Disparities between rural and urban communities: Response to 18-months of diet and exercise versus control for knee osteoarthritis and overweight or obesity.

OBJECTIVES: The study objective was to determine whether the clinical response of older adults with knee osteoarthritis and overweight or obesity to 18 months of diet and exercise or attention control interventions differed between participants from rural versus urban communities. METHODS: Participants were 823 older adults (mean age, 64.6 years; 77% women) with knee osteoarthritis, overweight or obesity, who resided in rural (N = 410) and urban (N = 413) counties in North Carolina. All were enrolled in the WE-CAN clinical trial that randomly assigned participants to either 18-months of diet and exercise (D+E) or attention control (C) interventions. General linear models were used to examine differences in clinical outcomes between rural and urban groups after adjusting for covariates. RESULTS: The rural group had significant differences (P<.05) at baseline in clinical outcomes, education, comorbidities, medication use, and income compared to the urban dwellers. After adjusting for baseline differences, the group (rural, urban) by treatment (D+E, C) interactions for WOMAC pain (rural: D+E-C= -0.63,95%CI,-1.31 to 0.06; urban: D+E-C= -0.29,95%CI,-0.99 to 0.41;P=.50) and WOMAC function (rural: D+E-C = -4.60,95%CI,-6.89 to -2.31; urban: D+E-C = -1.38,95%CI,-3.73 to 0.94;P=.054) indicated that the groups responded similarly to the interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Among participants with knee osteoarthritis and overweight or obesity, diet and exercise compared to attention control led to similar pain outcomes in rural and urban dwellers that favored diet and exercise; the possibility there may be greater differential efficacy in functional outcomes among rural participants needs further study.

Cost-Effectiveness of Community-Based Diet and Exercise for Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis and Obesity or Overweight.

OBJECTIVE: Obesity exacerbates pain and functional limitation in persons with knee osteoarthritis (OA). In the Weight Loss and Exercise for Communities with Arthritis in North Carolina (WE-CAN) study, a community-based diet and exercise (D + E) intervention led to an additional 6 kg weight loss and 20% greater pain relief in persons with knee OA and body mass index (BMI) >27 kg/m2 relative to a group-based health education (HE) intervention. We sought to determine the incremental cost-effectiveness of the usual care (UC), UC + HE, and UC + (D + E) programs, comparing each strategy with the "next-best" strategy ranked by increasing lifetime cost. METHODS: We used the Osteoarthritis Policy Model to project long-term clinical and economic benefits of the WE-CAN interventions. We considered three strategies: UC, UC + HE, and UC + (D + E). We derived cohort characteristics, weight, and pain reduction from the WE-CAN trial. Our outcomes included quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), cost, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). RESULTS: In a cohort with mean age 65 years, BMI 37 kg/m2, and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index pain score 38 (scale 0-100, 100 = worst), UC leads to 9.36 QALYs/person, compared with 9.44 QALYs for UC + HE and 9.49 QALYS for UC + (D + E). The corresponding lifetime costs are $147,102, $148,139, and $151,478. From the societal perspective, UC + HE leads to an ICER of $12,700/QALY; adding D + E to UC leads to an ICER of $61,700/QALY. CONCLUSION: The community-based D + E program for persons with knee OA and BMI >27kg/m2 could be cost-effective for willingness-to-pay thresholds greater than $62,000/QALY. These findings suggest that incorporation of community-based D + E programs into OA care may be beneficial for public health.

The association between obesity, knee pain, and gait during stair descent in older adults with knee osteoarthritis.

BACKGROUND: Obesity and knee osteoarthritis adversely affect activities of daily living in older adults. Together, the complexities of their interaction on mobility, including stair negotiation, are unresolved. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between obesity, pain, and stair negotiation in older adults with knee osteoarthritis. METHODS: Older adults with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis and overweight or obesity participated in the study (n = 28; age range = 57.0-78.0 yrs.; body mass index range = 26.6-42.8 kg•m-2). The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index pain subscale was used to measure knee pain. Measurements included a three-dimensional biomechanical analysis during descent on a set of force plate-instrumented stairs and a timed stair descent test. Pearson's r was used to determine associations between body mass index and pain, stair descent weight-acceptance phase vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) variables and lower extremity joint kinematics and kinetics, and timed stair descent performance. FINDINGS: Significant correlations existed between body mass index and pain (r = 0.41; p = 0.03), peak vGRF (r = 0.39; p = 0.04), vertical impulse (r = 0.49; p = 0.008), and peak ankle plantar flexor moments (r = 0.50; p = 0.007) in older adults with knee osteoarthritis. INTERPRETATION: Greater obesity in older adults with knee osteoarthritis was associated with greater knee pain and higher ankle joint loads during stair descent. These results support the recommendations of osteoarthritis treatment guidelines for weight-loss as a first-line of treatment for older adults with obesity and knee osteoarthritis.

