Chyloperitoneum in Peritoneal Dialysis Secondary to Calcium Channel Blocker Use: Case Series and Literature Review.

Chyloperitoneum (chylous ascites) is a rare complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD). Its causes may be traumatic and nontraumatic, associated with neoplastic disease, autoimmune disease, retroperitoneal fibrosis, or rarely calcium antagonist use. We describe six cases of chyloperitoneum occurring in patients on PD as a sequel to calcium channel blocker use. The dialysis modality was automated PD (two patients) and continuous ambulatory PD (the rest of the patients). The duration of PD ranged from a few days to 8 years. All patients had a cloudy peritoneal dialysate, characterized by a negative leukocyte count and sterile culture tests for common germs and fungi. Except for in one case, the cloudy peritoneal dialysate appeared shortly after the initiation of calcium channel blockers (manidipine, n = 2; lercanidipine, n = 4), and cleared up within 24-72 h after withdrawal of the drug. In one case in which treatment with manidipine was resumed, peritoneal dialysate clouding reappeared. Though turbidity of PD effluent is due in most cases to infectious peritonitis, there are other differential causes including chyloperitoneum. Although uncommon, chyloperitoneum in these patients may be secondary to the use of calcium channel blockers. Being aware of this association can lead to prompt resolution by suspension of the potentially offending drug, avoiding stressful situations for the patient such as hospitalization and invasive diagnostic procedures.

[Peritoneal Dialysis in Italy: the 6th GSDP-SIN census 2016].

OBJECTIVES: We report here the results of the 6th National Census (Cs-16) of Peritoneal Dialysis in Italy, carried out in 2017-18 by the Italian Society of Nephrology's Peritoneal Dialysis Study Group and relating to 2016. METHODS: The Census was conducted using an on-line questionnaire administered to the 237 non pediatric centers which did perform Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) in 2016. The results have been compared with the previous Censuses carried out since 2005. RESULTS: Incidence: In 2016, 1,595 patients (CAPD=56.1%) started on PD (1st treatment for ESRD) and 4,607 on hemodialysis (HD). PD was started incrementally by 32.5% in 144 Centers. 15.6% were late referrals, and 5.1% began within 48-72 hours of insertion. The catheter was positioned exclusively by a Nephrologist in 24.3% of cases. Prevalence: Patients on PD on 31/12/2016 were 4,607 (CAPD=46.6%), with 22.2% of prevalent patients on assisted PD (family member caregiver: 80.5%). Out: In 2016, PD dropout rate (ep/100 pt-yrs: 12.5 to HD; 11.8 death; 7.0 Tx) has not changed. The main cause of transfer to HD remains peritonitis (23.8%), although it is still decreasing (Cs-05: 37.9%). Peritonitis/EPS: The incidence of peritonitis in 2016 was 0.211 ep/pt-yr (939 episodes). The incidence of new cases of EPS in 2015-16 is diminishing too (16 cases=0.176 ep/100 pt-yrs). Other results: In 2016 the number of Centers using 3.86% for the peritoneal equilibration test (PET) (49.8%) increased, and the Centers carrying out home visits diminished (51.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Cs-16 confirms that PD in Italy is having good results.