Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on urinary incontinence and quality of life of nulliparous women.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of social isolation due to SARS-CoV-2 on the prevalence and severity of urinary incontinence and how this correlates with the quality of life of the nulliparous women evaluated. METHOD: Observational, longitudinal study, carried out from August/2019 to September/2020, at the Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde do Trairi/RN, with 37 nulliparous women from 18 to 35 years old, who answered the socio-anthropometric assessment, to the Incontinence Severity Index Questionnaire and King's Health Questionnaire, before and during isolation due to SARS-CoV-2. Statistical analysis: Wilcoxon test, and Spearman's correlation coefficient. Significance level p≤0.05. RESULTS: During social isolation, there was an improvement in urge incontinence (p=0.01) and in the frequency of urinary incontinence (p=0.03). The severity of urinary incontinence correlated with: general health perception (p=0.02; r=0.65); physical limitations (p=0.03; r=0.60); social (p=0.001; r=0.82). CONCLUSION: The social isolation from SARS-CoV-2 improved urge incontinence and frequency of urinary incontinence. The more severe the urinary incontinence, the worse the general health perception, physical and social limitations during isolation.

Evaluation of the female pelvic floor with infrared thermography: a cross sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Infrared thermography (IRT) is an easy-to-use, noninvasive and pain-free tool that can be used to evaluate function of the pelvic floor (PF) muscles. OBJECTIVE: To analyze vaginal manometry, temperature, and percentage of colors achieved through IRT of the PF muscles at rest and during maximum voluntary contraction. The relationship between PF muscles strength and IRT temperature was also assessed. METHODS: Two-hundred and thirty-one women (mean ± SD age: 58.4±5.9 years) participated in this study. IRT recorded the minimum, average, and maximum temperatures, and the colors of the PF area at rest and during maximum voluntary contraction. The pressure applied during the three maximum voluntary PF contractions was evaluated through vaginal manometry. RESULTS: The women had a PF average temperature of 36.4 ± 0.8°C. There were no differences in the IRT temperatures between rest and during PF muscles contraction. The percentages of white, red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, and blue colors were different at rest and during contraction. Warm colors became more visible in the center of the image during the PF muscles maximum voluntary contraction. There was a positive correlation between the PF average temperature and PF manometry (r=0.7; p=0.001). CONCLUSION: The IRT was not able to detect differences in the temperature of the PF area between at rest and during contraction. However, a strong correlation between PF temperature and vaginal manometry was found.

Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on urinary incontinence and quality of life of nulliparous women / Impacto de la pandemia del SARS-CoV-2 en la incontinencia urinaria y la calidad de vida de mujeres nulíparas / Impacto da pandemia de SARS-CoV-2 na incontinência urinária e qualidade de vida de mulheres nulíparas

ABSTRACT Objectives: To evaluate the impact of social isolation due to SARS-CoV-2 on the prevalence and severity of urinary incontinence and how this correlates with the quality of life of the nulliparous women evaluated. Method: Observational, longitudinal study, carried out from August/2019 to September/2020, at the Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde do Trairi/RN, with 37 nulliparous women from 18 to 35 years old, who answered the socio-anthropometric assessment, to the Incontinence Severity Index Questionnaire and King's Health Questionnaire, before and during isolation due to SARS-CoV-2. Statistical analysis: Wilcoxon test, and Spearman's correlation coefficient. Significance level p≤0.05. Results: During social isolation, there was an improvement in urge incontinence (p=0.01) and in the frequency of urinary incontinence (p=0.03). The severity of urinary incontinence correlated with: general health perception (p=0.02; r=0.65); physical limitations (p=0.03; r=0.60); social (p=0.001; r=0.82). Conclusion: The social isolation from SARS-CoV-2 improved urge incontinence and frequency of urinary incontinence. The more severe the urinary incontinence, the worse the general health perception, physical and social limitations during isolation.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto del aislamiento social debido al SARS-CoV-2 sobre la prevalencia y severidad de la incontinencia urinaria y cómo esto se correlaciona con la calidad de vida de las mujeres nulíparas evaluadas. Método: Estudio observacional, longitudinal, realizado de agosto/2019 a septiembre/2020, en la Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde do Trairi/RN, con 37 mujeres nulíparas de 18 a 35 años, que respondieron la evaluación socio-antropométrica, al Incontinence Severity Index Questionaire y al King's Health Questionnaire, antes y durante el aislamiento por SARS-CoV-2. Análisis estadístico: prueba de Wilcoxon y coeficiente de correlación de Spearman. Nivel de significancia p≤0.05. Resultados: Durante el aislamiento social, hubo una mejora en la incontinencia de urgencia (p=0,01) y en la frecuencia de la incontinencia urinaria (p=0,03). La gravedad de la incontinencia urinaria se correlacionó con: percepción general de salud (p=0,02; r=0,65); limitaciones físicas (p=0,03; r=0,60); (p=0,001; r=0,82). Conclusión: El aislamiento social del SARS-CoV-2 mejoró la incontinencia de urgencia y la frecuencia de la incontinencia urinaria. Cuanto más grave es la incontinencia urinaria, peor es la percepción general de las limitaciones de salud, físicas y sociales durante el aislamiento.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto do isolamento social devido a SARS-CoV-2 na prevalência e gravidade da incontinência urinária e como isso se correlaciona com a qualidade de vida das mulheres nulíparas avaliadas. Métodos: Estudo observacional, longitudinal, realizado de agosto/2019 a setembro/2020, na Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde do Trairi/RN, com 37 nulíparas de 18 a 35 anos, que responderam a avaliação socioantropométrica, ao Incontinence Severity Index Questionaire e ao King's Health Questionnaire, antes e durante o isolamento devido a SARS-CoV-2. Análise estatística: Teste de Wilcoxon, e Coeficiente de Correlação de Spearman. Nível de significância p≤0,05. Resultados: Durante o isolamento social houve melhora na urgeincontinência (p=0,01) e na frequência da incontinência urinária (p=0,03). A gravidade da incontinência urinária teve correlação com: percepção geral de saúde (p=0,02; r=0,65); limitações físicas (p=0,03; r=0,60); sociais (p=0,001; r=0,82). Conclusão: O isolamento social da SARS-CoV-2 melhorou a urgeincontinência e frequência da incontinência urinária. Quanto mais grave a incontinência urinária pior a percepção geral de saúde, limitações físicas e sociais durante o isolamento.

