Voltage-gated sodium channels gene expression in Burning Mouth Syndrome: a case-control study.

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a condition characterized by painful symptoms of the oral mucosa, despite the absence of any clinical signs. Its etiology is unknown, and there is still no effective treatment to date. Current evidence has shown neuropathic impairment in BMS patients. Neuropathic pain can be related to the dysfunction of voltage-gated sodium channels, considering that these receptors regulate the induction of action potentials in nociceptive neurons. This study evaluated the gene expression of voltage-gated sodium channels Na v 1.7, Na v 1.8 and Na v 1.9 in these patients. The gene expressions of these channels were assessed by real time RT-PCR analysis of fresh-frozen tongue biopsies in a case-control study composed of 12 patients with BMS, and 5 healthy control patients, proportionally matched by sex and age, and analyzed using the 2^(-Delta Delta CT) method. There was no statistically significant difference between the analyzed groups, despite the increase in Na v 1.7 (fold-change = 3.13, p = 0.52) and decrease in Na v 1.9 (fold-change = 0.45, p = 0.36) gene expression in the BMS group. The Na v 1.8 gene was not expressed in any of the samples analyzed. Although the gene expression in the voltage-gated sodium channels in BMS under study seems to be comparable with that of the normal oral mucosa, the functionality of these channels in BMS has not yet been identified, thus suggesting that further research is needed to better understand these voltage-gated sodium channels.

Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome: a classical case report / Síndrome de Melkersson-Rosenthal: relato de caso clássico

ABSTRACT The Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome constitutes a rare manifestation characterized by a triad of signs and symptoms: recurrent orofacial edema, fissured tongue, and recurrent facial paralysis. The difficulty in diagnosing Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome is that orofacial edema is common to various diseases besides the lack of awareness of the syndrome by health professionals and the frequent metachronous manifestation of its symptomatology. The aim of this report is to present a classical case of Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome and its clinical and therapeutic approach. A patient who sought for assistance at the Stomatology Clinic presented a synchronous manifestation of the triad: a left lip and cheek nonpitting edema accompanied by facial paralysis on the same side and fissured tongue. Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome was diagnosed due to the presence of the triad of signs and symptoms after initially ruling out Crohn's disease, Sarcoidosis, and tuberculosis due to a lack of intestinal or respiratory complaints and absence of other clinical evidence. The treatment administered was steroids, the most common treatment with a satisfied prognosis we found in the literature for Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome patients. We recommend its implementation intralesional injections of betamethasone dipropionate as after four infiltrations the edema subsided by 80% with no further relapses within one-year follow-up.

RESUMO A síndrome de Melkersson-Rosenthal constitui uma manifestação rara caracterizada por uma tríade de sinais e sintomas: edema orofacial recorrente, língua fissurada e paralisia facial recorrente. A dificuldade no diagnóstico da síndrome de Melkersson-Rosenthal é que o edema orofacial é comum a diversas doenças, além do desconhecimento da síndrome pelos profissionais de saúde e da frequente manifestação metacrônica de sua sintomatologia. O objetivo deste relato é apresentar um caso clássico de síndrome de Melkersson-Rosenthal e sua abordagem clínica e terapêutica. Paciente procurou atendimento no Ambulatório de Estomatologia apresentando manifestação sincrônica da tríade: edema não depressível em lábio e bochecha esquerdos acompanhado de paralisia facial do mesmo lado e língua fissurada. A síndrome de Melkersson-Rosenthal foi diagnosticada devido à presença da tríade de sinais e sintomas após a exclusão inicial de doença de Crohn, sarcoidose e tuberculose por ausência de queixas intestinais ou respiratórias e ausência de outras evidências clínicas. O tratamento administrado foi o esteroide, sendo o tratamento mais comum com prognóstico satisfatório que encontramos na literatura para pacientes com SRM. Recomendamos a aplicação de injeções intralesionais de dipropionato de betametasona, pois após quatro infiltrações o edema cedeu em 80% sem novas recidivas em um ano de seguimento.

