N-Difluoroacetylhexosamine as a Substrate-Engineering Precursor for Glycosylation Reactions.

We present the application of N-difluoroacetylglucosamine (GlcNDFA) in a chemical evolution strategy to synthesize oligosaccharides. In comparison to conventional N-trifluoroacetylglucosamine, GlcNDFA exhibits superior substrate compatibility with glycosyltransferases as well as stability in aqueous environments. Using our 16-step assembly line, GlcNDFA can be used to produce homogeneous dekaparin, a heparin-like medication, with a yield of 62.2%. This underscores the significant potential of GlcNDFA as a chemical evolution precursor in the precise synthesis of structurally defined polysaccharides.

Biosynthetic production of anticoagulant heparin polysaccharides through metabolic and sulfotransferases engineering strategies.

Heparin is an important anticoagulant drug, and microbial heparin biosynthesis is a potential alternative to animal-derived heparin production. However, effectively using heparin synthesis enzymes faces challenges, especially with microbial recombinant expression of active heparan sulfate N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase. Here, we introduce the monosaccharide N-trifluoroacetylglucosamine into Escherichia coli K5 to facilitate sulfation modification. The Protein Repair One-Stop Service-Focused Rational Iterative Site-specific Mutagenesis (PROSS-FRISM) platform is used to enhance sulfotransferase efficiency, resulting in the engineered NST-M8 enzyme with significantly improved stability (11.32-fold) and activity (2.53-fold) compared to the wild-type N-sulfotransferase. This approach can be applied to engineering various sulfotransferases. The multienzyme cascade reaction enables the production of active heparin from bioengineered heparosan, demonstrating anti-FXa (246.09 IU/mg) and anti-FIIa (48.62 IU/mg) activities. This study offers insights into overcoming challenges in heparin synthesis and modification, paving the way for the future development of animal-free heparins using a cellular system-based semisynthetic strategy.

Novel ß1,4 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase in de novo enzymatic synthesis of hyaluronic acid oligosaccharides.

The efficiency of de novo synthesis of hyaluronic acid (HA) using Pasteurella multocida hyaluronate synthase (PmHAS) is limited by its low catalytic activity during the initial reaction steps when monosaccharides are the acceptor substrates. In this study, we identified and characterized a ß-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase (EcGnT) derived from the O-antigen gene synthesis cluster of Escherichia coli O8:K48:H9. Recombinant ß1,4 EcGnT effectively catalyzed the production of HA disaccharides when the glucuronic acid monosaccharide derivative 4-nitrophenyl-ß-D-glucuronide (GlcA-pNP) was used as the acceptor. Compared with PmHAS, ß1,4 EcGnT exhibited superior N-acetylglucosamine transfer activity (~ 12-fold) with GlcA-pNP as the acceptor, making it a better option for the initial step of de novo HA oligosaccharide synthesis. We then developed a biocatalytic approach for size-controlled HA oligosaccharide synthesis using the disaccharide produced by ß1,4 EcGnT as a starting material, followed by stepwise PmHAS-catalyzed synthesis of longer oligosaccharides. Using this approach, we produced a series of HA chains of up to 10 sugar monomers. Overall, our study identifies a novel bacterial ß1,4 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase and establishes a more efficient process for HA oligosaccharide synthesis that enables size-controlled production of HA oligosaccharides. KEY POINTS: • A novel ß-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase (EcGnT) from E. coli O8:K48:H9. • EcGnT is superior to PmHAS for enabling de novo HA oligosaccharide synthesis. • Size-controlled HA oligosaccharide synthesis relay using EcGnT and PmHAS.

Cell-Based Assay Approaches for Glycosaminoglycan Synthase High-Throughput Screening: Development and Applications.

Glycosaminoglycan synthases have immense potential in applications involving synthesis of oligosaccharides, using enzymatic approaches and construction of cell factories that produce polysaccharides as critical metabolic components. However, the use of high-throughput activity assays to screen for the evolution of these enzymes can be challenging because there are no significant changes in fluorescence or absorbance associated with glycosidic bond formation. Here, using incorporation of azido-labeled N-acetylhexosamine analogs into bacterial capsule polysaccharides via bacterial metabolism and bioorthogonal chemistry, fluorophores were specifically introduced onto cell surfaces. Furthermore, correlations between detectable fluorescence signals and the polysaccharide-synthesizing capacity of individual bacteria were established. Among 10 candidate genes, 6 members of the chondroitin synthase family were quickly identified in a recombinant Bacillus subtilis host strain. Additionally, directed evolution of heparosan synthase was successfully performed using fluorescence-activated cell sorting of recombinant Escherichia coli O10:K5(L):H4, yielding several mutants with increased activity. Cell-based approaches that selectively detect the presence or absence of synthases within an individual colony of bacterial cells, as well as their level of activity, have broad potential in the exploration and engineering of glycosaminoglycan synthases. These approaches also support the creation of novel strategies for high-throughput screening of enzyme activity based on cell systems.

Identification and Characterization of Two Bibenzyl Glycosyltransferases from the Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha.

Liverworts are rich in bibenzyls and related O-glycosides, which show antioxidant activity. However, glycosyltransferases that catalyze the glycosylation of bibenzyls have not yet been characterized. Here, we identified two bibenzyl UDP-glucosyltransferases named MpUGT737B1 and MpUGT741A1 from the model liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. The in vitro enzymatic assay revealed that MpUGT741A1 specifically accepted the bibenzyl lunularin as substrate. MpUGT737B1 could accept bibenzyls, dihydrochalcone and phenylpropanoids as substrates, and could convert phloretin to phloretin-4-O-glucoside and phloridzin, which showed inhibitory activity against tyrosinase and antioxidant activity. The results of sugar donor selectivity showed that MpUGT737B1 and MpUGT741A1 could only accept UDP-glucose as a substrate. The expression levels of these MpUGTs were considerably increased after UV irradiation, which generally caused oxidative damage. This result indicates that MpUGT737B1 and MpUGT741A1 may play a role in plant stress adaption. Subcellular localization indicates that MpUGT737B1 and MpUGT741A1 were expressed in the cytoplasm and nucleus. These enzymes should provide candidate genes for the synthesis of bioactive bibenzyl O-glucosides and the improvement of plant antioxidant capacity.

The second member of the bacterial UDP-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine:heparosan alpha-1, 4-N-acetyl-d-glucosaminyltransferase superfamily: GaKfiA from Gallibacterium anatis.

Bacterial UDP-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine:heparosan alpha-1, 4-N-acetyl-d-glucosaminyltransferases (KfiAs) are in high demand for the development of animal-free heparin (HP) production. Until now, EcKfiA from Escherichia coli O10:K5:H4 was the sole identified member of this family. The lack of known members has limited research into molecular structure and catalytic mechanism of the KfiA superfamily, and restricted its application in enzymatic glycan synthesis. Herein, we report the identification and characterization of Gallibacterium anatis GaKfiA, doubling the number of known members of the KfiA family. GaKfiA is a monofunctional enzyme that transfers N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) residues from their nucleotide forms to the nonreducing ends of saccharide chains structurally equivalent to the backbone of HP. The catalytic efficiency of GaKfiA is lower than that of EcKfiA. However, a single mutation of GaKfiA, N56D, resulted in a drastic increase in kcat/Km compared with wild-type GaKfiA. These data once again indicate the key role of a complete DXD motif for the catalytic efficiency of glycosyltransferases. This study deepens understanding of the mechanism of KfiA, and will assist in research into animal-free HP production.