Avaliação da função dos músculos do assoalho pélvico e incontinência urinária em universitárias: um estudo transversal / Evaluación de la función de los músculos del suelo pélvico y la incontinencia urinaria en universitarias: un estudio transversal / Evaluation of pelvic-floor muscle function and urinary incontinence in college women: a cross-sectional study

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a função e pressão de contração dos Músculos do Assoalho Pélvico (MAP) e a prevalência de Incontinência Urinária (IU) em universitárias. Realizou-se um estudo transversal, com universitárias entre 18 e 35 anos, nulíparas, que já tiveram relação sexual e que nunca realizaram tratamento fisioterapêutico para Disfunções dos Músculos do Assoalho Pélvico (DMAP). Todas as voluntárias realizaram a anamnese, responderam aos questionários international consultation on incontinence questionnaire - Short Form (ICIQ-SF) e incontinence severity index questionaire (ISI-Q), e realizaram avaliação da função e manometria dos MAP. Foi utilizado o teste de Shapiro-Wilk e os valores da amostra são expressos em medianas, intervalos interquartílicos, frequências absolutas e relativas. Foram avaliadas 35 mulheres, das quais 65,72% apresentaram tônus normal, mas apenas 5,71% realizavam a contração adequada dos MAP, com medianas baixas para todas as etapas do PERFECT e na manometria dos MAP. A prevalência de IU foi 57,14%, sendo a Incontinência Urinária de Urgência (IUU) a queixa mais prevalente (50%) e com severidade moderada (55%). Este estudo permitiu identificar déficit na função dos MAP e altos índices de IU em universitárias, demostrando a importância de conscientizar esse público sobre essa DMAP.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la función y presión de contracción de los músculos del suelo pélvico (MSP) y la prevalencia de incontinencia urinaria (IU) en estudiantes universitarias. Se realizó un estudio transversal, con estudiantes universitarias entre 18 y 35 años, nulíparas, que ya habían tenido relaciones sexuales y que nunca se sometieron a tratamiento fisioterapéutico para las disfunciones musculares del suelo pélvico (DMSP). Todas las voluntarias realizaron anamnesis, respondieron al cuestionario de consulta internacional sobre incontinencia - formulario corto (ICIQ-SF) y al cuestionario de índice de severidad de la incontinencia (ISI-Q), y realizaron la evaluación de la función y la manometría de los MSP. Se utilizó la prueba de Shapiro-Wilk, y los valores muestrales se expresan en medianas, rangos intercuartílicos, frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Se evaluaron a 35 mujeres, de las cuales el 65,72% tenía tono normal, pero solo el 5,71% realizó la adecuada contracción de los MSP, con medianas bajas para todos los estadios de PERFECT y en la manometría de los MSP. La prevalencia de IU fue del 57,14%, siendo la incontinencia urinaria urgente (IUU) la queja más prevalente (50%) y de gravedad moderada (55%). Este estudio permitió identificar déficits en el papel de los MSP y altas tasas de IU en estudiantes universitarias, demostrando la importancia de concienciar a este público sobre el DMSP.

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the function and pressure of contraction of the Pelvic Floor Muscles (PFM) and the prevalence of Urinary Incontinence (UI) in university students. A cross-sectional study was conducted with nulliparous university students between 18 and 35 years old, who had already had sexual intercourse and never underwent physical therapy treatment for Pelvic Floor Muscle Disorders (PFMD). All volunteers underwent anamnesis, answered the International Consultation on incontinence questionnaire short form (ICIQ-SF) and the incontinence severity index questionnaire (ISI-Q), and had their PFM function and manometry evaluated. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used and the sample values are expressed in medians, interquartile ranges, absolute and relative frequencies. A total of 35 women were evaluated, 65.72% of whom had normal muscle tone, but only 5.71% performed adequate contraction of the PFM, with low medians for all stages of PERFECT and in the manometry of the PFM. The prevalence of UI was 57.14%, with Urgent Urinary Incontinence (UUI) being the most prevalent complaint (50%) and having moderate severity (55%). This study allowed to identify deficits in the role of PFM and high rates of UI in College Women, demonstrating the importance of making this public aware of this PFMD.

