Jailed Balloon Technique Versus Jailed Wire Technique for Side Branch Ostium Protection in Bifurcation Lesions: Evidence from Three-dimensional Optical Coherence Tomography Analysis.

Background: There is controversy regarding the effectiveness the of jailed wire technique (JWT) and jailed balloon technique (JBT) in preserving the side branch (SB) during treatment. This study compares the protective effect of JBT versus JWT on the SB ostium area in coronary bifurcation lesions using three-dimensional optical coherence tomography (3D-OCT). Methods: We obtained data from coronary heart disease patients who received OCT-guided percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for bifurcation lesions. The SB protection strategies were divided into JWT and JBT, with the latter further subdivided into active JBT (A-JBT) and conventional JBT (C-JBT). The primary endpoint was the SB ostium area difference measured by 3D-OCT before and after PCI. Partial correlation analysis and propensity score matching (PSM) was used to mitigate confounding biases. Results: A total of 207 bifurcation lesions from 191 patients were analyzed, including 136 lesions treated with JWT and 71 lesions treated with JBT. The SB ostium area was significantly greater in the JBT group compared to the JWT group (0.41 ± 1.22 mm2 vs. -0.25 ± 1.40 mm2, p = 0.001). Following 1:1 PSM to adjust for 60 pairs, the difference between groups was not statistically significant (0.28 ± 1.06 mm2 vs. -0.02 ± 1.29 mm2, p = 0.165). Subgroup analysis revealed that A-JBT provided superior protection in both true (0.47 ± 1.22 mm2 vs. -0.10 ± 1.10 mm2, p = 0.011) and non-true bifurcation lesions (0.56 ± 1.43 mm2 vs. -0.38 ± 1.62 mm2, p = 0.030) over JWT, while C-JBT provided protection similar to JWT. A positive partial correlation was observed between the diameter of the jailed balloon and the increase in SB ostium area (r = 0.296, p = 0.013). Conclusions: Overall, A-JBT, but not C-JBT, provided better protection in bifurcation lesions compared to JWT. The larger diameter of the jailed balloon, rather than the application of higher pressure, enhanced the SB protection.

Validation of the Cut-Plane Method for Accurate Measurement of Side-Branch Ostium Area in Coronary Bifurcation Lesions: A 3D-OCT Analysis.

Objective: This study aimed to validate the effectiveness, accuracy, and feasibility of the cut-plane method for measuring the side branch (SB) ostium area in three-dimensional optical coherence tomography (3D-OCT) pullbacks performed in the main branch (MB). Methods: A total of 109 sets of OCT pullbacks from the MB and SB of coronary artery bifurcation lesions were analyzed using Vivolight OCT software. Measurements of the SB ostium area from the MB and SB pullbacks were analyzed. Measurements of the SB ostium area from the actual SB pullback were used as a reference. 3D cut-plane analysis was used to estimate the correlations and mean errors with the reference measurements. Results: Thirty-four sets of OCT images from the C7XR system and 75 sets from the CornarisTM system were analyzed using Vivolight software. There was a strong correlation between the reference measurements of the SB ostium area and the measurements obtained through 3D cut-plane analysis in the overall dataset (r = 0.925). This correlation was observed consistently with both the C7XR system (r = 0.955) and CornarisTM system (r = 0.900). Similar results were found in subset analyses of true and nontrue bifurcations (r = 0.936; r = 0.898, respectively) and in left main (LM) or non-LM bifurcation subsets (r = 0.932; r = 0.873, respectively). Conclusions: There were strong correlations between measurements of the SB ostium area by 3D-OCT and the reference measurements, and thus may be a reliable and accurate alternative to direct OCT pullback examinations of the SB.

Network analysis reveals context-dependent structural complexity of social calls in serrate-legged small treefrogs.