Voltage-gated sodium channels gene expression in Burning Mouth Syndrome: a case-control study

Abstract Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a condition characterized by painful symptoms of the oral mucosa, despite the absence of any clinical signs. Its etiology is unknown, and there is still no effective treatment to date. Current evidence has shown neuropathic impairment in BMS patients. Neuropathic pain can be related to the dysfunction of voltage-gated sodium channels, considering that these receptors regulate the induction of action potentials in nociceptive neurons. This study evaluated the gene expression of voltage-gated sodium channels Na v 1.7, Na v 1.8 and Na v 1.9 in these patients. The gene expressions of these channels were assessed by real time RT-PCR analysis of fresh-frozen tongue biopsies in a case-control study composed of 12 patients with BMS, and 5 healthy control patients, proportionally matched by sex and age, and analyzed using the 2^(-Delta Delta CT) method. There was no statistically significant difference between the analyzed groups, despite the increase in Na v 1.7 (fold-change = 3.13, p = 0.52) and decrease in Na v 1.9 (fold-change = 0.45, p = 0.36) gene expression in the BMS group. The Na v 1.8 gene was not expressed in any of the samples analyzed. Although the gene expression in the voltage-gated sodium channels in BMS under study seems to be comparable with that of the normal oral mucosa, the functionality of these channels in BMS has not yet been identified, thus suggesting that further research is needed to better understand these voltage-gated sodium channels.

Treatment of oral leukoplakia with CO2 laser (10,600 nm): analysis of 37 cases.

Oral leukoplakia is a potentially malignant disorder, defined as a white plaque that cannot be diagnosed as another known disease or disorder, and has an increased risk of malignancy. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the results of CO2 laser treatment in a well-defined cohort of patients with oral leukoplakia in order to identify the occurrence of clinical outcomes of relapse, resolution, or malignancy after treatment. The study group comprised 37 patients. Before treatment, clinical photographs and incisional biopsies were obtained in all cases. In addition, the post-treatment results were documented using photographs. Evaluation of treatment results was performed by an independent researcher who had not performed the surgery. The minimum, maximum, and mean values of continuous variables were calculated. Statistically significant relationships were tested using the Cox regression analysis. A survival curve was constructed according to the Kaplan-Meier method to analyze the malignant transformation and recurrence of oral leukoplakia. The clinical outcomes analyzed were resolution, recurrence, and malignancy. The mean follow-up period was 36 months (range, 6-239 months). In 13/37 patients, leukoplakia recurred between 6 and 93 months (mean, 38.2 months). In 8/37 patients, a malignant transformation occurred (mean, 50.6 months). In 16/37 patients, lesion resolution occurred. No risk factor was statistically significant for malignancy or recurrence of lesions. The treatment of the lesions by CO2 laser was efficient in the removal of the lesions; however, it did not avoid the clinical outcomes of recurrence or malignancy.

Fanconi anemia and hematopoietic stem cell transplant as risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma: A case report with a 12-year follow-up.

Fanconi anemia is a rare disorder resulting from defects in genes responsible for DNA damage responses. It is characterized by congenital anomalies, aplastic anemia, and a predisposition to cancer. Currently, hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is the only curative treatment available for bone marrow failure; however, HSCT increases oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) risk. Here we report the case of a patient diagnosed with Fanconi anemia in childhood who was treated with HSCT and later diagnosed with multiple OSCCs during a 12-year follow-up. Despite multiple surgical interventions and radiotherapy regimens, the patient`s health deteriorated. Management of individuals with Fanconi anemia is challenging and must be provided by a multidisciplinary healthcare team to ensure better staging, treatment planning, and coordination.

Treatment of oral leukoplakia with CO2 laser (10,600 nm): analysis of 37 cases

Abstract Oral leukoplakia is a potentially malignant disorder, defined as a white plaque that cannot be diagnosed as another known disease or disorder, and has an increased risk of malignancy. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the results of CO2 laser treatment in a well-defined cohort of patients with oral leukoplakia in order to identify the occurrence of clinical outcomes of relapse, resolution, or malignancy after treatment. The study group comprised 37 patients. Before treatment, clinical photographs and incisional biopsies were obtained in all cases. In addition, the post-treatment results were documented using photographs. Evaluation of treatment results was performed by an independent researcher who had not performed the surgery. The minimum, maximum, and mean values of continuous variables were calculated. Statistically significant relationships were tested using the Cox regression analysis. A survival curve was constructed according to the Kaplan-Meier method to analyze the malignant transformation and recurrence of oral leukoplakia. The clinical outcomes analyzed were resolution, recurrence, and malignancy. The mean follow-up period was 36 months (range, 6-239 months). In 13/37 patients, leukoplakia recurred between 6 and 93 months (mean, 38.2 months). In 8/37 patients, a malignant transformation occurred (mean, 50.6 months). In 16/37 patients, lesion resolution occurred. No risk factor was statistically significant for malignancy or recurrence of lesions. The treatment of the lesions by CO2 laser was efficient in the removal of the lesions; however, it did not avoid the clinical outcomes of recurrence or malignancy.