Modulating Anxiety and Functional Capacity with Anodal tDCS Over the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Primary Dysmenorrhea.

BACKGROUND: Primary dysmenorrhea is a common and often debilitating condition affecting 40-90% of menstruating women. This condition reduces functionality, quality of life, and social activities. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been used in many chronic pain syndromes, with evidence of improved pain, functionality, and mood in women with primary dysmenorrhea. The objective of this study was to determine whether tDCS could offer clinical benefits on pain, anxiety, affectivity, and functionality in women with primary dysmenorrhea. METHODS: This parallel, sham, randomized, double-blind trial was conducted with 26 women randomized into sham tDCS and active tDCS. Anodal tDCS was applied for 5 consecutive days over F3 corresponding to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the cathode electrode over Fp2 for 20 min with an intensity of 2 mA. A numeric rating scale (NRS) was used to assess pain, anxiety, positive and negative affect, and submaximal aerobic performance during two consecutive menstrual cycles. RESULTS: No significant interaction was found between intervention and time on the NRS [F(2,44) = 1.358, p = 0.26], and a significant main effect of time [F(2,44) = 4.446, p = 0.01] was found. The active group showed a significant reduction in anxiety (p = 0.03) with a mean difference of 5.12 (95% CI 0.79 to 11.05). No significant differences in positive and negative affect were found (p = 0.95 and p = 0.15, respectively). Submaximal aerobic performance was significantly greater in the active group [F(2,21) = 5.591, p = 0.02], with a mean difference of 70.87 (95% CI 8.53 to 133.21). CONCLUSION: Anodal tDCS over the DLPFC seems to be an effective therapeutic approach for improving anxiety and functionality in women with primary dysmenorrhea.

Prevalence and factors associated with chronic back problem in women of childbearing age. / Prevalência e fatores associados a problema crônico de coluna em mulheres em idade fértil.

Chronic Back Problem (CBP) is a public health concern. In Brazil, data from the National Health Survey (PNS) estimated 27.0 million people (18.5%) who reported CBP, affecting more women than men. This study aims to identify the factors associated with CBP among women of childbearing age. It is a cross-sectional study carried out with data from the PNS, where the dependent variable was the prevalence of CBP, and associated factors included socio-demographic items, life habits, reproductive history, nutritional status, diagnosis of depression and health perception. A total of 22,621 women aged 18 to 49 years were interviewed. Of these, 14.8% reported having CBP. The risk factors studied were: increased age; living with spouse; multiparity; smoking; overweight or obese, having Waist Circumference (WC) above 80cm and Circumference/Height (C/E) index above 0.5; negative self-perception of health; and depression. The only protective factor associated with CBP risk reduction was education level. We conclude that age, living with a spouse/partner, smoking, multiparity, being overweight or obese, increased risk for cardiovascular diseases, depression and negative self-perceived health are associated with the development of CBP in women of childbearing age.

No Brasil, dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) estimaram 27,0 milhões de pessoas (18,5%) que referiram Problema Crônico de Coluna (PCC), afetando mais mulheres que homens. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de identificar, entre as mulheres em idade fértil, os fatores associados ao PCC. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com dados da PNS, em que a variável dependente foi a prevalência de PCC, enquanto que os fatores associados incluíram itens sociodemográficos, hábitos de vida, histórico reprodutivo, estado nutricional, diagnóstico de depressão e percepção de saúde. Foram avaliadas 22.621 mulheres com idade entre 18 e 49 anos e, destas, 14,8% referiram ter PCC. Os fatores de risco estudados foram: aumento da faixa etária; viver com cônjuge/companheiro; multiparidade; ser tabagista; sobrepeso ou obesidade, ter Circunferência da Cintura (CC) acima de 80cm e índice Circunferência/Estatura (C/E) acima de 0,5; autopercepção de saúde negativa; e diagnóstico de depressão. O único fator de proteção encontrado foi escolaridade. As associações observadas concluem que idade, viver com cônjuge/companheiro, tabagismo, multiparidade, sobrepeso e obesidade, risco aumentado para doenças cardiovasculares, diagnóstico de depressão e autopercepção de saúde negativa estão associados ao desenvolvimento de PCC em mulheres de idade fértil.

Prevalência e fatores associados a problema crônico de coluna em mulheres em idade fértil / Prevalence and factors associated with chronic back problem in women of childbearing age

Resumo No Brasil, dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) estimaram 27,0 milhões de pessoas (18,5%) que referiram Problema Crônico de Coluna (PCC), afetando mais mulheres que homens. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de identificar, entre as mulheres em idade fértil, os fatores associados ao PCC. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com dados da PNS, em que a variável dependente foi a prevalência de PCC, enquanto que os fatores associados incluíram itens sociodemográficos, hábitos de vida, histórico reprodutivo, estado nutricional, diagnóstico de depressão e percepção de saúde. Foram avaliadas 22.621 mulheres com idade entre 18 e 49 anos e, destas, 14,8% referiram ter PCC. Os fatores de risco estudados foram: aumento da faixa etária; viver com cônjuge/companheiro; multiparidade; ser tabagista; sobrepeso ou obesidade, ter Circunferência da Cintura (CC) acima de 80cm e índice Circunferência/Estatura (C/E) acima de 0,5; autopercepção de saúde negativa; e diagnóstico de depressão. O único fator de proteção encontrado foi escolaridade. As associações observadas concluem que idade, viver com cônjuge/companheiro, tabagismo, multiparidade, sobrepeso e obesidade, risco aumentado para doenças cardiovasculares, diagnóstico de depressão e autopercepção de saúde negativa estão associados ao desenvolvimento de PCC em mulheres de idade fértil.