Vocal communication plays an important role in survival, reproduction, and animal social association. Birds and mammals produce complex vocal sequence to convey context-dependent information. Vocalizations are conspicuous features of the behavior of most anuran species (frogs and toads), and males usually alter their calling strategies according to ecological context to improve the attractiveness/competitiveness. However, very few studies have focused on the variation of vocal sequence in anurans. In the present study, we used both conventional method and network analysis to investigate the context-dependent vocal repertoire, vocal sequence, and call network structure in serrate-legged small treefrogs Kurixalus odontotarsus. We found that male K. odontotarsus modified their vocal sequence by switching to different call types and increasing repertoire size in the presence of a competitive rival. Specifically, compared with before and after the playback of advertisement calls, males emitted fewer advertisement calls, but more aggressive calls, encounter calls, and compound calls during the playback period. Network analysis revealed that the mean degree, mean closeness, and mean betweenness of the call networks significantly decreased during the playback period, which resulted in lower connectivity. In addition, the increased proportion of one-way motifs and average path length also indicated that the connectivity of the call network decreased in competitive context. However, the vocal sequence of K. odontotarsus did not display a clear small-world network structure, regardless of context. Our study presents a paradigm to apply network analysis to vocal sequence in anurans and has important implications for understanding the evolution and function of sequence patterns.

Accurate diagnosis of severe coronary stenosis based on resting magnetocardiography: a prospective, single-center, cross-sectional analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of resting magnetocardiography in identifying severe coronary artery stenosis in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. METHODS: A total of 513 patients with angina symptoms were included and divided into two groups based on the extent of coronary artery disease determined by angiography: the non-severe coronary stenosis group (< 70% stenosis) and the severe coronary stenosis group (≥ 70% stenosis). The diagnostic model was constructed using magnetic field map (MFM) parameters, either individually or in combination with clinical indicators. The performance of the models was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curves, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV). Calibration plots and decision curve analysis were performed to investigate the clinical utility and performance of the models, respectively. RESULTS: In the severe coronary stenosis group, QR_MCTDd, S_MDp, and TT_MAC50 were significantly higher than those in the non-severe coronary stenosis group (10.46 ± 10.66 vs. 5.11 ± 6.07, P < 0.001; 7.2 ± 8.64 vs. 4.68 ± 6.95, P = 0.003; 0.32 ± 57.29 vs. 0.26 ± 57.29, P < 0.001). While, QR_MVamp, R_MA, and T_MA in the severe coronary stenosis group were lower (0.23 ± 0.16 vs. 0.28 ± 0.16, P < 0.001; 55.06 ± 48.68 vs. 59.24 ± 53.01, P < 0.001; 51.67 ± 39.32 vs. 60.45 ± 51.33, P < 0.001). Seven MFM parameters were integrated into the model, resulting in an area under the curve of 0.810 (95% CI: 0.765-0.855). The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy were 71.7%, 80.4%, 93.3%, 42.8%, and 73.5%; respectively. The combined model exhibited an area under the curve of 0.845 (95% CI: 0.798-0.892). The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy were 84.3%, 73.8%, 92.6%, 54.6%, and 82.1%; respectively. Calibration curves demonstrated excellent agreement between the nomogram prediction and actual observation. The decision curve analysis showed that the combined model provided greater net benefit compared to the magnetocardiography model. CONCLUSIONS: The novel quantitative MFM parameters, whether used individually or in combination with clinical indicators, have been shown to effectively predict the risk of severe coronary stenosis in patients presenting with angina-like symptoms. Magnetocardiography, an emerging non-invasive diagnostic tool, warrants further exploration for its potential in diagnosing coronary heart disease.

Auditory sensitivity and tympanic middle ear in a vocal and a non-vocal frog.

