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Background and objective: Currently, there are no guideline recommendations for the duration of intranasal corticosteroid (INCS) treatment for allergic rhinitis (AR). We aimed to catalogue real-world AR-INCS prescription patterns. Materials and methods: This multicenter, non-interventional, cross-sectional study used online general practitioner (GP) and patient surveys from 4 countries. Eligible GPs had 3-35 years of practical experience, regularly prescribed INCSs for AR treatment, and had managed ≥5 patients with AR per month according to Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines in the previous year. Eligible patients with AR were non-pregnant females or males, aged 18-65 years, previous AR-INCS users (≥12 months), and receiving GP-prescribed AR therapy. Survey participants were from countries with 15-50% AR prevalence and mostly prescription-only INCS use of ≥100 million units annually (Brazil, Mexico, Spain, Thailand). GP surveys and GP-completed patient record forms (PRFs) gathered AR-care and INCS-use data over 10 months; each GP completed patient record forms (PRFs) for 3 patients with AR under their care. The patient survey reflected actual AR-INCS experience, treatment duration, and adherence factors from patient perspectives. The target sample size was 75 GPs, 75 patients, and ≥30 respondents per country. Results: From 900 GP-PRFs, the mean GP-recommended AR-INCS durations reported were 8.4 (Brazil), 8.3 (Mexico), 5.4 (Spain), and 6.4 (Thailand) weeks. From 300 patient surveys, mean reported INCS recommended durations were 6.4 (Brazil), 5.1 (Mexico), 4.0 (Spain), and 4.9 (Thailand) weeks; reported actual use durations were 6.2, 4.8, 3.6, and 6.4 weeks, respectively. The most frequent GP-PRF-reported factors influencing AR-INCS treatment duration were symptom severity (76-85%), symptom recurrence (49-73%), and existing comorbidities (33-57%). The most frequent GP-PRF-reported obstacles to adherence included forgetting to take medication regularly (54-100%), subsiding symptoms (42-91%), and being unable to continue activities (33-51%). Subsiding symptoms (36-53%) and reaching the prescription duration end (20-51%) were most frequent obstacles reported by the patient survey. Patients from all surveyed countries indicated that they visited the GP, a different physician, or a pharmacy for assistance with symptom recurrence; some patients also self-medicated. Conclusions: Real-world AR-INCS prescription durations vary between countries and actual use tends to be shorter than prescribed. Understanding underlying factors may support appropriate AR-INCS use. The study was not powered to statistically compare intercountry differences; hence, comparisons have not been drawn, and the small sample may not reflect a complete picture of clinical practice and patients with AR in each country.
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STUDY OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological events associated with sleep bruxism (Sleep Bruxism [SB]; presence of mandibular movement activity) and the control window (4 minutes prior to SB event, where no mandibular movement activity was detected) in a polysomnography study in children with mild sleep apnea. METHODS: Polysomnography data from children aged 4 to 9 years old diagnosed with mild sleep apnea were analyzed by 2 trained examiners. The mandibular movement activity (bruxism event; SB) was classified into phasic and tonic. The control window was selected 4 minutes prior to the SB event. All physiological events were recorded in both bruxism and control windows, including sleep phase (N1, N2, N3, and rapid eye movement), arousal, leg movements, tachycardia, bradycardia, oxygen desaturation, and number of obstructive and central sleep apnea events. The moment in which those phenomena occurred when associated with SB was also analyzed (before/after). Data were analyzed using 95% confidence intervals (α = 5%). RESULTS: A total of 661 mandibular movements were analyzed and classified as tonic (n = 372) or phasic (n = 289). The mean apnea-hypopnea index was 1.99 (SD = 1.27) events/h. The frequency of leg movements, microarousal, and tachycardia was increased in SB events when compared with the control window (P < .05). There was an increase in bradycardia frequency in the control window when compared with SB (in both tonic and phasic events). The frequency of obstructive and central apnea during SB was lower when compared with the other physiological phenomena. CONCLUSIONS: There is a difference in the physiological parameters evaluated in children with mild sleep apnea when comparing the 2 windows (SB and control). Sleep bruxism is associated with other physiological phenomena, such as leg movements, tachycardia, and microarousal. The use of a control window (where no mandibular activity was detected) was representative since it did not show activation of the sympathetic nervous system. CITATION: Bonacina CF, Soster LMSFA, Bueno C, et al. Sleep bruxism and associated physiological events in children with obstructive sleep apnea: a polysomnographic study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2024;20(4):565-573.