Abstract Chronic Back Problem (CBP) is a public health concern. In Brazil, data from the National Health Survey (PNS) estimated 27.0 million people (18.5%) who reported CBP, affecting more women than men. This study aims to identify the factors associated with CBP among women of childbearing age. It is a cross-sectional study carried out with data from the PNS, where the dependent variable was the prevalence of CBP, and associated factors included socio-demographic items, life habits, reproductive history, nutritional status, diagnosis of depression and health perception. A total of 22,621 women aged 18 to 49 years were interviewed. Of these, 14.8% reported having CBP. The risk factors studied were: increased age; living with spouse; multiparity; smoking; overweight or obese, having Waist Circumference (WC) above 80cm and Circumference/Height (C/E) index above 0.5; negative self-perception of health; and depression. The only protective factor associated with CBP risk reduction was education level. We conclude that age, living with a spouse/partner, smoking, multiparity, being overweight or obese, increased risk for cardiovascular diseases, depression and negative self-perceived health are associated with the development of CBP in women of childbearing age.

Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea: Preliminary Results of a Randomized Sham-Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this trial was to investigate the effects of five consecutive sessions of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the motor cortex (M1) on pain, mood, and physical performance in patients with primary dysmenorrhea (PDM). DESIGN: This is a double-blind randomized controlled trial. SUBJECTS: Twenty-two participants with PDM according to the No. 345-PDM Consensus Guideline were included. METHODS: Eleven active treatment and 11 sham stimulation patients received five applications over a one-week period. The primary outcome measures were pain evaluated by numeric rating scale (NRS) and McGill Questionnaire score. Secondary outcomes measures were responses to the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A), grip strength, and six-minute walk test (6MWT). Baseline data were performed during the first menstrual cycle, and during the second menstrual cycle, participants were conducted to tDCS treatment, and postintervention data were collected. RESULTS: The intervention provided significant improvements on NRS in active tDCS, shown as an interaction between group intervention vs pre/postintervention vs days of menstrual cycle (Wald x2 = 10.54, P = 0.005), main effect of days of menstrual cycle (Wald x2 = 25.42, P < 0.001), and pre/postintervention (Wald x2 = 6.97, P = 0.008). McGill showed an interaction effect between pre/postintervention and group of stimulation (Wald x2 = 18.45, P = 0.001), with a large reduction in active tDCS (P < 0.001, d = 0.75). Psychological and functional outcomes did not differ between groups or pre/postintervention. CONCLUSIONS: tDCS could provide pain relief in subjects with PDM. These results provide some preliminary evidence for the potential role of tDCS as a contributor to the management of symptoms of PDM.

Sexual function and functioning of women in reproductive age / Função sexual e funcionalidade de mulheres em idade reprodutiva / Función sexual y funcionalidad de las mujeres en edad reproductiva

Abstract Introduction: Sexual function (SF) is an important issue in women's health from the beginning of sexual life. SF can be modified by several factors, and the presence of sexual dysfunction may negatively affect the quality of life of these women. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the sexual function, its associated factors and the association with the functioning in women in reproductive age. Method: A cross-sectional observational study with 172 women that attended 6 Family Health Facilities in the northeast region of Brazil. The evaluation tool consisted of (i) sociodemographic, obstetrical and gynecological issues, and questions about habits and health conditions, (ii) female sexual quotient (FSQ), and (iii) World Health Organization Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0). Prevalence of sexual dysfunction was calculated, and bivariate analysis was used to estimate the association of independent variables with the outcome of sexual dysfunction. Results: The prevalence of sexual dysfunction was 37.2%, and 39.5% of the sample considered their sexual health as fair to good. In total, 26.2% of women never think of sex spontaneously, they do not remember or imagine themselves during sexual intercourse, and 38.4% think about it sometimes. No association was found between the investigated variables and sexual dysfunction; however, the latter showed an association on interpersonal relationships of women (p = 0.016). Conclusions: There is a considerable prevalence of sexual dysfunction between women in reproductive age. Thus, results emphasize the relevance of investigations about female sexual function among women in reproductive age that are not in the pregnancy and postpartum period.