The tympanic middle ear is important for anuran hearing on land. However, many species have partly or entirely lost their tympanic apparatus. Previous studies have compared hearing sensitivities in species that possess and lack tympanic membranes capable of sound production and acoustic communication. However, little is known about how these hearing abilities are comparable to those of mutant species. Here, we compared the eardrum and middle ear anatomies of two sympatric sibling species from a noisy stream habitat, namely the "non-vocal" Hainan torrent frog (Amolops hainanensis) and the "vocal" little torrent frog (Amolops torrentis), the latter of which is capable of acoustic communication. Our results showed that the relative (to head size) eardrum diameter of A. hainanensis was smaller than that of A. torrentis, although the absolute size was not smaller. Unlike A. torrentis, the tympanic membrane area of A. hainanensis was not clearly differentiated from the surrounding skin. The middle ear, however, was well-developed in both species. We measured the auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) of A. hainanensis and compared the ABR thresholds and latencies to those previously obtained for A. torrentis. Our results suggested that these two species exhibited significant differences in hearing sensitivity. A. hainanensis (smaller relative eardrum, nonvocal) had higher ABR thresholds and longer initial response times than A. torrentis (larger relative eardrum, vocal) at lower frequencies. Neurophysiological responses from the brain were obtained for tone pips between 800 Hz and 7,000 Hz, with peak sensitivities found at 3,000 Hz (73 dB SPL) for A. hainanensis, and at 1,800 Hz (61 dB SPL) for A. torrentis. Our results suggest that the non-vocal A. hainanensis has lower hearing sensitivity than its vocal sister species (i.e., A. torrentis), which may be related to differences in tympanic or inner ear structure and morphology.

Enhancing Systemic Translocation of Insecticides via Nanoformulations Incorporating ß-Cyclodextrin Octadecarboxylate as a Carrier.

The conversion of contact-killing pesticides into systemic pesticides can significantly enhance the bioavailability of pesticides, thereby reducing pesticide usage and environmental harm. A series of ß-cyclodextrin fatty acid esters with varying branch chains were synthesized and employed as carriers in nanoformulation of insecticide. The investigation revealed that nanoformulations prepared using ß-cyclodextrin octadecarboxylate (ß-CDs) exhibited superior stability and remarkable systemic translocation within plants. Six contact-killing insecticide nanoformulations were developed utilizing ß-CDs as carriers, and tests indicated that ß-CDs significantly enhanced the systemic translocation of insecticides in plants compared to carrier-free nanoformulations. It was found that ß-CDs increased the level of systemic translocation of insecticides by 5-12 times. Additionally, characterization results from λ-cyhalothrin-ß-CDs nanoformulation demonstrated their superior ability to improve photolysis resistance, prolong release time, and extend insecticidal duration. Consequently, ß-CDs can be utilized as a green additive in pesticide production to enhance the systemic translocation of pesticides in plants and increase their bioavailability.

Synthesis, antitumor activity evaluation of 2-selenocyano-3-selenocyanoalkyloxyestradiols with a bisselenocyanate structure.

The combination of steroid structure and selenocyano group offers high potential for the design and synthesis of new potential anti-tumor drugs. Beginning with estradiol, a series of 2-selenocyano-3-selenocyanoalkyloxyestradiol derivatives with remarkable antiproliferative activity was synthesized. Additionally, a 2,4-bisselenocyanoestradiol was synthesized by directly selenocyanating estradiol diacetate. It was found that the cytotoxicity of 2-selenocyano-3-selenocyanoalkyloxyestradiol derivatives was significantly increased in comparison to the corresponding monoselenocyanate precursor, whereas the cytotoxicity of the 2, 4-bisselenocyanoestradiol derivative was significantly reduced compared to the respective monosubstituted precursor. The introduction of the second selenocyano group at different locations of estradiol shows a various impact on the cytotoxicity of the compounds. Among them, compound 3e showed the best cytotoxicity, with an IC50 value of less than 5 µM against the tested tumor cells, and strong inhibitory activities against HeLa and MCF-7 cell xenograft tumors in zebrafish, suppressing tumor cell migration and neovascularization. Notably, compound 3e was more effective at inhibiting neovascularization of MCF-7 cell xenograft tumors than the positive control 2-methoxyestradiol. Furthermore, compound 3e showed excellent anti-oxidative stress effect in zebrafish. Therefore, these estrogen bisselenocyanate compounds may be promising anti-tumor agents, warranting further investigation.

Emamectin-sodium alginate nano-formulation based on charge attraction with highly improved systemic translocation and photolysis resistance.