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Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño , Bruxismo del Sueño , Niño , Humanos , Preescolar , Bruxismo del Sueño/diagnóstico , Bradicardia/complicaciones , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/diagnóstico , Movimiento/fisiología , Taquicardia/complicacionesRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To determine the clinical and anatomical characteristics associated with obstructive sleep apnea severity in children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy. METHODS: The authors conducted a cross-sectional multidisciplinary survey and selected 58 Brazilian children (4â9 years old) with adenotonsillar hypertrophy, parental complaints of snoring, mouth-breathing, and witnessed apnea episodes. The authors excluded children with known genetic, craniofacial, neurological, or psychiatric conditions. Children with a parafunctional habit or early dental loss and those receiving orthodontic treatment were not selected. All children underwent polysomnography, and three were excluded because they showed an apnea-hypopnea index lower than one or minimal oxygen saturation higher than 92%. The sample consisted of 55 children classified into mild (33 children) and moderate/severe (22 children) obstructive sleep apnea groups. Detailed clinical and anatomical evaluations were performed, and anthropometric, otorhinolaryngological, and orthodontic variables were analyzed. Sleep disorder symptoms were assessed using the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children questionnaire. All children also underwent teleradiography exams and Rickett's and Jarabak's cephalometric analyses. RESULTS: The mild and moderate/severe obstructive sleep apnea groups showed no significant differences in clinical criteria. Facial depth angle, based on Ricketts cephalometric analysis, was significantly different between the groups (p = 0.010), but this measurement by itself does not express the child's growth pattern, as it is established by the arithmetic mean of the differences between the obtained angles and the normal values of five cephalometric measurements. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical criteria and craniofacial characteristics evaluated did not influence the disease severity.
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Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño , Humanos , Preescolar , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/diagnóstico , Ronquido , Polisomnografía , HipertrofiaRESUMEN
Abstract Purpose To determine the clinical and anatomical characteristics associated with obstructive sleep apnea severity in children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Methods The authors conducted a cross-sectional multidisciplinary survey and selected 58 Brazilian children (4‒9 years old) with adenotonsillar hypertrophy, parental complaints of snoring, mouth-breathing, and witnessed apnea episodes. The authors excluded children with known genetic, craniofacial, neurological, or psychiatric conditions. Children with a parafunctional habit or early dental loss and those receiving orthodontic treatment were not selected. All children underwent polysomnography, and three were excluded because they showed an apnea-hypopnea index lower than one or minimal oxygen saturation higher than 92%. The sample consisted of 55 children classified into mild (33 children) and moderate/severe (22 children) obstructive sleep apnea groups. Detailed clinical and anatomical evaluations were performed, and anthropometric, otorhinolaryngological, and orthodontic variables were analyzed. Sleep disorder symptoms were assessed using the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children questionnaire. All children also underwent teleradiography exams and Rickett's and Jarabak's cephalometric analyses. Results The mild and moderate/severe obstructive sleep apnea groups showed no significant differences in clinical criteria. Facial depth angle, based on Ricketts cephalometric analysis, was significantly different between the groups (p= 0.010), but this measurement by itself does not express the child's growth pattern, as it is established by the arithmetic mean of the differences between the obtained angles and the normal values of five cephalometric measurements. Conclusions The clinical criteria and craniofacial characteristics evaluated did not influence the disease severity.
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OBJECTIVE: Adenotonsillectomy is recognized as an effective therapy for snoring and sleep disorders in children. It is important to understand whether adenotonsillectomy significantly increases the volume of the pharyngeal space. The goal of this study was to evaluate the change in oropharyngeal volume after adenotonsillectomy and the correlation of this change with the objective volume of the tonsils and body mass index. METHODS: We included 27 subjects (14 males) with snoring caused by tonsil and adenoid hypertrophy. The mean age of the subjects was 7.92 (±2.52) years. Children with craniofacial malformations or neuromuscular diseases or syndromes were excluded. The parents/caregivers answered an adapted questionnaire regarding sleep-disordered breathing. All patients were subjected to weight and height measurements and body mass index was calculated. The subjects underwent pharyngometry before and after adenotonsillectomy and the volume of both excised tonsils together was measured in cm3 in the operating room. RESULTS: Pharyngometric analysis showed that the mean pharyngeal volume was 28.63 (±5.57) cm3 before surgery and 31.23 (±6.76) cm3 after surgery; the volume of the oropharynx was significantly increased post-surgery (p=0.015, Wilcoxon test). No correlation was found between the objective tonsil volume and the post-surgical volume increase (p=0.6885). There was a fair correlation between the oropharyngeal volume and body mass index (p=0.0224). CONCLUSION: Adenotonsillectomy increases the volume of the pharyngeal space, but this increase does not correlate with the objective tonsil size. Furthermore, greater BMI was associated with a smaller increase in the pharyngeal volume. Oropharyngeal structures and craniofacial morphology may also play a role in the increase in oropharyngeal volume.