Clinical, Health-Related Quality of Life, and Gait Differences Among Obesity Classes in Adults With Knee Osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether clinical, health-related quality of life (HRQL), and gait characteristics in adults with knee osteoarthritis (OA) differed by obesity category. METHODS: This cross-sectional analysis of 823 older adults (mean age 64.6 years, SD 7.8 years) with knee OA and overweight or obesity compared clinical, HRQL, and gait outcomes among obesity classifications (overweight or class I, body mass index [BMI] 27.0-34.9; class II, BMI 35.0-39.9; class III BMI ≥40.0). RESULTS: Patients with class III obesity had worse Western Ontario McMasters Universities Arthritis Index knee pain (0-20) than the overweight or class I (mean 8.6 vs 7.0; difference 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0-2.1; P < 0.0001) and class II (mean 8.6 vs 7.4; difference 1.1; 95% CI 0.6-1.7; P = 0.0002) obesity groups. The Short Form 36 physical HRQL measure was lower in the class III obesity group compared to the overweight or class I (mean 31.0 vs 37.3; difference -6.2; 95% CI -7.8 to -4.7; P < 0.0001) and class II (mean 31.0 vs 35.0; difference -3.9; 95% CI -5.6 to -2.2; P < 0.0001) obesity groups. The class III obesity group had a base of support (cm) during gait that was wider than that for the overweight or class I (mean 14.0 vs 11.6; difference 3.3; 95% CI 2.6-4.0; P < 0.0001) and class II (mean 14.0 vs 11.6; difference 2.4; 95% CI 1.6-3.2; P < 0.0001) obesity groups. CONCLUSION: Among adults with knee OA, those with class III obesity had significantly higher pain levels and worse physical HRQL and gait characteristics compared to adults with overweight or class I or class II obesity.

The osteoarthritis prevention study (TOPS) - A randomized controlled trial of diet and exercise to prevent Knee Osteoarthritis: Design and rationale.

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA), the leading cause of disability among adults, has no cure and is associated with significant comorbidities. The premise of this randomized clinical trial is that, in a population at risk, a 48-month program of dietary weight loss and exercise will result in less incident structural knee OA compared to control. Methods/design: The Osteoarthritis Prevention Study (TOPS) is a Phase III, assessor-blinded, 48-month, parallel 2 arm, multicenter randomized clinical trial designed to reduce the incidence of structural knee OA. The study objective is to assess the effects of a dietary weight loss, exercise, and weight-loss maintenance program in preventing the development of structural knee OA in females at risk for the disease. TOPS will recruit 1230 ambulatory, community dwelling females with obesity (Body Mass Index (BMI) â€‹≥ â€‹30 â€‹kg/m2) and aged ≥50 years with no radiographic (Kellgren-Lawrence grade ≤1) and no magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence of OA in the eligible knee, with no or infrequent knee pain. Incident structural knee OA (defined as tibiofemoral and/or patellofemoral OA on MRI) assessed at 48-months from intervention initiation using the MRI Osteoarthritis Knee Score (MOAKS) is the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes include knee pain, 6-min walk distance, health-related quality of life, knee joint loading during gait, inflammatory biomarkers, and self-efficacy. Cost effectiveness and budgetary impact analyses will determine the value and affordability of this intervention. Discussion: This study will assess the efficacy and cost effectiveness of a dietary weight loss, exercise, and weight-loss maintenance program designed to reduce incident knee OA. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05946044.

Gender differences on the age-related distal-to-proximal shift in joint kinetics during running.