Nano pesticides offer an effective means of improving the bioavailability of pesticide due to their excellent solubility and wettability, superior foliar adhesion, and permeability to target insects. By using high-speed homogenization and ultrasonic dispersion technology, an emamectin-sodium alginate nano-formulation (EB@SA) with a particle size ranging from 30 to 50 nm was successfully fabricated using electrostatic self-assembly. The microscopic morphology and structure of EB@SA were further analyzed through transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, infrared spectroscopy, and 1H NMR. The photolysis resistance behavior of EB@SA demonstrated an improved anti-photolysis ability more than double that of conventional formulations while also exhibiting good sustained-release properties. Not only does EB@SA maintain the inherent insecticidal toxicity of emamectin benzoate (EB), but it also significantly prolongs its insecticidal duration. At a concentration of 20 mg/L, the lethality rate against Armyworms remains above 70 % over a period of 16 days compared to <50 % for general emamectin emulsifiable concentrate. Furthermore, EB@SA greatly enhances the systemic translocation of EB in corn plants by exhibiting favorable bidirectional systemic translocation characteristics. This research presents an efficient and environmentally friendly pesticide nano-formulation that can be effectively utilized for field pest control.

Response to comment on 'Parasite defensive limb movements enhance acoustic signal attraction in male little torrent frogs'.

Recently we showed that limb movements associated with anti-parasite defenses can enhance acoustic signal attraction in male little torrent frogs (Amolops torrentis), which suggests a potential pathway for physical movements to become co-opted into mating displays (Zhao et al., 2022). Anderson et al. argue for alternative explanations of our results and provide a reanalysis of part of our data (Anderson et al., 2023). We acknowledge some of the points raised and provide an additional analysis in support of our hypothesis.

Plateau pikas near roads are bold and silent when facing a potential predator.

Human disturbance, particularly road traffic, is one of the greatest threats to wildlife. Considering the association between alerting behavior and the survival of animals, it is important to study the effects of road traffic on alerting behavior of wildlife. Previous studies assessing the short-term impact of road traffic on alerting behavior of wildlife have focused on vigilance distances. However, studies on the use of alarm calls are scarce, and it is unclear whether such behavioral responses change after repeated exposure to road traffic. We assessed the alerting behavior of plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae) who were near or far from roads when facing a potential predator. We found that pikas near roads exhibited shorter vigilance and tolerance distances, and produced fewer alarm calls than those relatively far away from roads. Furthermore, both vigilance and tolerance distances of plateau pikas were significantly positively correlated with the distance from the burrow to the road. Road traffic reduced antipredator responses and shaped alerting behavior; that is, pikas near roads were bolder and more silent compared to those far away from roads. Our findings suggest that increasing urbanization will have corresponding effects on animal behavior, which may have significant fitness effects in the future.

Discovery and biological evaluation of pregnenolone selenocyanoamides with potential anticancer and antimicrobial activities.

Starting with pregnenolone, a 20-carbonyl group was converted into an amino group through a series of chemical reactions. This amino group was further converted into selenocyanoalkylamide, leading to the synthesis of six pregnenolone selenocyanoalkylamide derivatives. These compounds were then screened for antitumor activity in vitro, yielding promising results. Compounds 4b-4f show higher inhibitory activity than the positive control abiraterone and 2-methoxyestradiol, with IC50 values lower than 10 µmol/L against breast, ovarian, and cervical cancer cell lines that closely related to human hormone expression levels. The Annexin V assay of compound 4f revealed that compounds inhibited tumor cell proliferation primarily through the induction of programmed apoptosis. The zebrafish test results indicated that compound 4d had significant inhibitory activity against MCF-7 cell xenografts in vivo. Moreover, the antibacterial test indicated that compounds 4a and 4d-4e had better inhibitory activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) than the positive controls vancomycin and ampicillin. These results suggest that these compounds may hold promise as novel antitumor agents or antimicrobial agents for further study.

Keep numbers in view: red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) learn to discriminate relative quantities.

