Multi-institutional dose audit in radiotherapy facilities using in-house developed optically stimulated luminescence disc dosimeters.

Aim: The aim of this study was to carried out the audit of radiotherapy centers practicing conformal radiotherapy techniques and demonstrate the suitability of this indigenous optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) disc dosimeters in beam quality audit and verification of patient-specific dosimetry in conventional and conformal treatments in radiotherapy. Materials and Methods: Dose audit in conventional and conformal (intensity-modulated radiotherapy and volumetric-modulated arc therapy) radiotherapy techniques was conducted using in-house developed Al2O3:C-based OSL disc dosimeter and commercially available Gafchromic EBT3 film in 6 MV (flat and unflat) photon and 6 and 15 MeV electron beams. OSL disc dosimeter and Gafchromic EBT3 film measured dose values were verified using the ionization chamber measurements. Results: Percentage variations of doses measured by OSL disc dosimeters and EBT3 Gafchromic film for conventional radiotherapy technique were in the range of 0.15%-4.6% and 0.40%-5.45%, respectively, with respect to the treatment planning system calculated dose values. For conformal radiotherapy techniques, the percentage variations of OSL disc and EBT3 film measured doses were in the range of 0.1%-4.9% and 0.3%-5.0%, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study supported by statistical evidence provided the confidence that indigenously developed Al2O3:C-based OSL disc dosimeters are suitable for dose audit in conventional and advanced radiotherapy techniques.

Investigations on baseline levels for natural radioactivity in soils, rocks, and lakes of Larsemann Hills in East Antarctica.

A comprehensive measurement of concentrations of the natural radionuclides 238U, 232Th and 40K, and 226Ra in the soil and rocks along with natural uranium and tritium activity levels in lake water were carried out during the Indian expedition to Antarctica. The samples were collected from the Larsemann Hills region in Antarctica (latitude 69°20' S to 69°25'S, longitude 76°6' E to 76°23'E). The data on the natural radioactivity for this region is limited. The study was carried out to establish baseline levels of radioactivity in different terrestrial matrices of this region such as soil, rocks, and lake water. A radiation survey mapping for terrestrial radioactivity was conducted in the region before collection of soil and rock samples. The soil and rock samples were analyzed for natural radioactivity concentrations using high-resolution gamma spectroscopy system. The major contributor to elevated gamma radiation background is attributed to the higher concentration of 232Th and 40K radionuclides in both soil and rocks. Terrestrial components of gamma dose rate due to natural radioactivity have been estimated from the measured radioactivity concentrations and dose conversion coefficients. Several "hotspots" and high background areas in the region have been identified having significantly higher concentration of 232Th and 40K. Rocks in Larsemann Hills region showed high reserve of thorium mineralization in monazites and 40K in K-feldspar. The concentrations of 232Th in soil are found to be in the range of 106-603 Bq/kg, whereas in rock it is in the range of 8-4514 Bq/kg. Natural radioactivity U (nat) and 3H contents in the lake water samples in Larsemann Hills region were estimated as 0.4 and 1.3 Bq/L and are well within the prescribed limit of radioactivity in drinking water as recommended by World Health Organization.

Relative energy response of indigenously developed optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters Al2 O3 :C, LiMgPO4 :B and LiCaAlF6 :Eu,Y in therapeutic photon and electron beams.

The relative energy responses of three indigenously developed optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) phosphors in the disc form were studied in therapeutic photon and electron beams. Calibration in terms of absorbed dose was carried out in the dose range 5-500 cGy in 60 Co gamma rays, high energy X-rays, and electron beams used in radiotherapy. The combined standard uncertainty in the estimation of absorbed dose using these OSL discs (OSLDs) was 3.3%. Dose-response curves of these OSLDs in 60 Co gamma rays, 6 and 10 MV (flat and unflat), 15 MV and 6 and 15 MeV electron beams were found to be linear. Furthermore, these OSLDs exhibited a relative energy-dependent response for both photon and electron beams. The relative energy response correction factor for photon and electron beams were in the range 1.01-1.05 and 1.03-1.06, respectively.