Resumo Introdução: A função sexual (FS) é uma questão importante na saúde das mulheres a partir do início da vida sexual. A FS pode ser modificada por vários fatores e na presença de disfunção sexual poderá afetar negativamente a qualidade de vida dessas mulheres. Objetivo: investigar a prevalência da disfunção sexual, os fatores associados em mulheres em idade fértil e o impacto dessa disfunção na funcionalidade. Método: Trata-se de um estudo observacional transversal com 172 mulheres atendidas em seis Unidades de Saúde da Família no nordeste do Brasil. A ferramenta de avaliação consistiu em (i) questões sociodemográficas, obstétricas e ginecológicas e perguntas sobre hábitos e condições de saúde, (ii) quociente sexual feminino (QSF) e (iii) World Health Organization Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0). A prevalência de disfunção sexual foi calculada e a análise bivariada foi utilizada para estimar a associação de variáveis independentes com o desfecho disfunção sexual. Resultados: A prevalência de disfunção sexual foi de 37,2%, e 39,5% da amostra considerou sua saúde sexual como regular ou boa. Desse total, 26,2% das mulheres nunca costumam pensar espontaneamente em sexo, nem se lembram ou se imaginam durante a relação sexual e 38,4% pensam apenas às vezes. Não foi encontrada associação entre as variáveis estudadas e a disfunção sexual, porém esta mostrou impacto nas relações interpessoais das mulheres (p = 0,016). Conclusão: Há considerável prevalência de disfunção sexual entre as mulheres com idade reprodutiva. Destaca-se a relevância de investigações acerca da função sexual feminina entre mulheres em idade reprodutiva e que não estejam no ciclo gravídico-puerperal..

Resumen Introducción: La función sexual (FS) es un tema importante para la salud de las mujeres desde el comienzo de su vida sexual. La FS puede ser modificada por varios factores, y en presencia de disfunción sexual puede afectar negativamente la calidad de vida de estas mujeres. Objetivo: Investigar la prevalencia de la disfunción sexual, los factores asociados en las mujeres en edad reproductiva y el impacto de esta disfunción en el funcionamiento. Método: Estudio observacional transversal con 172 mujeres que recibían atención en seis Unidades de Salud de la Familia en la región Nordeste de Brasil. La evaluación consistió en: (i) cuestiones sociodemográficas, obstétricas y ginecológicas, preguntas sobre hábitos y condiciones de salud; (ii) cociente sexual femenino; y (iii) WHODAS 2.0. Se calculó la prevalencia de la disfunción sexual y se utilizó el análisis bivariado para estimar la asociación de variables independientes con el resultado de la disfunción sexual. Resultados: La prevalencia de disfunción sexual fue del 37,2%, y el 39,5% de la muestra consideró su salud sexual como regular o buena. El 26,2% de las mujeres nunca suelen pensar espontáneamente en el sexo, ni se acuerdan o se imaginan durante la relación sexual y el 38,4% piensan apenas a veces. No se encontró asociación entre las variables estudiadas y la disfunción sexual, pero ésta mostró impacto en las relaciones interpersonales de las mujeres (p = 0,016). Conclusión: Hay una considerable prevalencia de disfunción sexual entre mujeres en edad reproductiva. Se destaca la relevancia de investigaciones acerca de la función sexual femenina entre mujeres en edad reproductiva y que no estén en el ciclo gravídico-puerperal.

Functioning and disability of premenopausal women with urinary incontinence: An assessment by using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule-WHODAS 2.0.

AIMS: To analyze the association between urinary incontinence and disability status in premenopausal women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 120 premenopausal women recruited from six Basic Family Health Units to participate in this study. We assessed sociodemographic, gynecological, and obstetric data by using specific questions. The International Continence Society's definitions were applied to determine the presence and type of urinary incontinence, and the disability was assessed by using the 36-item version of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) 2.0. RESULTS: The WHODAS scores showed that women with urinary incontinence had a worse disability in cognition (P = .023) and mobility (P = .020) domains, in addition to the total score (P = .23). Women with mixed urinary incontinence had a worse disability in mobility domain (P = .039) than those with stress or urgency incontinence. Qualitative analyses of disability showed a significant difference between women with and without urinary incontinence (P = .033), with higher percentages of incontinent women with moderate and severe disability. Women who reported urinary incontinence had 7.69 more points on the final score of WHODAS than those who did not report this outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Urinary incontinence in women of reproductive age is associated with disability and worse scores of WHODAS when we compare them to women without urine leakage. The results presented can be useful for designing and adapting strategies for comprehensive care of women with urinary incontinence and disability, and developing rehabilitation programs based on functioning.

Effects of two nonpharmacological treatments on the sleep quality of women with nocturia: a randomized controlled clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: The objective was to check the effects of two nonpharmacological treatments on the sleep quality of women with nocturia. METHODS: A randomized controlled clinical trial in which 40 women with nocturia were randomized into two groups; one was subjected to tibial nerve stimulation (GTNS) and the other received pelvic floor muscle training associated with behavioral therapy (GPFMT). Both groups were followed for 12 weeks, with one session/week; evaluated by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), King's Heath Questionnaire (KHQ), and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). The Wilcoxon test was used to compare intra-group data and the Mann-Whitney test for intergroup results. Effect size and confidence interval were calculated, and the level of significance was set at 5%. RESULTS: Both groups showed improvements in quality of sleep, observed by the PSQI total score (GTNS from 9 ± 0.88 to 7 ± 0.94, p = 0.002; GPFMT from 8 ± 0.80 to 5 ± 0.94, p < 0.001) and the sleep/energy domain of the KHQ (GTNS from 66.66 ± 9.03 to 16.66 ± 7.20, p = 0.002; GPFMT from 66.66 ± 9.30 to 0.00 ± 7.26, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Both nonpharmacological treatments proposed (TNS or PFMT) were equally able to improve quality of sleep of women with nocturia.

