Regulation of Myc transcription by an enhancer cluster dedicated to pluripotency and early embryonic expression.

MYC plays various roles in pluripotent stem cells, including the promotion of somatic cell reprogramming to pluripotency, the regulation of cell competition and the control of embryonic diapause. However, how Myc expression is regulated in this context remains unknown. The Myc gene lies within a ~ 3-megabase gene desert with multiple cis-regulatory elements. Here we use genomic rearrangements, transgenesis and targeted mutation to analyse Myc regulation in early mouse embryos and pluripotent stem cells. We identify a topologically-associated region that homes enhancers dedicated to Myc transcriptional regulation in stem cells of the pre-implantation and early post-implantation embryo. Within this region, we identify elements exclusively dedicated to Myc regulation in pluripotent cells, with distinct enhancers that sequentially activate during naive and formative pluripotency. Deletion of pluripotency-specific enhancers dampens embryonic stem cell competitive ability. These results identify a topologically defined enhancer cluster dedicated to early embryonic expression and uncover a modular mechanism for the regulation of Myc expression in different states of pluripotency.

P53 and BCL-2 family proteins PUMA and NOXA define competitive fitness in pluripotent cell competition.

Cell Competition is a process by which neighboring cells compare their fitness. As a result, viable but suboptimal cells are selectively eliminated in the presence of fitter cells. In the early mammalian embryo, epiblast pluripotent cells undergo extensive Cell Competition, which prevents suboptimal cells from contributing to the newly forming organism. While competitive ability is regulated by MYC in the epiblast, the mechanisms that contribute to competitive fitness in this context are largely unknown. Here, we report that P53 and its pro-apoptotic targets PUMA and NOXA regulate apoptosis susceptibility and competitive fitness in pluripotent cells. PUMA is widely expressed specifically in pluripotent cells in vitro and in vivo. We found that P53 regulates MYC levels in pluripotent cells, which connects these two Cell Competition pathways, however, MYC and PUMA/NOXA levels are independently regulated by P53. We propose a model that integrates a bifurcated P53 pathway regulating both MYC and PUMA/NOXA levels and determines competitive fitness.

The vertebrate epithelial apical junctional complex: Dynamic interplay between Rho GTPase activity and cell polarization processes.

Epithelial tissues are made of highly specialized cells present in many organs and represent the first barrier of protection from the external environment. Essential for this critical role in protection is their capacity to polarize in the apicobasal axis. The integrity of the epithelium and its properties as a protective barrier is mostly regulated by dynamic intercellular junctions composed of multiprotein complexes. The functionality and dynamics of these junctions are tightly controlled by several signaling processes, including Rho GTPases. Here, we review the most recent data in the contribution of Rho GTPases and their functional regulators during the morphogenesis of epithelial tissues and to maintain the homeostasis in adults.

Insights into the quantitative and dynamic aspects of Cell Competition.

Cell Competition (CC) is the process by which viable cells are eliminated from tissues by comparison with neighboring cells (Morata and Ripoll, 1975 [1]) (reviewed in Refs. Madan et al. (2018) [2] and Di Gregorio et al. (2016) [3]). While CC has occasionally been demonstrated in non-epithelial tissues, the vast majority of CC paradigms take place in an epithelial setting, and this will be the object of this review. The majority of studies on CC have been performed in fixed specimens; however, recent studies have analyzed this phenomenon using time-lapse microscopy and computer modelling, which has offered some insight on the cell population dynamics and quantitative aspects of CC. In addition, the ability of CC to modify cell population dynamics critically depends on the type of growth/renewal of the target tissue. In this context, the presence of stem cell compartments and their topology within epithelia, critically constrain the outcome of cell competition. Here we will review the quantitative and dynamic aspects of the cellular interactions that lead to CC and how the renewal modes of epithelial tissues determine the evolution of competing cell populations. We will also provide an overview on how these interactions affect tissue physiology during development, homeostasis, and tumor formation.

Pluripotency Surveillance by Myc-Driven Competitive Elimination of Differentiating Cells.

The mammalian epiblast is formed by pluripotent cells able to differentiate into all tissues of the new individual. In their progression to differentiation, epiblast cells and their in vitro counterparts, embryonic stem cells (ESCs), transit from naive pluripotency through a differentiation-primed pluripotent state. During these events, epiblast cells and ESCs are prone to death, driven by competition between Myc-high cells (winners) and Myc-low cells (losers). Using live tracking of Myc levels, we show that Myc-high ESCs approach the naive pluripotency state, whereas Myc-low ESCs are closer to the differentiation-primed state. In ESC colonies, naive cells eliminate differentiating cells by cell competition, which is determined by a limitation in the time losers are able to survive persistent contact with winners. In the mouse embryo, cell competition promotes pluripotency maintenance by elimination of primed lineages before gastrulation. The mechanism described here is relevant to mammalian embryo development and induced pluripotency.

ESC-Track: A computer workflow for 4-D segmentation, tracking, lineage tracing and dynamic context analysis of ESCs.

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be established as permanent cell lines, and their potential to differentiate into adult tissues has led to widespread use for studying the mechanisms and dynamics of stem cell differentiation and exploring strategies for tissue repair. Imaging live ESCs during development is now feasible due to advances in optical imaging and engineering of genetically encoded fluorescent reporters; however, a major limitation is the low spatio-temporal resolution of long-term 3-D imaging required for generational and neighboring reconstructions. Here, we present the ESC-Track (ESC-T) workflow, which includes an automated cell and nuclear segmentation and tracking tool for 4-D (3-D + time) confocal image data sets as well as a manual editing tool for visual inspection and error correction. ESC-T automatically identifies cell divisions and membrane contacts for lineage tree and neighborhood reconstruction and computes quantitative features from individual cell entities, enabling analysis of fluorescence signal dynamics and tracking of cell morphology and motion. We use ESC-T to examine Myc intensity fluctuations in the context of mouse ESC (mESC) lineage and neighborhood relationships. ESC-T is a powerful tool for evaluation of the genealogical and microenvironmental cues that maintain ESC fitness.