Radiographic analysis of the management of tooth extractions in head and neck-irradiated patients: a case series.

Tooth extraction after head and neck radiotherapy exposes patients to an increased risk for osteoradionecrosis of the jaw. This study reports the results of a radiographic analysis of bone neoformation after tooth extraction in a case series of patients who underwent radiation therapy. No patients developed osteoradionecrosis within a follow-up of 1 year. Complete mucosal repair was observed 30 days after surgery, while no sign of bone formation was observed 2 months after the dental extractions. Pixel intensity and fractal dimension image analyses only showed significant bone formation 12 months after the tooth extractions. These surgical procedures must follow a strict protocol that includes antibiotic prophylaxis and therapy and complete wound closure, since bone formation at the alveolar socket occurs at a slower pace in patients who have undergone head and neck radiotherapy.

Relation between CANDIDA species isolated from vaginal mucosa and lesions caused by high-risk human papillomavirus hpv for cervical cancer

This study characterized and related yeasts of the genus Candida isolated from vaginal mucous membranes of women with lesions caused by high-risk HPV for cervical cancer. Forty-two women treated at the Lower Genital Tract Pathology Clinic of the University of São Paulo Medical School Hospital of Clinics were examined, with 30 high-grade (G1) uterine lesions with a mean age of 36.5 years ± 11. 1 and 12 with low grade (G2) uterine lesions with a mean age of 34.7 years ± 15.5. Clinical conditions and laboratory data on HPV were collected from patients' medical records; the socio-demographic data obtained from an appropriate questionnaire. For the study of association between the variables, Odds Ratio analysis was used from the STATA 13.1 program. Patients G1 had a higher prevalence for diabetes and the results indicated 27% prevalence of Candida spp. in vaginal mucosa, in G2 this was 33% in vaginal mucosa. Among the species found in vaginal mucosa of patients, Candida albicans was the most isolated with 88%, followed by C. tropicalis (8%) and C. glabrata (4%). The strains of C. albicans isolated from mucosa presented sensitivity to all antifungal agents tested, unlike the C. tropicalis strain isolated in G2 in vaginal mucosa, which presented a resistance profile to fluconazole. Thus, monitoring and supervision through clinical and laboratory testing of HPV patients is important, reinforcing the need for care, treatment and prevention of HPV-related infections and Candida spp.

Antifungal efficiency of chemically and thermally-activated acrylic resins after surface treatment using poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride).

INTRODUCTION: Acrylic resins are used in the preparation of facial prostheses and may be colonized by fungi. Here, we verified the antifungal efficacy of this material after surface treatment using poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride). METHODS: Acrylic resin specimens with and without surface treatment were subjected to tests for fungistatic and fungicidal activities. Standard strains of Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger were used. RESULTS: After surface treatment, the fungistatic and fungicidal efficacies of the resins against C. albicans and fungistatic action against A. niger were verified. CONCLUSIONS: The surface treatment was a determinant of the antifungal activity of the material.

Antifungal efficiency of chemically and thermally-activated acrylic resins after surface treatment using poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride)

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Acrylic resins are used in the preparation of facial prostheses and may be colonized by fungi. Here, we verified the antifungal efficacy of this material after surface treatment using poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride). METHODS: Acrylic resin specimens with and without surface treatment were subjected to tests for fungistatic and fungicidal activities. Standard strains of Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger were used. RESULTS: After surface treatment, the fungistatic and fungicidal efficacies of the resins against C. albicans and fungistatic action against A. niger were verified. CONCLUSIONS: The surface treatment was a determinant of the antifungal activity of the material.