The increased running participation in women and men over 40 years has contributed to scientific interest on the age-related and gender differences in running performance and biomechanics over the last decade. Gender differences in running biomechanics have been studied extensively in young runners, with inconsistent results. Understanding how gender influences the age-related differences in running mechanics could help develop population-specific training interventions or footwear to address any potential different mechanical demands. The purpose of this study was to assess gender and age effects on lower limb joint mechanics while running. Middle-aged men (57 ± 5 years) and women (57 ± 8 years) and young men (28 ± 6 years) and women (30 ± 6 years) completed five overground running trials at a set speed of 2.7 m/s while lower limb kinematics and ground reaction forces were collected. Lower limb joint kinetics were computed, normalized to body mass and compared between age and gender groups using two-factor analyses of variance. Women reported slower average running paces than men and middle-aged runners reported slower running paces than young runners. We confirmed that young runners run with more ankle, but less hip positive work and peak positive power compared to middle-aged runners (i.e., age-related distal-to-proximal shift in joint kinetics). We also present a novel finding that women run with more ankle, but less hip peak positive power compared to men suggesting an ankle dominant strategy in women at a preferred and comfortable running pace. However, the age-related distal-to-proximal shift in joint kinetics was not different between genders.

Tibiofemoral Load Magnitude and Distribution During Load Carriage.

Chronic exposure to high tibiofemoral joint (TFJ) contact forces can be detrimental to knee joint health. Load carriage increases TFJ contact forces, but it is unclear whether medial and lateral tibiofemoral compartments respond similarly to incremental load carriage. The purpose of our study was to compare TFJ contact forces when walking with 15% and 30% added body weight. Young healthy adults (n = 24) walked for 5 minutes with no load, 15% load, and 30% load on an instrumented treadmill. Total, medial, and lateral TFJ contact peak forces and impulses were calculated via an inverse dynamics informed musculoskeletal model. Results of 1-way repeated measures analyses of variance (α = .05) demonstrated total, medial, and lateral TFJ first peak contact forces and impulses increased significantly with increasing load. Orthogonal polynomial trends demonstrated that the 30% loading condition led to a curvilinear increase in total and lateral TFJ impulses, whereas medial first peak TFJ contact forces and impulses responded linearly to increasing load. The total and lateral compartment impulse increased disproportionally with load carriage, while the medial did not. The medial and lateral compartments responded differently to increasing load during walking, warranting further investigation because it may relate to risk of osteoarthritis.

Effect of Diet and Exercise on Knee Pain in Patients With Osteoarthritis and Overweight or Obesity: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Some weight loss and exercise programs that have been successful in academic center-based trials have not been evaluated in community settings. Objective: To determine whether adaptation of a diet and exercise intervention to community settings resulted in a statistically significant reduction in pain, compared with an attention control group, at 18-month follow-up. Design, Setting, and Participants: Assessor-blinded randomized clinical trial conducted in community settings in urban and rural counties in North Carolina. Patients were men and women aged 50 years or older with knee osteoarthritis and overweight or obesity (body mass index ≥27). Enrollment (N = 823) occurred between May 2016 and August 2019, with follow-up ending in April 2021. Interventions: Patients were randomly assigned to either a diet and exercise intervention (n = 414) or an attention control (n = 409) group for 18 months. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the between-group difference in the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) knee pain score (range, 0 [none] to 20 [severe]; minimum clinically important difference, 1.6) over 18 months, tested using a repeated-measures mixed linear model with adjustments for covariates. There were 7 secondary outcomes including body weight. Results: Among the 823 randomized patients (mean age, 64.6 years; 637 [77%] women), 658 (80%) completed the trial. At 18-month follow-up, the adjusted mean WOMAC pain score was 5.0 in the diet and exercise group (n = 329) compared with 5.5 in the attention control group (n = 316) (adjusted difference, -0.6; 95% CI, -1.0 to -0.1; P = .02). Of 7 secondary outcomes, 5 were significantly better in the intervention group compared with control. The mean change in unadjusted 18-month body weight for patients with available data was -7.7 kg (8%) in the diet and exercise group (n = 289) and -1.7 kg (2%) in the attention control group (n = 273) (mean difference, -6.0 kg; 95% CI, -7.3 kg to -4.7 kg). There were 169 serious adverse events; none were definitely related to the study. There were 729 adverse events; 32 (4%) were definitely related to the study, including 10 body injuries (9 in diet and exercise; 1 in attention control), 7 muscle strains (6 in diet and exercise; 1 in attention control), and 6 trip/fall events (all 6 in diet and exercise). Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients with knee osteoarthritis and overweight or obesity, diet and exercise compared with an attention control led to a statistically significant but small difference in knee pain over 18 months. The magnitude of the difference in pain between groups is of uncertain clinical importance. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02577549.