PATIENT-SPECIFIC DOSIMETRY USING IN-HOUSE DEVELOPED OSL DISC DOSEMETERS.

Circular discs of diameter 5 mm were made from three indigenously developed optically stimulated luminescent (OSL) phosphors for medical dosimetry. Dosimetric characteristics of these discs were evaluated for their use in machine and patient-specific dosimetry in radiotherapy. Uncertainty in dosimetric measurements using these discs was also estimated, and combined standard uncertainty in measurement of absorbed dose was found to be 3.34%. Characterisation studies indicate that OSL discs are suitable for dosimetric application in radiotherapy. These discs were also used for patient-specific dosimetry in conventional and conformal radiotherapy treatments (five different cases) vis-à-vis ionisation chamber and Gafchromic EBT3 film. Doses measured by OSL discs were found comparable to ionisation chamber and Gafchromic EBT3 film measured values and radiotherapy treatment planning system (TPS) calculated dose values in all the cases. The variation between TPS calculated dose values and OSL discs measured dose values was found within the measurement uncertainty.

Radiation dose measurements in a dental orthopantogram unit using indigenously developed optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters.

Dental orthopantogram (OPG)/cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scanners are gaining popularity due to their 3D imaging with multiplanar view that provides clinical benefits over conventional dental radiography systems. Dental OPG/CBCT provides optimal visualization of adjacent overlaying anatomical structures that will be superpositioned in any single projection. The characteristics of indigenously developed optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters, namely, aluminium oxide doped with carbon (Al2 O3 :C), lithium magnesium phosphate doped with terbium and boron (LiMgPO4 :Tb,B) and lithium calcium aluminium fluoride doped with europium and yttrium (LiCaAlF6 :Eu,Y) were evaluated for their use in dental dosimetry. The dose-response of these dosimeters was studied at X-ray energies 60 kV, 70 kV and 81 kV. Radiation doses were also measured using Gafchromic film for comparison. Radiation dose was measured at eight different locations of a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) head phantom including eyes. The optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) sensitivity of LiMgPO4 :Tb,B is about 1.5 times and LiCaAlF6 :Eu, is about 20 times higher than the sensitivity of Al2 O3 :C. It was found that measured radiation doses by the three optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLDs) and Gafchromic film in the occipital region (back side) of a PMMA phantom, were consistent but variations in dose at other locations were significantly higher. The three OSLDs used in this study were found to be suitable for radiation dose measurement in dental units.

Synthesis, thermoluminescence, defect center and dosimetric characteristics of LiF:Mg,Cu,P,Si phosphor.

LiF:Mg,Cu,P,Si (MCPS), a new tissue equivalent phosphor, was synthesized by solid state method. Powder x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope were employed to determine the structural features. The dosimetric characteristics, electron spin resonance (ESR) and defect centers of this newly prepared phosphor were investigated. The MCPS phosphor is highly sensitive when compared with LiF:Mg,Ti and LiF:Mg,Cu,P (MCP), with the TL sensitivity being 35 times and 1.3 times higher respectively. The dosimetric peak occurs at 220°C with a well defined glow curve structure similar to MCP. MCPS phosphor shows a linear dose response till 10Gy. The minimum detectable dose has been found to be 8µGy. The thermal stability of the phosphor could be enhanced by 20°C from 240°C to 260°C when compared to MCP. Defect centers formed in the phosphor by gamma irradiation have been studied by ESR to identify the centers associated with the TL process in this phosphor. Thermal annealing experiments reveal the presence of several defect centers. Center I which shows an isotropic g factor of 2.0233 has been found to relate with the TL peaks at 160°C, 220°C and 265°C. Centers II and III are characterized by isotropic g values of 2.0096 and 2.0019 respectively and are attributed to F centers.

Synthesis, thermoluminescence, defect centers and dosimetric characteristics of LiF:Mg,Cu,B phosphor.