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Adenoidectomía/métodos , Tonsila Palatina/patología , Faringe/patología , Tonsilectomía/métodos , Acústica/instrumentación , Índice de Masa Corporal , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Respiración por la Boca/cirugía , Tamaño de los Órganos , Ronquido/cirugíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Adenotonsillectomy is recognized as an effective therapy for snoring and sleep disorders in children. It is important to understand whether adenotonsillectomy significantly increases the volume of the pharyngeal space. The goal of this study was to evaluate the change in oropharyngeal volume after adenotonsillectomy and the correlation of this change with the objective volume of the tonsils and body mass index. METHODS: We included 27 subjects (14 males) with snoring caused by tonsil and adenoid hypertrophy. The mean age of the subjects was 7.92 (±2.52) years. Children with craniofacial malformations or neuromuscular diseases or syndromes were excluded. The parents/caregivers answered an adapted questionnaire regarding sleep-disordered breathing. All patients were subjected to weight and height measurements and body mass index was calculated. The subjects underwent pharyngometry before and after adenotonsillectomy and the volume of both excised tonsils together was measured in cm3 in the operating room. RESULTS: Pharyngometric analysis showed that the mean pharyngeal volume was 28.63 (±5.57) cm3 before surgery and 31.23 (±6.76) cm3 after surgery; the volume of the oropharynx was significantly increased post-surgery (p=0.015, Wilcoxon test). No correlation was found between the objective tonsil volume and the post-surgical volume increase (p=0.6885). There was a fair correlation between the oropharyngeal volume and body mass index (p=0.0224). CONCLUSION: Adenotonsillectomy increases the volume of the pharyngeal space, but this increase does not correlate with the objective tonsil size. Furthermore, greater BMI was associated with a smaller increase in the pharyngeal volume. Oropharyngeal structures and craniofacial morphology may also play a role in the increase in oropharyngeal volume.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Preescolar , Niño , Adenoidectomía/métodos , Tonsila Palatina/patología , Faringe/patología , Tonsilectomía/métodos , Acústica/instrumentación , Índice de Masa Corporal , Respiración por la Boca/cirugía , Tamaño de los Órganos , Ronquido/cirugíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Our goals were to assess whether allergic rhinitis (AR) is an aggravating factor that affects the severity of sleep apnea in children with tonsils/adenoid hypertrophy (T&A) and to compare polysomnographic data from children with and without AR. METHODS: This prospective study included 135 children (age range, 3 to 14 years) with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) resulting from T&A. Children with lung, neurological, or craniofacial problems; septal deviations; previous pharyngeal surgeries; or orthodontic treatments were excluded. All children underwent a clinical evaluation, nasopharyngoscopy or lateral X-ray imaging, sleep study, and hypersensitivity skin-prick test. RESULTS: The mean patient age was 6.44 ± 2.55 years (83 males). AR was present in 42.2% of the children; 40% presented with sleep apnea; and 17.04% had sleep apnea and AR. The percentage of time spent in the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep stage was lower among children with AR without sleep apnea (p = 0.028); however, the percentage of REM sleep was not significantly different among children with apnea (p = 0.2922). No difference in the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was observed between the children with (AHI = 2.79 events/hour) and without AR (3.75 events/hour, p = 0.4427). A multivariate analysis showed that nasal congestion was an important factor that can affect the duration of the REM sleep stage. CONCLUSION: AR affects REM sleep in children with SDB without sleep apnea, and AR is not an aggravating factor regarding the severity of AHI.