Differences in Muscle Demand and Joint Contact Forces Between Running and Skipping.

Skipping has been proposed as a viable cross-training exercise to running due to its lower knee contact forces and higher whole-body energy expenditure. However, how individual muscle forces, energy expenditure, and joint loading are affected by differences in running and skipping mechanics remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to compare individual muscle forces, energy expenditure, and lower extremity joint contact forces between running and skipping using musculoskeletal modeling and simulations of young adults (n = 5) performing running and skipping at 2.5 m·s-1 on an instrumented treadmill. In agreement with previous work, running had greater knee and patella contact forces than skipping which was accompanied by greater knee extensor energetic demand. Conversely, skipping had greater ankle contact forces and required greater energetic demand from the uniarticular ankle plantarflexors. There were no differences in hip contact forces between gaits. These findings further support skipping as a viable alternative to running if the primary goal is to reduce joint loading at the commonly injured patellofemoral joint. However, for those with ankle injuries, skipping may not be a viable alternative due to the increased ankle loads. These findings may help clinicians prescribe activities most appropriate for a patient's individual training or rehabilitation goals.

The Feasibility of Using the Virtual Time-to-Contact Measure of Postural Stability to Examine Postural Recovery in People With Diabetes Mellitus.

This study aimed to examine the feasibility of using time-to-contact measures during the perturbation protocol in people with diabetes mellitus. Three-dimension motion capture and force data were collected during 0.5-s perturbations in four directions (forward, backward, right, and left) and at two accelerations (20 and 40 cm/s2) to compute the time-to-contact. Time-to-contact analysis was divided into three phases: perturbation, initial recovery, and final recovery. The statistical analysis showed the main effects of Direction and Phase (p < .01) as well as a Direction by Phase interaction (p < .01). Backward perturbation with lower acceleration and backward/forward perturbation with higher acceleration had deleterious effects on postural stability in people with diabetes mellitus.

Quantifying national biomechanics day's impact on student perceptions toward biomechanics: A multisite pilot study.

National Biomechanics Day (NBD) is an international celebration of biomechanics that seeks to increase the awareness and appreciation of biomechanics among the high school community. Initial research supports the positive effects of NBD on students' attitudes toward the field of biomechanics; however, quantitative evidence remains scarce. The purpose of this study was to quantify changes in high school students' perceptions toward biomechanics after participating in NBD events to better understand the impact of NBD. Data were collected at two locations during the 2019 NBD season. Surveys were collected before and after NBD events for 112 high school students from Montana and North Carolina. Paired pre- versus post-NBD surveys for the aggregate sample population suggest that students perceived biomechanics as more appealing (p = 0.050), exciting (p = 0.007), and important (p = 0.018) following the NBD events. Students did not report a change in whether they could see themselves in a biomechanics-related career (p = 0.49). These findings further support the ability for NBD events to positively impact students' perceptions toward biomechanics, although opportunities persist to increase student career interest in biomechanics. This paper presents and discusses the study's results, interpretations, limitations, and implications for future research on biomechanics outreach activities.