The ability to discriminate relative quantities, one of the numerical competences, is considered an adaptive trait in uncertain environments. Besides humans, previous studies have reported this capacity in several non-human primates and birds. Here, we test whether red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) can discriminate different relative quantities. Subjects were first trained to distinguish different stimuli with food reward. Then, they were tested with novel stimulus pairs to demonstrate how they distinguished the stimuli. The results show that most subjects can complete the initial training and use relative quantity rather than absolute quantity to make choices during the testing phase. This study provides behavioural evidence of relative quantity discrimination in a reptile species and suggests that such capacity may be widespread among vertebrates.

Chimeric deletion mutation of rpoC2 underlies the leaf-patterning of Clivia miniata var. variegata.

KEY MESSAGE: The deletion mutated rpoC2 leads to yellow stripes of Clivia miniata var. variegata by down regulating the transcription of 28 chloroplast genes and disturbing chloroplast biogenesis and thylakoid membrane development. Clivia miniata var. variegata (Cmvv) is a common mutant of Clivia miniata but its genetic basis is unclear. Here, we found that a 425 bp deletion mutation of chloroplast rpoC2 underlies the yellow stripes (YSs) of Cmvv. Both RNA polymerase PEP and NEP coexist in seed-plant chloroplasts and the ß″ subunit of PEP is encoded by rpoC2. The rpoC2 mutation changed the discontinuous cleft domain required to form the PEP central cleft for DNA binding from 1103 to 59 aa. RNA-Seq revealed that 28 chloroplast genes (cpDEGs) were all down-regulated in YSs, of which, four involved in chloroplast protein translation and 21 of photosynthesis system (PS)I, PSII, cytochrome b6/f complex and ATP synthase are crucial for chloroplast biogenesis/development. The accuracy and reliability of RNA-Seq was verified by qRT-PCR. Moreover, the chlorophyll (Chl) a/b content, ratio of Chla/Chlb and photosynthetic rate (Pn) of YS decreased significantly. Meanwhile, chloroplasts of the YS mesophyll cells were smaller, irregular in shape, contain almost no thylakoid membrane, and even proplastid was found in YS. These findings indicate that the rpoC2 mutation down-regulated expression of the 28 cpDEGs, which disturb chloroplast biogenesis and its thylakoid membrane development. Thus, there are not enough PSI and II components to bind Chl, so that the corresponding areas of the leaf are yellow and show a low Pn. In this study, the molecular mechanism of three phenotypes of F1 (Cmvv ♀ × C. miniata ♂) was revealed, which lays a foundation for the breeding of variegated plants.

Sucrose promotes branch-thorn occurrence of Lycium ruthenicum through dual effects of energy and signal.

Lycium ruthenicum is an important ecoeconomic thorny shrub. In this study, the L. ruthenicum plants of a clone showed two types of 'fewer leaves without thorn' and 'more leaves with thorns' under the same condition after transplanting. Microscopic observation revealed that the apical buds of the thornless (Thless) and thorny (Thorny) branches should be selected as materials for further study. RNA-Seq analysis showed that the KEGG pathway of starch and sucrose metabolism and differentially expressed genes of sugar transport protein 13 (SUT13), sucrose synthase (SUS), trehalose-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) and trehalose-phosphate synthase (TPS) were significantly up-regulated in Thorny. The results of qRT-PCR confirmed the accuracy and credibility of the RNA-Seq. The content of sucrose in Thorny was significantly higher than that in Thless, but the content of trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) was opposite. Leaf-clipping treatments reduced sucrose content and inhibited the occurrence/development of branch-thorns; exogenous sucrose of 16 g l-1 significantly promoted the occurrence and growth of branch-thorns, and the promotion effects were significantly higher than those treated with non-metabolizable sucrose analogs (isomaltolose and melitose). These findings suggested that sucrose might play a dual role of energy and signal in the occurrence of branch-thorns. Higher sucrose supply in apical buds from more leaves promoted the occurrence of branch-thorns via a lower content of T6P and higher expression levels of SUS, TPP and TPS, whereas fewer leaves inhibited the occurrence. The molecular hypothesis model of the leaf number/sucrose supply regulating the occurrence of branch-thorns in L. ruthenicum was established in the study, which provides foundation for breeding both Thless L. ruthenicum and Thless types of other species.