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Rinitis Alérgica/fisiopatología , Síndromes de la Apnea del Sueño/fisiopatología , Sueño REM , Adolescente , Alérgenos/inmunología , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Respiración , Rinitis Alérgica/diagnóstico , Rinitis Alérgica/inmunología , Pruebas CutáneasRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to study the respiratory muscle strength by evaluating the maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) and lung volume before and 3 and 6 months after adenotonsillectomy. This is an interventional, before and after trial. It was set at the Department of Otolaryngology, University of São Paulo, School of Medicine. We included 29 children (6-13 years old), both genders, consecutively recruited from the waiting list for adenotonsillectomy. Children were submitted to maximal inspiratory pressures (MIP), maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) evaluation using an analog manovacuometer, lung volume, using incentive expirotometer and thoracic and abdominal perimeter using a centimeter tape. Children were evaluated in 3 different moments: 1 week before and 3 and 6 months after surgery. RESULTS: MIP improved significantly 3 months (p < 0.001) after adenotonsillectomy and MEP did not change (p = 1). There were increases in lung volume (p = 000), chest (p = 0.017) and abdominal perimeter (p = 0.05). Six months after surgery, all parameters improved. MIP (p = 0), MEP (p = 0), lung volume (p = 0.02), chest (p = 0.034) and abdominal perimeter (p = 0.23). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that there was an improvement in respiratory muscular strength, once there was a significant improvement in maximal inspiratory pressure, lung volume and other parameters after adenotonsillectomy.
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Adenoidectomía/métodos , Obstrucción de las Vías Aéreas/complicaciones , Fuerza Muscular/fisiología , Músculos Respiratorios/fisiología , Tonsilectomía/métodos , Adolescente , Obstrucción de las Vías Aéreas/diagnóstico , Niño , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Capacidad Inspiratoria , Masculino , Estudios Prospectivos , Intercambio Gaseoso Pulmonar , Insuficiencia Respiratoria/etiología , Insuficiencia Respiratoria/prevención & control , Factores de Riesgo , Factores de Tiempo , Capacidad Pulmonar Total , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
We conducted a comparison study to determine if the development of otitis media in adults is correlated with craniofacial morphology. Our study population was made up of 66 adults, aged 18 to 40 years; 32 of these patients had otitis media and 34 did not. All subjects underwent a complete otolaryngologic examination, video-otoscopy, fiberoptic nasal endoscopy, and lateral cephalometry. Statistical analysis of the cephalometric measurements in the otitis media group and the control group revealed significant differences in the angle between the anterior skull base and medial skull base, upper facial height, and anterior facial height. Also, some significant differences were seen between the measurements in the otitis media group and the normal dimensions of the harmonic face as reported in the literature; these differences were seen in the length of the anterior skull base, the angle of cranial deflection, the depth of the maxilla, the angle of the mandibular plane, the angle of facial depth, the angle of the facial cone, and lower facial height. Not all of these significant differences, however were predictive of the evolution of otitis media. Based on our analysis, we conclude that four cephalometric measurements are predictive of the evolution of otitis media: (1) the length of the anterior skull base, (2) the angle between the anterior skull base and medial skull base, (3) maxillary depth, and (4) upper facial height. No correlations were found between otitis media and nasal blockage or between otitis media and facial type.
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Huesos Faciales/patología , Otitis Media/patología , Base del Cráneo/patología , Adolescente , Adulto , Pesos y Medidas Corporales , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Cefalometría , Endoscopía , Femenino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
O aumento de volume das tonsilas palatina e faríngea é um dos problemas mais freqüentes do consultório do otorrinolaringologista e é a principal causa de apnéia obstrutiva do sono em crianças. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto da adenoamigdalectomia na qualidade de vida em crianças com hiperplasia adenoamigdaliana. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Clínico prospectivo. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Trinta e seis pais ou responsáveis de crianças submetidas a adenoamigdalectomia foram entrevistados antes e após a cirurgia através do questionário sobre qualidade de vida específica desenvolvido por Serres et al., 2000, que inclui os domínios: sofrimento físico, distúrbios do sono, problemas de fala e deglutição, desconforto emocional, limitação das atividades e preocupação do responsável. RESULTADOS: A qualidade de vida de todas as crianças melhorou após a cirurgia. Foi observada correlação direta entre o grau de obstrução e distúrbios do sono, preocupação paterna, e na média dos domínios. Correlacionando-se os domínios entre si, observamos relação estatística entre sofrimento emocional e distúrbios do sono, preocupação paterna e distúrbios do sono, limitação das atividades físicas e desconforto emocional. CONCLUSÃO: O aumento das tonsilas e a apnéia obstrutiva do sono pioram a qualidade de vida das crianças, principalmente pelo sofrimento físico e distúrbios do sono. A adenoamigdalectomia realmente traz uma melhora importante na qualidade de vida destes pacientes.