Associação entre função sexual, independência funcional e qualidade de vida em pacientes após acidente vascular encefálico / La asociación entre la función sexual, la independencia funcional y la calidad de vida en sujetos tras sufrir accidente cerebrovascular / Association among sexual function, functional independence and quality of life in patients after cerebrovascular accident

RESUMO Este estudo observacional, quantitativo e transversal teve por objetivo avaliar a função sexual e comparar a qualidade de vida e independência funcional entre indivíduos acometidos por acidente vascular encefálico (AVE) sexualmente ativos e inativos. Estes foram previamente contatados por telefone e tiveram suas avaliações agendadas de acordo com sua conveniência. Realizou-se a aplicação de uma ficha de avaliação contendo dados sociodemográficos, hábitos de vida, saúde referida e função sexual, além do questionário abreviado de avaliação de qualidade de vida WHOQOL e da escala de medida de independência funcional. Ao avaliar 29 indivíduos, observou-se que 48,3% eram sexualmente ativos. Destes, 64,3% eram do sexo masculino e 35,7% do sexo feminino. A maioria da amostra relatou diminuição da atividade sexual após a doença (64,3%); 60% das mulheres apresentou disfunção sexual pelo quociente sexual - versão feminina -, e 77,7% dos homens apresentou disfunção erétil, avaliada pelo Índice Internacional de Função Erétil. Observou-se que os indivíduos ativos sexualmente apresentavam melhor qualidade de vida relativa ao domínio físico (p=0,035) e maior independência funcional motora (p=0,005) e cognitiva (p=0,006) quando comparados aos indivíduos que não praticavam atividade sexual. Concluiu-se que uma parcela significativa dos pacientes continua ativa sexualmente e que a prática de atividade sexual esteve associada à independência cognitiva e motora.

RESUMEN Este estudio de tipo observacional, cuantitativo, transversal tiene el objetivo de analizar la función sexual y comparar la calidad de vida y la independencia funcional entre los sujetos sexualmente activos e inactivos, acometidos por accidente cerebrovascular. Se contactaron a los sujetos por teléfono y se agendó una cita con ellos según la disponibilidad. Se les aplicó a los participantes una encuesta de evaluación para conocer sus datos sociodemográficos, hábitos de vida, salud y función sexual, además del cuestionario abreviado de la evaluación de la calidad de vida Whoqol-Bref y la escala de la medida de independencia funcional. De los 29 sujetos evaluados un 48,3% eran sexualmente activos. De estos, un 64,3% son hombres y un 35,7% mujeres. La mayoría de los participantes informaron que hubo una disminución de la actividad sexual tras la enfermedad (64,3%), un 60% de las mujeres presentaron disfunción sexual por el coeficiente sexual -versión femenina, y un 77,7% de los hombres presentaron disfunción eréctil, evaluada por el Índice internacional de función eréctil. Los sujetos sexualmente activos presentaron una mejor calidad de vida referente al dominio físico (p=0,035), una mayor independencia funcional motora (p=0,005) y cognitiva (p=0,006) en comparación a los que no tenían actividad sexual. Se concluye que gran parte de estos sujetos mantienen una vida sexual activa y que hay asociación entre la práctica de la actividad sexual a la independencia cognitiva y motora.

ABSTRACT This observational, quantitative and cross-sectional study aimed to assess the sexual function and compare the quality of life and functional independence among individuals, affected by cerebrovascular accident (CVA), sexually active and inactive. Individuals were previously contacted by telephone and scheduled at their convenience. We applied an assessment form containing demographic data, life habits, self-reported health and sexual function, in addition to the WHOQOL questionnaire for the evaluation of quality of life and scale of measure of functional independence. When assessing 29 individuals, we found that 48.3% were sexually active. Among them, 64.3 individuals were male and 35.7 were female. Most of the sample reported decreased sexual activity after the stroke (64.3%), 60% of women have sexual dysfunction through female sexual quotient, and 77.7% of men have erectile dysfunction, evaluated by the International Index of Erectile Function. We observed that sexually active individuals had better quality of life on the physical domain (p=0.035), greater functional (p=0.005) and cognitive (p=0.006) motor independence when compared with individuals who were not sexually active. We concluded that a significant portion of patients remain sexually active and that sexual activity was associated with cognitive and motor independence.