Synthesis, characterization and application of emamectin-alkaline lignin conjugate with photolysis resistance and systemic translocation.

Controlled release formulations (CRFs) are a key technical approach for the sustainable development of pesticides. In this study, a CRF conjugate (emamectin-alkaline lignin, EB-AL) was successfully prepared using alkaline lignin as the substrate, with amide bond connecting emamectin and alkaline lignin. The structure and morphology of the conjugate were characterized using IR, 1HNMR, elemental analysis, SEM and TG. The release of EB-AL showed that the conjugate maintained its original structure when released in 50 % methanol-water and soil column, and the amide bond remained intact. The anti-photolysis test revealed that EB-AL had a 3.5 times higher photolysis half-life T0.5 than the general emamectin suspension concentrate (EB-SC). Bioactivity tests in the greenhouse demonstrated that EB-AL possessed a longer insecticidal duration and good biosafety. Ostrinia nubilalis lethality rate remained above 70 % for 19 days, while EB-EC, the control, had a rate of <50 % after 11 days of application. Additionally, EB-AL conjugate demonstrated excellent systemic translocation in plants, likely due to its ability to mediate alkaline lignin.

Strengthening the Stability of the Reconstructed NiOOH Phase for 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Oxidation.

Electrochemical oxidation of biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a promising approach to produce high-value chemicals such as 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). However, the undesirable stability of catalysts commonly limits its potential application value. In this work, NiOOH derived from Ni(OH)2 was determined as the main catalytic site for HMF oxidation, but the collapse of Ni(OH)2 caused severe instability during the electrocatalytic process because of the crystal structure mismatch between NiOOH and Ni(OH)2. The implantation of Ce in Ni(OH)2 (Ce-Ni(OH)2) was successfully realized to address the stability issue of bare Ni(OH)2, since the larger ion radius of Ce could increase the Ni-O bond length and d-spacing. As a result, the activity of 14%Ce-Ni(OH)2 has not obviously decayed after the 50 cyclic voltammetry (CV)-cycle test. HMF conversion is close to 100%, and the Faraday efficiency (FE) reaches 86.6% at the potential of 0.45 V vs Ag/AgCl. This study provides a new strategy to design stable catalysts for the conversion of biomass derivatives.

Synthesis and antitumor activity of some cholesterol-based selenocyanate compounds.

The introduction of selenium-containing functional groups into steroids to study the biological activities of related derivatives is rarely reported in the literature. In the present study, using cholesterol as raw material, four cholesterol-3-selenocyanoates and eight B-norcholesterol selenocyanate derivatives were synthesized, respectively. The structures of the compounds were characterized by NMR and MS. The results of the in vitro antiproliferative activity test showed that the cholesterol-3-selenocyanoate derivatives did not exhibit obvious inhibitory on the tested tumor cell lines. However, the B-norcholesterol selenocyanate derivatives obtained by structural modification of cholesterol showed good inhibitory activity against the proliferation of tumor cell. Among them, compounds 9b-c, 9f and 12 showed similar inhibitory activity against tested tumor cells as positive control 2-methoxyestradiol, and better than Abiraterone. At the same time, these B-norcholesterol selenocyanate derivatives displayed a strong selective inhibitory against Sk-Ov-3 cell line. Except for compound 9g, the IC50 value of all B-norcholesterol selenocyanate compounds against Sk-Ov-3 cells was less than 10 µM, and compound 9d was 3.4 µM. In addition, Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining was used to analyze the cell death mechanism. The results showed that compound 9c could induce Sk-Ov-3 cells to enter programmed apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the in vivo antitumor experiments of compound 9f against zebrafish xenograft tumor showed that 9f displayed obvious inhibitory effect on the growth of human cervical cancer (HeLa) xenograft tumor in zebrafish. Our results provide new thinking for the study of such compounds as new antitumor drugs.

Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activity Evaluation of B-norcholesterol-6- amide Compounds.

