HPLC-MS/MS measurement of lidocaine in rat skin and plasma. Application to study the release from medicated plaster.

A simple, sensitive HPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the determination of lidocaine in skin and plasma of rats. The methods were established and validated assessing lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ), linearity, intra and inter-day precision and accuracy, selectivity, recovery and matrix effect. Chromatography was done on a Gemini column embedded with C18 stationary phase (50 mm × 2.0 mm, 5 µm particle size), using a gradient with mobile phases consisting of 0.1% HCOOH in bidistilled water and 0.1% HCOOH in acetonitrile. The mass spectrometer worked with electrospray ionization in positive ion mode and selected reaction monitoring, using target ions m/z 235.10 for lidocaine and m/z 245.10 for lidocaine-d10, used as internal standard. RESULTS: The linearity of the method was in the ranges of lidocaine concentrations 10.0-200.0 ng/mL for skin homogenate (accuracy 94.1-105.5%; R2 ≥ 0.998) and 0.025-2 ng/mL for plasma (accuracy 96.2-104.8%; R2 ≥ 0.996). The intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy determined on three quality control samples (20, 75 and 170 ng/mL for skin and 0.075, 0.4 and 1.5 ng/mL for plasma) were ≤4.2% and 103.8-108.2% for skin and ≤12.4% and 95.5-101.4% for plasma. The LLOQ was 10 ng/mL in skin homogenate and 0.025 ng/mL in plasma. The applicability of the method was demonstrated by measuring lidocaine in skin and plasma after exposure to medicated patches containing 5% lidocaine.

Modulation of hippocampal ACh release by chronic nicergoline treatment in freely moving young and aged rats.

The effects of nicergoline on basal and K(+)-stimulated release of ACh in the hippocampus of 3- and 19-month old rats has been studied by microdialysis. A significant decrease of basal ACh release (59%) was found in aged vehicle treated rats in comparison to young rats. High-K+ (100 mM) in the perfusate strongly increased the release of ACh by up to 6-fold over the baseline of both young and aged rats. Chronic oral administration of nicergoline to aged rats (5 mg/kg b.i.d. for 6 weeks) significantly reversed (93%) the age-related decrease of basal release of ACh, leaving the increase due to K+ depolarization unchanged. In young animals, nicergoline did not affect the basal output of ACh, but enhanced the K(+)-evoked release of ACh by 39%. Results from this study demonstrate that nicergoline treatment increases the ability of hippocampal cholinergic terminals to release ACh, and suggest that this drug can reset the cholinergic impairement associated with aging.

Administration of 8-hydroxy-2-(Di-n-propylamino)tetralin in raphe nuclei dorsalis and medianus reduces serotonin synthesis in the rat brain: differences in potency and regional sensitivity.

Following administration of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT; 0.04-5.0 micrograms/0.5 microliter) in the raphe nucleus dorsalis (DR) or medianus (MR), the synthesis of serotonin (5-HT), as assessed by the accumulation of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) after decarboxylase inhibition, was measured in various regions of the rat CNS. At all doses, 8-OH-DPAT in the DR significantly reduced 5-HTP accumulation in the striatum, nucleus accumbens, cortex, and prefrontal cortex, whereas even the highest dose had no effect in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and spinal cord. One microgram of 8-OH-DPAT in the MR significantly reduced 5-HTP accumulation in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex, and 5 micrograms had an effect in all the areas except the striatum and spinal cord. One and 5 micrograms of 8-OH-DPAT, administered in either the DR or MR, did not significantly modify the accumulation of dihydroxyphenylalanine in the striatum and nucleus accumbens. The results confirm that DR and MR have different sensitivities to 5-HT1A receptor agonists, and that activation of 5-HT1A receptors in these nuclei produces different effects on 5-HT synthesis in different brain regions.

Effect of L-cysteine on the long-term depletion of brain indoles caused by p-chloroamphetamine and d-fenfluramine in rats. Relation to brain drug concentrations.

The effect of L-cysteine on the depletion of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations caused by p-chloroamphetamine and d-fenfluramine was studied in various brain regions one week after drug injection. p-Chloroamphetamine (2.5 and 5 mg/kg i.p.) and d-fenfluramine (13.4 mg/kg i.p.) significantly reduced serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels in the striatum, hippocampus and cortex, particularly in the latter areas. L-cysteine (500 mg/kg i.p.), administered 30 min before and 5 h after p-chloroamphetamine or d-fenfluramine, significantly reduced the effect of either drug on the concentrations of both indoles without causing any effect by itself. In another experiment, the rats were treated as above and were killed at various times after p-chloroamphetamine or d-fenfluramine injection to determine, in parallel, the indole levels in the whole brain and the concentration of p-chloroamphetamine, d-fenfluramine and its metabolite d-norfenfluramine in the plasma and brain. p-Chloroamphetamine and d-fenfluramine markedly lowered both indoles, particularly 16 and 24 h after injection. L-cysteine had no effect on the indole concentrations but significantly reduced the effect of p-chloroamphetamine, d-fenfluramine 16 and 24 h after injection. At these times, the brain concentrations of p-chloroamphetamine, d-fenfluramine and d-norfenfluramine were markedly lower in the L-cysteine-treated than in the control rats. Analysis of the blood concentration of p-chloroamphetamine, d-fenfluramine and d-norfenfluramine showed that the rats treated with L-cysteine eliminated the drugs studied more rapidly than the control animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)