Paracoccidioidomicose com repercussão oral: relato de caso em zona urbana / Paracoccidioidomycosis with oral impact: case report in an urban area

Objetivo: relatar um caso de paracoccidioidomicose (Pbmicose), diagnosticado pelo cirurgião-dentista, e o tratamento instituído a um morador de zona urbana. Relato de caso: paciente do sexo masculino, com 59 anos de idade, leucoderma, compareceu à clínica odontológica com lesão em boca há cerca de vinte dias e queixa de mobilidade dental na região anteroinferior. Durante a anamnese, constatou-se dificuldade respiratória, hipertensão controlada, tabagismo e etilismo crônico. No exame físico, foi observado aumento de volume do lábio inferior, linfadenopatia bilateral submandibular e lesões ulceradas com aspecto moriforme em mucosa bucal e gengiva inserida do elemento 31 ao 45. Foi realizada biópsia incisional na lesão com resultado positivo para Pbmicose. O paciente foi medicado com itraconazol e apresenta-se periodicamente para acompanhamento. Considerações finais: as lesões bucais dessa doença correspondem a úlceras crônicas e granulomatosas, semelhantes à lesão provocada pelo carcinoma epidermoide oral, assim, o cirurgião-dentista deve conhecer esta micose e considerá-la na elaboração do diagnóstico diferencial. (AU)

Objective: to report a case of paracoccidioidomycosis (Pbmycosis) diagnosed by the dentist, as well as the treatment applied to a resident of an urban area. Case report: male patient, 59 years old, white, referred to the dental clinic with a lesion in the mouth of around 20 days and complaint of tooth mobility in the anteroinferior region. The anamnesis showed respiratory distress, controlled hypertension, and chronic smoking and alcoholism. The physical examination showed increased volume of the lower lip, bilateral submandibular lymphadenopathy, moriform ulcerated lesions in the buccal mucosa, and gum insertion from tooth 31 to 45. An incisional biopsy was performed on the lesion with a positive result for Pbmycosis. The patient was treated with itraconazole and he shows up periodically for follow-up. Final considerations: the oral lesions of this disease correspond to chronic and granulomatous ulcers, similar to the lesion caused by the oral squamous cell carcinoma, thus, the dentist should understand this mycosis and consider it when producing the differential diagnosis. (AU)

Treatment of symptomatic benign migratory glossitis: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this systematic review is to summarize the results of all published studies on symptomatic benign migratory glossitis and evaluate the best available treatment. METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, LILACS, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for articles published up to September 2017, with no time restriction. We considered only articles published in English that evaluated the treatment of symptomatic benign migratory glossitis in children and adults. The protocol for this systematic review was registered at the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO) as CRD42017074096. RESULTS: Of the 840 identified studies, 11 were included in our sample. Multiple treatment modalities were described for the treatment of symptomatic benign migratory glossitis. CONCLUSIONS: There is a very low level of evidence for the treatment of symptomatic benign migratory glossitis, with substantial methodological heterogeneity among the evaluated studies. In summary, we could identify no specific treatment for symptomatic benign migratory glossitis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In clinical practice, at the outpatient clinic of oral medicine, we attend to many patients diagnosed with benign migratory glossitis, with varying intensity of pain ranging from mild to severe. Treating this disease is a formidable challenge for clinicians. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of benign migratory glossitis to identify the best evidence-based treatment available for this condition. We believe that this article may be useful in guiding clinicians on the choice of treatment.