Changes in Body Weight and Knee Pain in Adults With Knee Osteoarthritis Three-and-a-Half Years After Completing Diet and Exercise Interventions: Follow-Up Study for a Single-Blind, Single-Center, Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether long-term diet (D) and exercise (E) interventions, alone or in combination (D+E), have beneficial effects for older adults with knee osteoarthritis (OA) 3.5 years after the interventions end. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of a subset (n = 94) of the first 184 participants who had successfully completed the Intensive Diet and Exercise in Arthritis (IDEA) trial (n = 399) and who consented to follow-up testing. Participants were older (age ≥55 years), overweight, and obese adults with radiographic and symptomatic knee OA in at least 1 knee who completed 1.5-year D+E (n = 27), D (n = 35), or E (n = 32) interventions and returned for 5-year follow-up testing an average of 3.5 years later. RESULTS: During the 3.5-years following the interventions, weight regain in D+E and D was 5.9 kg (7%) and 3.1 kg (4%), respectively, with a 1-kg (1%) weight loss in E. Compared to baseline, weight (D+E -3.7 kg [P = 0.0007], D -5.8 kg [P < 0.0001], E -2.9 kg [P = 0.003]) and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index pain subscale scores (D+E -1.2 [P = 0.03], D -1.5 [P = 0.001], E -1.6 [P = 0.0008]) were lower in each group at the 5-year follow-up. The effect of group assignment at the 5-year follow-up was significant for body weight, with D being less than E (-3.5 kg; P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Older adults with knee OA who completed 1.5-year D or D+E interventions experienced partial weight regain 3.5 years later; yet, relative to baseline, they preserved statistically significant changes in weight loss and reductions in knee pain.

Age does not affect the relationship between muscle activation and joint work during incline and decline walking.

Older compared with younger adults walk with different configurations of mechanical joint work and greater muscle activation but it is unclear if age, walking speed, and slope would each affect the relationship between muscle activation and net joint work. We hypothesized that a unit increase in positive but not negative net joint work requires greater muscle activation in older compared with younger adults. Healthy younger (age: 22.1 yrs, n = 19) and older adults (age: 69.8 yrs, n = 16) ascended and descended a 7° ramp at slow (~1.20 m/s) and moderate (~1.50 m/s) walking speeds while lower-extremity marker positions, electromyography, and ground reaction force data were collected. Compared to younger adults, older adults took 11% (incline) and 8% (decline) shorter strides, and performed 21% less positive ankle plantarflexor work (incline) and 19% less negative knee extensor work (decline) (all p < .05). However, age did not affect (all p > .05) the regression coefficients between the muscle activation integral and positive hip extensor or ankle plantarflexor work during ascent, nor between that and negative knee extensor or ankle dorsiflexor work during descent. With increased walking speed, muscle activation tended to increase in younger but changed little in older adults across ascent (10 ± 12% vs. -1.0 ± 10%) and descent (3.6 ± 10.2% vs. -2.6 ± 7.7%) (p = .006, r = 0.47). Age does not affect the relationship between muscle activation and net joint work during incline and decline walking at freely-chosen step lengths. The electromechanical cost of joint work production does not underlie the age-related reconfiguration of joint work during walking.

Severity of Overuse Injury Impacts Self-Efficacy and Quality of Life in Runners: A 2-Year Prospective Cohort Study.

CONTEXT: While 55 million Americans incorporate running into their exercise routines, up to 65% of runners sustain an overuse injury annually. It has been consistently shown that regular physical activity positively impacts quality of life (QOL), an essential public health indicator; however, the impact of running-related injuries on QOL is unknown. This study seeks to determine whether overuse injury severity impacts QOL in recreational runners, and if self-efficacy mediates this relationship. DESIGN: Community-based prospective cohort study of 300 runners who had been running injury free for at least 5 miles/wk in the past 6 months. METHODS: Self-efficacy for running and QOL measures (Short Form-12 Physical Component and Mental Component, Satisfaction with Life, Positive Affect and Negative Affect) were assessed at baseline, time of injury, and follow-up visits. Over 2 years of observation, overuse injuries were diagnosed by an orthopedic surgeon and injured runners were referred to a physical therapist. RESULTS: Injury severity was significantly (P < .01) related with 2 indices of QOL, such that the effect of injury severity was -2.28 units on the Short Form-12 physical component and -0.73 units on positive affect. Self-efficacy accounted for 19% and 48% of the indirect effects on Short Form-12 physical component and positive affect, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Since self-efficacy is a modifiable factor related to decreased QOL, these findings have important clinical implications for rehabilitation interventions.

