at advanced maternal age from the woman's perspective. OBJECTIVES: To explore the experience of uncomplicated pregnancy for nulliparous women aged 35 and over and determine key processes involved in their pregnancy journey. DESIGN: A two phase constructivist grounded theory study. SETTING: South West of England, United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS: 15 nulliparous women aged 35 and over, in their third trimester of pregnancy. METHODS: Data were collected through semi-structured, in depth interviews which were transcribed and analysed using coding, constant comparison and memo-writing. RESULTS: The core category 'It's now or never' reflects how women may experience their pregnancy. This appears to influence feelings of readiness to become a mother, anxieties about the pregnancy and their care choices. This was felt more acutely as maternal age advances towards 40 years and beyond. CONCLUSIONS: Women's understanding that their future chances to have a baby may be limited can impact upon the way pregnancy is experienced. Despite having an uncomplicated pregnancy, older pregnant women may experience considerable worry throughout their pregnancy. Further research is required on how health care providers can better support women in early pregnancy and in making decisions regarding childbirth choices which are related to age.

What influences women's movement and the use of different positions during labour and birth: a systematic review protocol.

BACKGROUND: Women want to give birth in a safe and supportive environment where they are free to move and adopt different positions. Moving freely and using different positions in labour results in a range of physical and psychological benefits for women. However, many women report that they are restricted from moving freely during labour and birth and it is important to understand the factors that are influencing this. METHODS: A mixed-methods systematic review will be undertaken. Qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods primary empirical studies will be identified by systematically searching seven electronic databases using a search strategy that includes medical subject headings (MeSH) and keywords to cover synonyms and related terms. In addition, reference-tracking will be undertaken, and expert researchers will be contacted to locate relevant studies. Two reviewers will be involved in the assessment of the studies against eligibility criteria, formal quality appraisal and data extraction. A results-based convergent synthesis will be undertaken, using narrative synthesis if the quantitative data are too heterogeneous for meta-analysis, meta-ethnography for the synthesis of the qualitative data and the production of a line of argument synthesis. Finally, confidence in the findings will be formally assessed and conclusions drawn. DISCUSSION: The findings of this review will allow researchers, practitioners and policy makers to better understand the factors influencing women's movement and the use of different positions during labour and birth. This will inform future research and the development of maternity services designed to implement best-evidence concerning movement and positioning during labour and birth into clinical practice. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: In accordance with the PRISMA-P guidelines (Moher et al. Syst Rev 4:1, 2015), the systematic review protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic reviews (PROSPERO) on July 17, 2018 (CRD42018103354).

Do MOOCs encourage corporate social responsibility or are they simply a marketing opportunity?

This paper explores institutional drivers for developing MOOCs by juxtaposing them against the original drivers for generating MOOCs: to offer open access education. However, the original impetus for MOOC development may be shifting towards a business oriented model. Therefore, instead of contributing to corporate social responsibility and inclusivity agendas facilitating open access to education, MOOCs are akin to an institution's shop window allowing the pseudo 'purchaser' the opportunity to glimpse behind the scenes. Hence, we ask: are MOOCs merely a sophisticated form of window dressing, showing pseudo 'purchasers' what institutions want them to see enticing them to purchase more lucrative products? Notwithstanding the motivation for developing MOOCs participants must first access them. Therefore the paper examines what MOOCs actually offer participants who are likely to access them and concludes by examining how MOOCs can be developed to facilitate better completion rates and encourage wider participation from hard to access groups.