Interactive audience response systems in oral and maxillofacial radiology undergraduate lectures.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of audience response systems (ARS) on student participation (SP) during Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology (OMR) undergraduate lectures and on final examination scores (FES). Furthermore, an analysis of unanimity assessed the influence of ARS on students' responses. Students' perceptions were also assessed. METHODS: A controlled crossover study was designed. Four lectures covering topics of OMR were each taught with ARS and without ARS (i.e. hand-raising method). SP and FES were compared between ARS and HR groups. Unanimity of answers was analyzed for both groups. Questionnaires assessed students' impressions about ARS. RESULTS: Mean SP of ARS and HR groups were 97.6% and 47.3%, respectively, and this difference was statistically significant (P<.05). Mean FES for the ARS group (77%) was slightly higher than HR group (75.1%), however, not statistically significant. There was positive correlation between SP and FES. With ARS, only 5.7% of the questions were unanimous, whilst 51.4% were unanimous with HR method. Most students reported that the use of ARS had positive influence on their attention (92%), participation (96%), classmates' participation (82.7%), interest (74.7%), and learning (86.7%). For the five-point scale ratings of the relevance of ARS features, anonymity had an average 3.6, whilst other items received an average 4.6 or higher. CONCLUSIONS: ARS significantly increased participation in OMR lectures; however, an increase in FES could not be associated with ARS by itself. Not taking into consideration which method was used to answer questions posed during lectures, higher participation correlated with higher scores. ARS is well-accepted and students believe that these devices positively influence their performance. Among the recognized advantages of ARS, anonymity was considered the least relevant.

Phenotypic and genotypic detection of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis strains isolated from oral mucosa of AIDS pediatric patients.

The aim of this study was to assess a collection of yeasts to verify the presence of Candida dubliniensis among strains isolated from the oral mucosa of AIDS pediatric patients which were initially characterized as Candida albicans by the traditional phenotypic method, as well as to evaluate the main phenotypic methods used in the discrimination between the two species and confirm the identification through genotypic techniques, i.e., DNA sequencing. Twenty-nine samples of C. albicans isolated from this population and kept in a fungi collection were evaluated and re-characterized. In order to differentiate the two species, phenotypic tests (Thermotolerance tests, Chromogenic medium, Staib agar, Tobacco agar, Hypertonic medium) were performed and genotypic techniques using DNA sequencing were employed for confirmation of isolated species. Susceptibility and specificity were calculated for each test. No phenotypic test alone was sufficient to provide definitive identification of C. dubliniensis or C. albicans, as opposed to results of molecular tests. After amplification and sequencing of specific regions of the 29 studied strains, 93.1% of the isolates were identified as C. albicans and 6.9% as C. dubliniensis. The Staib agar assay showed a higher susceptibility (96.3%) in comparison with other phenotypic techniques. Therefore, genotypic methods are indispensable for the conclusive identification and differentiation between these species.

Clinical characteristics and therapeutic response in patients with Burning Mouth Syndrome: accompanying 2 years / Características clínicas e resposta terapêutica em pacientes portadores da Síndrome de Ardência Bucal: acompanhamento de 2 anos

Introduction: Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is a condition characterized by burning symptom of the oral mucosa in the absence of clinical signs. Its etiology is still unknown and, and to date there is no effective treatment. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate patients with BMS profile and the therapies results in a retrospective study. Material and method: Clinical and therapeutic data were collected from records of patients with BMS diagnosed between January 2013 to April 2015 at the Clinic of Stomatology Clinic, Faculdade de Odontologia of Universidade de São Paulo, according to the criteria established by the International Headache Society in 2013. The therapies used for BMS control were also evaluated. Result: Twelve patients were diagnosed with BMS at this period. All of them were women with a mean age of 61.18 years and the apex of the tongue was the most common affected site and the duration of the burning sensation ranged from 6 months to 25 years. Many therapies were prescribed for BMS control, such as topical capsaicin, topical clonazepan, low level laser therapy and homeopathy. Among the established therapies, capsaicin has immediate effect in reducing symptoms. Conclusion: The present study showed that the challenges towards an effective treatment for BMS are varied and are mainly related to the lack knowing of the pathogenesis of this disease. The demographic profile of patients studied here was similar to that described in the available literature, however, the variables represented by secondary symptoms (medical history, anxiety and depression levels) may be modifying factors of therapeutic response and the pathogenesis of the disease itself.