Effect of High-Intensity Strength Training on Knee Pain and Knee Joint Compressive Forces Among Adults With Knee Osteoarthritis: The START Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Thigh muscle weakness is associated with knee discomfort and osteoarthritis disease progression. Little is known about the efficacy of high-intensity strength training in patients with knee osteoarthritis or whether it may worsen knee symptoms. Objective: To determine whether high-intensity strength training reduces knee pain and knee joint compressive forces more than low-intensity strength training and more than attention control in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Design, Setting, and Participants: Assessor-blinded randomized clinical trial conducted at a university research center in North Carolina that included 377 community-dwelling adults (≥50 years) with body mass index (BMI) ranging from 20 to 45 and with knee pain and radiographic knee osteoarthritis. Enrollment occurred between July 2012 and February 2016, and follow-up was completed September 2017. Interventions: Participants were randomized to high-intensity strength training (n = 127), low-intensity strength training (n = 126), or attention control (n = 124). Main Outcomes and Measures: Primary outcomes at the 18-month follow-up were Western Ontario McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) knee pain (0 best-20 worst; minimally clinically important difference [MCID, 2]) and knee joint compressive force, defined as the maximal tibiofemoral contact force exerted along the long axis of the tibia during walking (MCID, unknown). Results: Among 377 randomized participants (mean age, 65 years; 151 women [40%]), 320 (85%) completed the trial. Mean adjusted (sex, baseline BMI, baseline outcome values) WOMAC pain scores at the 18-month follow-up were not statistically significantly different between the high-intensity group and the control group (5.1 vs 4.9; adjusted difference, 0.2; 95% CI, -0.6 to 1.1; P = .61) or between the high-intensity and low-intensity groups (5.1 vs 4.4; adjusted difference, 0.7; 95% CI, -0.1 to 1.6; P = .08). Mean knee joint compressive forces were not statistically significantly different between the high-intensity group and the control group (2453 N vs 2512 N; adjusted difference, -58; 95% CI, -282 to 165 N; P = .61), or between the high-intensity and low-intensity groups (2453 N vs 2475 N; adjusted difference, -21; 95% CI, -235 to 193 N; P = .85). There were 87 nonserious adverse events (high-intensity, 53; low-intensity, 30; control, 4) and 13 serious adverse events unrelated to the study (high-intensity, 5; low-intensity, 3; control, 5). Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients with knee osteoarthritis, high-intensity strength training compared with low-intensity strength training or an attention control did not significantly reduce knee pain or knee joint compressive forces at 18 months. The findings do not support the use of high-intensity strength training over low-intensity strength training or an attention control in adults with knee osteoarthritis. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01489462.

Age and training volume influence joint kinetics during running.

Recently, we proposed the hypothesis that weekly running volume and preferred running pace may play a role in preserving ankle joint kinetics in middle-age runners as ankle joint kinetics were generally similar in young and middle-aged runners with similar running volume and preferred pace. To further address this hypothesis, we compared lower extremity joint kinetics between high and low training volume runners in both young and middle-aged groups. Joint kinetics calculated from 3D kinematic and ground reaction force data during over-ground running at 2.7 m·s-1 from young and middle-aged runners who ran low or high weekly volume were analyzed. A two-factor analysis of variance was used to compare joint kinetics between age and running volume groups. Positive hip work was greater in middle-aged compared to young runners (P = .005). Plantarflexor torque (P = .009) and positive ankle work (P = .042) were greater in young compared to middle-aged runners. Positive ankle work was also greater in the high compared to the low volume group (P = .021). Finally, age by volume interactions were found for knee extensor torque (P = .024), negative knee work (P = .018), and positive knee work (P = .019) but not for ankle and hip joint kinetics. These findings suggest less distal-to-proximal difference in positive joint work with high running volume in both young and middle-aged runners as a result of greater power generation at the ankle. Given the age main effects, our findings are also the first to suggest the age-related distal-to-proximal shift in joint kinetics appears in middle-aged runners.

Lower Limb Joint Kinetics During Walking in Middle-Aged Runners With Low or High Lifetime Running Exposure.