BACKGROUND: The structure modification of steroids is commonly used to change the biological activity of steroids in medicinal chemistry. In recent years, it has been found that some derivatives derived from the structural modification of cholesterol display good inhibitory activity against tumor cell proliferation in vitro. METHODS: Using cholesterol as the starting material, different types of B-norcholesterol-6-amide derivatives were synthesized by the reaction of 6-carboxyl-B-norcholesterol with different alkyl amines or 6-amino-B-norcholesterol with different acyl chlorides. The inhibitory activity of compounds on the proliferation of tumor cell lines was investigated by the MTT method. RESULTS: The results showed that the B-norcholesterol-6-amide compounds displayed distinct cytotoxicity against Sk-Ov-3 cells but caused no obvious damage against HEK-293T cells. Additionally, the steroidal amide derivatives formed from 6-amino-B-norcholesterol showed stronger cytotoxicity than those produced from 6-carboxyl-B-norcholesterol. Specially, compounds with chloroalkyl structure displayed significant inhibitory activity against all tumor cells tested. Among them, compounds 19-21 showed cytotoxicity like 2-methoxyestradiol as a positive control, and the IC₅₀ value of compound 20 on HeLa cells was 3.9 µM. CONCLUSION: After introducing chloroalkyl acyl groups into 6-position of 6-amino-B-norcholesterol, the cytotoxicity of resulting B-norcholesterol-6-amide compounds can be greatly enhanced.

Heterospecific eavesdropping on disturbance cues of a treefrog.

Alarm signals and cues are crucial to animal survival and vary greatly across species. Eavesdropping on heterospecific alarm signals and cues can provide eavesdroppers with information about potential threats. In addition to acoustic alarm signals, evidence has accumulated that chemical alarm cues and disturbance cues can also play a role in alerting conspecifics to potential danger in adult anurans (frogs and toads). However, there is very little known about whether disturbance cues are exploited by heterospecifics. In the present study, we conducted a binary choice experiment and a prey chemical discrimination experiment, respectively, to test the responses of a sympatric anuran species (red webbed treefrogs, Rhacophorus rhodopus) and a sympatric predator species (Chinese green tree vipers, Trimeresurus stejnegeri) to disturbance odors emitted by serrate-legged small treefrogs (Kurixalus odontotarsus). In the binary choice experiment, we found that the presence of disturbance odors did not significantly trigger the avoidance behavior of R. rhodopus. In the prey chemical discrimination experiment, compared with odors from undisturbed K. odontotarsus (control odors) and odorless control, T. stejnegeri showed a significantly higher tongue-flick rate in response to disturbance odors. This result implies that disturbance odor cues of K. odontotarsus can be exploited by eavesdropping predators to detect prey. Our study provides partial evidence for heterospecific eavesdropping on disturbance cues and has an important implication for understanding heterospecific eavesdropping on chemical cues of adult anurans.

Straightforward synthesis of steroidal selenocyanates through oxidative umpolung selenocyanation of steroids and their antitumor activity.

Straightforward access to steroidal selenocyanates in a single assembly step from steroids remains a significant challenge. However, the development of novel method for the synthesis of steroidal selenocyanates and further investigation of their bioactivities have largely lagged behind. In this work, selenocyano groups were directly introduced into the 17- or 21-position of pregnenolone, the 2-position of estradiol, and the 16-position of estrone. A total of 16 estrogen selenocyanate derivatives with diverse structures were synthesized, and the tumor cell lines closely related to the expression level of estrogen were used to investigate the inhibitory activity of the target products on tumor cell proliferation in vitro. The results revealed that the 17-selenocyano-substituted pregnenolone selenocyanate derivatives 1b-3b exhibit obvious inhibitory activity against the tested tumor cell lines. Additionally, the 2-selenocyano-substituted estradiol derivatives and 16-selenocyano-substituted estrone derivatives exhibit selective inhibitory on HeLa cell lines. Among them, 2-selenocyano-3-methoxyestradiol-17-benzoate (7e) displayed an IC50 value of 4.1 µM against HeLa cells and induced programmed apoptosis in HeLa cancer cells. Furthermore, compound 7e could significantly inhibit the growth of human cervical cancer xenografts in zebrafish in vivo. This approach provides new insights for future steroid antitumor drug design.