Introdução: A Síndrome de Ardência Bucal (SAB) é uma condição caracterizada pelo sintoma de ardência na mucosa oral na ausência de qualquer sinal clínico. Sua etiologia ainda é desconhecida e, até o momento, não dispõe de tratamento efetivo. Objetivo: Avaliar o perfil do paciente portador de SAB, as terapias instituídas e seus resultados em estudo retrospectivo. Material e método: Foram coletados os dados clínicos e terapêuticos dos prontuários de pacientes diagnosticados com SAB, no período de janeiro de 2013 a abril de 2015, no Ambulatório da Disciplina de Estomatologia Clínica da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo. Os critérios para o diagnóstico utilizados se basearam nos estabelecidos pela International Headache Society em 2013 e foram observadas as terapêuticas empregadas e seus resultados. Resultado: Doze pacientes foram diagnosticadas com SAB neste período, todas do sexo feminino, média de idade 61,18 anos, e a principal região acometida pelo sintoma de ardor foi o ápice de língua. O tempo de duração deste sintoma variou de 6 meses a 25 anos. As terapias utilizadas para o controle de sintomas da SAB foram capsaicina, clonazepan tópico, laserterapia e homeopatia. Dentre as terapias instituídas, a capsaicina apresentou efeito imediato na redução dos sintomas. Conclusão: O presente estudo demonstrou que os desafios que circundam a obtenção de um tratamento efetivo para a SAB são diversos e estão principalmente relacionados ao desconhecimento da etiopatogenia da doença. O perfil demográfico dos pacientes aqui estudados foi semelhante ao descrito na literatura disponível, entretanto, as variáveis representadas por sintomas secundários (história médica, níveis de ansiedade e depressão) podem constituir fatores modificadores da resposta terapêutica e da própria etiopatogenia da doença.

Phenotypic and genotypic detection of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis strains isolated from oral mucosa of AIDS pediatric patients

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to assess a collection of yeasts to verify the presence of Candida dubliniensis among strains isolated from the oral mucosa of AIDS pediatric patients which were initially characterized as Candida albicans by the traditional phenotypic method, as well as to evaluate the main phenotypic methods used in the discrimination between the two species and confirm the identification through genotypic techniques, i.e., DNA sequencing. Twenty-nine samples of C. albicans isolated from this population and kept in a fungi collection were evaluated and re-characterized. In order to differentiate the two species, phenotypic tests (Thermotolerance tests, Chromogenic medium, Staib agar, Tobacco agar, Hypertonic medium) were performed and genotypic techniques using DNA sequencing were employed for confirmation of isolated species. Susceptibility and specificity were calculated for each test. No phenotypic test alone was sufficient to provide definitive identification of C. dubliniensis or C. albicans, as opposed to results of molecular tests. After amplification and sequencing of specific regions of the 29 studied strains, 93.1% of the isolates were identified as C. albicans and 6.9% as C. dubliniensis. The Staib agar assay showed a higher susceptibility (96.3%) in comparison with other phenotypic techniques. Therefore, genotypic methods are indispensable for the conclusive identification and differentiation between these species.

Aspectos relacionados ao câncer oral de interesse na periodontia / Oral cancer related aspects of interest in periodontics

Dentre as doenças mais comuns que afetam a cavidade oral, o câncer é a terceira condição mais frequente, ficando logo após a cárie e a doença periodontal. A etiologia do câncer está associada principalmente a mutações genéticas que proporcionam mudanças nas funções celulares. Fatores comportamentais como uso do álcool e tabaco constituem os principais fatores de risco para o câncer da cavidade oral. A importância do conhecimento sobre os tipos e a etiopatogenia das neoplasias da cavidade oral implica principalmente no correto diagnóstico e na detecção de pacientes de alto risco, bem como na utilização de medidas preventivas no controle dessa doença. O planejamento e o tratamento odontológico prévio e posteriores às intervenções das neoplasias orais são de fundamental importância e nesse aspecto, a detecção de patologias, como a doença periodontal, que possam estar associadas direta ou indiretamente a essas lesões podem interferir na complexidade dessa doença e no seu tratamento.

Within the most common diseases that occur in the oral cavity, cancer is the third most frequent condition, right after tooth decay and periodontal disease. The etiology of cancer is mainly associated with genetic mutations which provide changes in cellular functions. Behavioral factors such as alcohol and tobacco consumption are the major risk factors for oral cancer. The importance of knowledge about the types and pathogenesis of tumors of the oral cavity involves primarily the correct diagnosis and detection of patients at high risk as well as the use of preventive measures for the control of this disease. The planning and dental treatment prior and subsequent to the therapeutic interventions of oral cancer are essential and in this respect, the detection of pathologies such as periodontal disease, which direct or indirectly interfere with the complexity of this disease and its treatment