The present paper reports the thermoluminescence (TL), dosimetric characteristics and electron spin resonance (ESR) of LiF: Mg, Cu,B (MCB) phosphor synthesized by a solid state method. Its glow curve structure is similar to that of LiF: Mg, Cu,P (MCP) phosphor with the main dosimetric peak at 218°C. MCB is 12 times more sensitive than LiF: Mg, Ti and about 1.9 times less sensitive than MCP phosphor. A noteworthy feature is that the phosphor exhibits a linear dose response up to 100Gy with a minimum detectable dose of 17µGy. The TL emission spectrum was recorded and the post irradiation fading in MCB at ambient temperatures and humidity was negligible for a period of one month. Room temperature ESR spectrum of irradiated phosphor consists of at least two distinct centers. Center I with an isotropic g factor 2.0061 is attributable to an F-center and is the likely recombination center for the main TL peak at 220°C. Center II characterized by a g-factor 2.0090 and an unusual broad line (linewidth ~ 415G) is also identified as an F-center. A third defect center, observable during thermal annealing at high temperature, is assigned to another F-center.

Beta response of LiMgPO4:Tb,B based OSL discs for personnel monitoring applications.

Properties such as high optically stimulated luminescent (OSL) sensitivity, ease of preparation and dose linearity over nine decades (µGy-kGy) make LiMgPO4:Tb, B (LMP) a unique phosphor for dosimetry applications. This led to the investigation of the beta response of highly sensitive LMP-based Teflon-embedded OSL discs for personnel monitoring applications. A PTB beta secondary standard calibration setup (BSS2), which contains three beta sources viz. (147)Pm, (85)Kr and (90)Sr/(90)Y, was used. The relative response with respect to (137)Cs photons for 0.4-mm thick LMP discs was found to be ∼7.32, ∼53.5 and 100 % for (147)Pm, (85)Kr and (90)Sr/(90)Y beta energies, respectively. The response of LMP discs under various filter combinations viz. 0.18-mm thick mylar (25 mg cm(-2)), 0.625-mm thick Poly-allyl-diglycol carbonate (PADC, 81 mg cm(-2)), 1-mm thick polythene (95 mg cm(-2)), 1-mm thick Perspex (118 mg cm(-2)), 1.25-mm thick PADC (162 mg cm(-2)) and 1.6-mm thick (189 mg cm(-2)) Perspex filters was also studied and the ratio of the response of open disc to the response under filters (DOpen/DFilter) of different thicknesses (mg cm(-2)) was evaluated. Studies were also performed for the mixed field of low- ((85)Kr) and high-energy ((90)Sr/(90)Y) beta particles and the DOpen/DFilter ratio was evaluated. The angular dependence of the response of OSL discs to (85)Kr and (90)Sr/(90)Y beta sources was also studied. Studies were also carried out for (204)Tl, (32)P, natural uranium and (106)Ru/(106)Rh beta sources and the ratios of the response of open disc to that of under 1.6-mm thick Perspex (DOpen/DFilter) filter were measured. A study with various beta sources for the evaluation of the DOpen/DFilter ratio was necessary as these ratios are used to estimate the energy of beta particles and to apply the correction factor while evaluating the beta dose/design of dose estimation algorithms.

Defect centres and thermoluminescence in CaSO4:Dy,Ag phosphor.

The defect centres formed in the TL phosphor CaSO4:Dy,Ag are studied using the technique of Electron Spin Resonance. The Ag co-doped phosphor exhibits three glow peaks around 130, 220 and 375 degrees C in contrast with the two glow peaks observed in the CaSO4:Dy phosphor at 130 and 220 degrees C at a gamma ray dose of 1Gy. ESR studies show that the additional peak at 375 degrees C correlates with a Ag2+ centre formed due to gamma irradiation and observable only below -170 degrees C. The Ag2+ centre is characterised by an axial g-tensor with principal values g(parallel) = 2.38 and g(perpendicular) = 2.41. ESR studies further indicate that the precursor to a centre observable at low temperature (-170 degrees C) appears to act as the recombination centre for the TL peak at 375 degrees C; this radical is characterised by the g-values g(parallel) = 2.0023 and g(perpendicular) = 2.0038 and is assigned to SO3- radical. It is observed that there is more incorporation of Ag in the CaSO4:Dy system as compared with that in pure CaSO4 system.