Aging is associated with a distal-to-proximal shift in joint kinetics during walking. This plasticity of gait is amplified rather than attenuated in old adults with high physical capacity. Because running is associated with greater kinetic demands at the ankle, older individuals with more versus less lifetime running exposure may retain a larger proportion of their ankle kinetics. The purpose of the study was to compare lower-extremity joint kinetics during walking between middle-aged runners with high and low lifetime running exposure. Eighteen middle-aged runners (9 per group) participated. Joint kinetics were calculated from kinematic and ground reaction force data during overground walking at 1.3 m·s-1 and compared between groups. High exposure runners produced 50% greater positive hip work (P = .03; Cohen d = 1.02) during walking compared with low exposure runners, but ankle kinetics were not different between groups. No other differences in joint kinetics or kinematics were observed between groups. These findings suggest that the age-related increase in hip joint kinetics during walking could be a compensatory gait strategy that is not attenuated by lifetime running exposure alone. Finally, the amount of lifetime running exposure did not affect ankle kinetics during walking in middle-aged runners.

How age and surface inclination affect joint moment strategies to accelerate and decelerate individual leg joints during walking.

A joint moment also causes motion at other joints of the body. This joint coupling-perspective allows more insight into two age-related phenomena during gait. First, whether increased hip kinetic output compensates for decreased ankle kinetic output during positive joint work. Second, whether preserved joint kinetic patterns during negative joint work in older age have any functional implication. Therefore, we examined how age and surface inclination affect joint moment strategies to accelerate and/or decelerate individual leg joints during walking. Healthy young (age: 22.5 ±â€¯4.1 years, n = 18) and older (age: 76.0 ±â€¯5.7 years, n = 22) adults walked at 1.4 m/s on a split-belt instrumented treadmill at three grades (0%, 10%, -10%). Lower-extremity moment-induced angular accelerations were calculated for the hip (0% and 10%) and knee (0% and -10%) joints. During level and uphill walking, both age groups showed comparable ankle moment-induced ipsilateral (p = 0.774) and contralateral (p = 0.047) hip accelerations, although older adults generated lower ankle moments in late stance. However, ankle moment-induced contralateral hip accelerations were smaller (p = 0.001) in an older adult subgroup (n = 13) who showed larger hip extension moments in early stance than young adults. During level and downhill walking, leg joint moment-induced knee accelerations were unaffected by age (all p > 0.05). These findings suggest that during level and uphill walking increased hip flexor mechanical output in older adults does not arise from reduced ankle moments, contrary to increased hip extensor mechanical output. Additionally, results during level and downhill walking imply that preserved eccentric knee extensor function is important in maintaining knee stabilization in older age.

The effects of intensive dietary weight loss and exercise on gait in overweight and obese adults with knee osteoarthritis. The Intensive Diet and Exercise for Arthritis (IDEA) trial.

The Intensive Diet and Exercise for Arthritis (IDEA) trial was an 18-month randomized controlled trial that enrolled 454 overweight and obese older adults with symptomatic and radiographic knee osteoarthritis (OA). Participants were randomized to either exercise (E), intensive diet-induced weight loss (D), or intensive diet-induced weight loss plus exercise (D + E) interventions. We previously reported that the clinical benefits of D + E were significantly greater than with either intervention alone (e.g., greater pain reduction, and better function, mobility, and health-related quality of life). We now test the hypothesis that D + E has greater overall benefit on gait mechanics compared to either intervention alone. Knee joint loading was analyzed using inverse dynamics and musculoskeletal modeling. Analysis of covariance determined the interventions' effects on gait. The D + E group walked significantly faster at 18-month follow-up (1.35 m s-1) than E (1.29 m s-1, p = 0.0004) and D (1.31 m s-1, p = 0.0007). Tibiofemoral compressive impulse was significantly lower (p = 0.0007) in D (1069 N s) and D + E (1054 N s) compared to E (1130 N s). D had significantly lower peak hip external rotation moment (p = 0.01), hip abduction moment (p = 0.0003), and peak hip power production (p = 0.016) compared with E. Peak ankle plantar flexion moment was significantly less (p < 0.0001) in the two diet groups compared with E. There also was a significant dose-response to weight loss; participants that lost >10% of baseline body weight had significantly (p = 0.0001) lower resultant knee forces and lower muscle (quadriceps, hamstring, and gastrocnemius) forces than participants that had less weight loss. Compared to E, D produces significant load reductions at the hip, knee, and ankle; combining D with E attenuates these reductions, but most remain significantly better than with E alone.