Pelvic floor muscle training decreases hip adductors isometric peak torque in incontinent women: an exploratory study / Treinamento dos músculos do assoalho pélvico diminui o pico de torque isométrico de adutores de quadril em mulheres incontinentes: estudo exploratório

INTRODUCTION: The pelvic floor muscle (PFM) training is the most common treatment for urinary incontinence (UI), however many women performed the contraction of PFM with associated contraction of abdominal, gluteus and hip adductors muscles. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of pelvic floor muscle (PFM) training on isometric and isokinetic hip adductors peak torque (PT) among women suffering from urinary incontinence (UI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: It is a longitudinal and prospective exploratory study. This study included 15 physically active women aged 45 years old and over, who presented complaints of UI. The PFM function (digital evaluation and perineometry), isometric and isokinetic hip adductors PT and one hour pad test were performed before and after treatment. The PFM training was performed in group, one hour once a week for 12 sessions. RESULTS: Significant improvement of PFM function and pressure level (p = 0.003), and significant decrease of hip adductors isometric PT and one-hour pad test, were found post-treatment. Moderate negative correlations between PFM contraction pressure and hip adductors isokinetic PT for dominant side (DS) (r = -0.62; p = 0.03) and non-dominant side (NDS) (r = -0.64; p = 0.02); and between PFM fast fibers contraction and hip adductors isometric PT for DS (r = -0.60; p = 0.03) and NDS (r = -0.59; p = 0.04) were also found. CONCLUSIONS: The PFM training decreased hip adductors PT and improved PFM functions and UI.

INTRODUÇÃO: O treinamento dos músculos do assoalho pélvico (MAP) é o tratamento mais comum para incontinência urinária (IU), entretanto a maioria das mulheres realiza a contração dos MAP associada com a contração do abdominal, glúteos e adutores de quadril. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar os efeitos do treinamento dos MAP no pico de torque (PT) isométrico e isocinético de adutores de quadril em mulheres com incontinência urinária (IU). MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo longitudinal, exploratório e prospectivo. Foram incluídas 15 mulheres com IU, fisicamente ativas, com idade superior a 45 anos. A função dos MAP (avaliação digital e perineometria), o PT isométrico e isocinético de adutores de quadril e oteste do absorvente de uma hora foram realizadas antes e após o tratamento. O treinamento dos MAP foi em grupo, com duração de 12 sessões, uma hora por semana. RESULTADOS: Houve aumento significativo da função e da pressão de contração (p = 0,003) dos MAP, e diminuição significativa do PT de adutores de quadril e do teste do absorvente de uma hora após o tratamento. Houve correlação negativa moderada entre a pressão de contração dos MAP e o PT isocinético de adutores de quadril do lado dominante (LD) (r = -0,62; p = 0,03) e não dominante (LND) (r = -0,64; p = 0,02); e entre contração de fibras rápidas dos MAP e o PT isométrico de adutores de quadril do LD (r = -0,60; p = 0,03) e LND (r = -0,59; p = 0,04). CONCLUSÃO: O treinamento dos MAP diminuiu o PT de adutores de quadril, melhorou a função dos MAP e da IU.

Long-term effects of pelvic floor muscle training with vaginal cone in post-menopausal women with urinary incontinence: a randomized controlled trial.

AIMS: The findings are limited about the long-term effects of treatment with vaginal cones in women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term effects of vaginal cones and pelvic floor muscle training in post-menopausal women with SUI. METHODS: This randomized controlled trial included 45 post-menopausal women with SUI. They were randomly allocated in three groups: vaginal cones (VC, n = 15), pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT, n = 15), and control group (CG, n = 15). Women in VC and PFMT groups were treated for 6 weeks with twice weekly sessions. Women in VC group carried out the pelvic floor muscle strengthening with vaginal cones. The CG did not receive any treatment during the corresponding time. Women were evaluated before treatment, at the end, 3 and 12 months after treatment completion for primary outcome (urinary leakage) and secondary outcomes (pelvic floor muscle strength, quality of life, satisfaction with treatment, and continuity of training). RESULTS: There was a significant decrease of urinary leakage in the VC and PFMT group comparing values at the end of treatment, 3 and 12 months to baseline values. There were no differences between VC and PFMT group in primary outcome in any evaluations. CONCLUSIONS: Treatments with and without vaginal cones can promote positive long-term effects on urinary leakage, pelvic floor muscle strength and quality of life in post-menopausal women with SUI in 6 weeks.

[Translation and validation into Portuguese of a questionnaire to evaluate the severity of urinary incontinence]. / Tradução e validação para a língua portuguesa de um questionário para avaliação da gravidade da incontinência urinária.

PURPOSE: to translate into Portuguese, culturally adapt and validate the Incontinence Severity Index (ISI) questionnaire. METHODS: two Brazilian translators carried out the translation of the ISI into Portuguese and a version was generated by consensus. This version was back-translated by two other native English speaking translators. The differences between versions were resolved and the version was pre-tested in a pilot study. One week later, the ISI was reapplied to complete the retest. The final version of the ISI was applied together with the one-hour pad test to women with stress urinary incontinence. For the validation of the ISI, the reliability (internal consistency and test-retest) and the construct were evaluated. RESULTS: the reliability of the instrument was tested using the Cronbach α coefficient, with a general result of 0.93, demonstrating excellent reliability and consistency of the instrument. The intraclass correlation coefficient and the standard errors of measurement were 0.96 and 0.43, respectively. The Pearson correlation revealed a strong positive correlation (r=0.72, p<0.0001) between the results of the ISI questionnaire and the one-hour pad test. CONCLUSION: the culturally adapted version of the ISI translated into Brazilian Portuguese presented satisfactory reliability and survey validity and was considered to be valid for the evaluation of the severity of urinary incontinence.

Tradução e validação para a língua portuguesa de um questionário para avaliação da gravidade da incontinência urinária / Translation and validation into Portuguese of a questionnaire to evaluate the severity of urinary incontinence

OBJETIVO: traduzir para a língua portuguesa, adaptar culturalmente e validar o questionário Incontinence Severity Index (ISI). MÉTODOS: dois tradutores brasileiros realizaram a tradução do ISI para a língua portuguesa e uma versão foi gerada por consenso entre eles. Esta versão foi retraduzida para o inglês por outros dois tradutores que tinham esta língua como língua-mãe. As diferenças entre as versões foram harmonizadas e pré-testadas em um estudo piloto. Após uma semana da realização do questionário ISI, este foi reaplicado para a realização do reteste. A versão final do ISI foi aplicada juntamente com o pad test de uma hora em mulheres com incontinência urinária de esforço (IUE). Para validação do ISI, foram testadas a confiabilidade (consistência interna e teste-reteste) e a validade de constructo. RESULTADOS: a confiabilidade do instrumento foi avaliada por meio do coeficiente α de Cronbach, tendo como resultado geral 0,93, demonstrando excelente confiabilidade e consistência do instrumento. O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse e o erro padrão da medida foram de 0,96 e 0,43, respectivamente. Por meio da correlação de Pearson foi verificada uma correlação forte e positiva (r=0,72, p<0,0001) entre os resultados do questionário ISI e o pad test de uma hora. CONCLUSÃO: a versão em português do ISI, traduzida e adaptada culturalmente para o português do Brasil, apresentou confiabilidade e validade de constructo satisfatórias e foi considerada válida para avaliação da gravidade da IUE.

PURPOSE: to translate into Portuguese, culturally adapt and validate the Incontinence Severity Index (ISI) questionnaire. METHODS: two Brazilian translators carried out the translation of the ISI into Portuguese and a version was generated by consensus. This version was back-translated by two other native English speaking translators. The differences between versions were resolved and the version was pre-tested in a pilot study. One week later, the ISI was reapplied to complete the retest. The final version of the ISI was applied together with the one-hour pad test to women with stress urinary incontinence. For the validation of the ISI, the reliability (internal consistency and test-retest) and the construct were evaluated. RESULTS: the reliability of the instrument was tested using the Cronbach α coefficient, with a general result of 0.93, demonstrating excellent reliability and consistency of the instrument. The intraclass correlation coefficient and the standard errors of measurement were 0.96 and 0.43, respectively. The Pearson correlation revealed a strong positive correlation (r=0.72, p<0.0001) between the results of the ISI questionnaire and the one-hour pad test. CONCLUSION: the culturally adapted version of the ISI translated into Brazilian Portuguese presented satisfactory reliability and survey validity and was considered to be valid for the evaluation of the severity of urinary incontinence.

Eletroestimulação intravaginal para o tratamento da incontinência urinária de esforço: revisão sistemática / Electrical stimulation intravaginal for treatment of stress urinary incontinence: systemic review

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos da eletroestimulação intravaginal (EEIV) no tratamento da incontinência urinária de esforço (IUE), por meio de um estudo de revisão sistemática dos trabalhos mais recentes e com maior rigor metodológico. Foram selecionados os estudos prospectivos, publicados entre 1996 e 2010, nas bases eletrônicas de dados PubMed, Medline, Lilacs, SciELO, PEDro e Biblioteca Cochrane. Os critérios de inclusão adotados foram estudos com voluntárias do sexo feminino com IUE e que foram submetidas ao tratamento com EEIV. Entre os onze artigos selecionados, apenas seis concluíram que houve melhoras dos sintomas da IUE após o tratamento com EEIV. Esta revisão concluiu que, apesar da EEIV ser amplamente utilizada na prática clínica e de existir diversas publicações que avaliaram os efeitos do tratamento de IUE com a EEIV, ainda são necessários estudos científicos mais rigorosos para que possamos verificar as evidências científicas da sua eficácia.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of intravaginal electrostimulation (IVEE) in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI), through of systematic review of the literature. We selected the prospective studies in PubMed, Medline, Lilacs, SciELO and Cochrane Library, published between 1996 and 2010. The inclusion criteria were women with SUI and were treated to IVEE. We selected eleven studies, but only six studies concluded that had improvement of symptoms after treatment of SUI with IVEE. The conclusion of this review is that despite IVEE to be used in physiotherapy and to exist many publications evaluating the effects of the treatment of SUI with IVEE, it is necessary more scientific studies to verify the scientific evidence of their effectiveness.

Avaliação da qualidade de vida em mulheres submetidas à mastectomia radical e segmentar / Quality of life evaluation of women submitted to radical and partial mastectomy

O câncer de mama é uma das neoplasias mais frequentes entre as mulheres; seu tratamento causa permanentes sequelas físicas e psicológicas, às quais podem ser resultado do tipo de cirurgia utilizada. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade de vida e o impacto negativo da cirurgia em mulheres que realizaram mastectomia segmentar e radical...

Breast cancer is among the most common neoplasms in women; its treatment may induce physical and psychological sequelae, linked to the kind of surgery they undergo. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of life and the negative impact of partial and radical mastectomy on women submitted to these operation...