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A respiração oral é um sintoma freqüente na infância. A síndrome do respirador oral caracteriza-se por cansaço freqüente, sonolência diurna, adinamia, baixo apetite, enurese noturna e até déficit de aprendizado e atenção. Entretanto este sintoma apresenta diversas causas. Faz-se necessário, portanto, esclarecer detalhes sobre estes aspectos clínicos de acordo com suas causas. OBJETIVO: Comparar os achados de sonolência diurna, cefaléia, agitação noturna, enurese, problemas escolares e bruxismo em indivíduos com respiração oral; de acordo com os seguintes diagnósticos: rinite alérgica, hiperplasia adenoideana, hiperplasia adenoamigdaliana. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Estudo de coorte transversal. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo com 142 pacientes de 2 a 16 anos, classificados em três grupos: rinite alérgica, hiperplasia adenoideana isolada e hiperplasia adenoamigdaliana. Os responsáveis dos pacientes responderam a questionário padronizado sobre os sintomas noturnos para caracterização da presença de apnéia do sono e sobre os aspectos estudados: cefaléia matinal, desempenho escolar e atenção, sonolência diurna, agitação noturna, enurese, bruxismo. RESULTADOS: A respiração oral é mais freqüente em meninos. Crianças com hiperplasia adenoamigdaliana são mais jovens. Este grupo apresenta maior freqüência de roncos e apnéia do sono, assim como mau desempenho escolar, bruxismo, enurese e agitação noturna, sendo estes sintomas relacionados com a apnéia, diferenciando-se do grupo com rinite alérgica. Não se observou sonolência diurna e cefaléia matinal significante nos grupos estudados. CONCLUSÃO: Bruxismo, enurese, agitação noturna e cefaléia estão relacionados com a apnéia do sono, sendo mais freqüente na hiperplasia adenoamigdaliana. Assim, a investigação de apnéia do sono na criança com respiração oral é fundamental e assim como a determinação da causa da respiração oral.
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Adenoidectomia e amigdalectomia são as cirurgias mais freqüentemente realizadas na prática otorrinolaringológica diária. Em geral, são procedimentos seguros, que não requerem internação prolongada. Em nosso serviço, o paciente recebe alta hospitalar cerca de seis horas após a intervenção, e são utilizadas diferentes técnicas cirúrgicas. OBJETIVO:Avaliar a segurança da liberação do paciente no mesmo dia e as complicações pós-operatórias, e compará-las às técnicas cirúrgicas utilizadas. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Clínico prospectivo. MATERIAL E MÉTODO:Avaliamos prospectivamente 147 pacientes submetidos a adenoidectomia e/ou amigdalectomia por três técnicas diferentes no Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP. Um protocolo foi aplicado pelo médico que realizou a cirurgia no pós-operatório imediato, após uma semana e um mês, pesquisando a presença de episódios de sangramento, febre, náuseas, vômitos, dor, disfagia a líquidos e a sólidos. RESULTADOS: A incidência de hemorragia pós-operatória foi de 7,48 por cento no primeiro pós-operatório. Houve sangramento discreto em 3,4 por cento dos pacientes durante a primeira semana. Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos em relação à técnica cirúrgica utilizada, quanto às complicações estudadas. CONCLUSÃO: A liberação do paciente após 6 horas de cirurgia é uma conduta segura. Como não há diferença estatística quanto às complicações de acordo com a técnica cirúrgica utilizada, acreditamos que o cirurgião deva utilizar a técnica com a qual é mais familiarizado.
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A hiperplasia adenoamigdaliana é a principal causa de obstruçäo das vias aéreas superiores em crianças, sendo muitas vezes associada à apnéia do sono. Esta, por sua vez, resulta em uma série de comprometimentos: baixo rendimento escolar, cor pulmonale, distúrbios de comportamento näo específicos, hiperatividade, sonolência diurna, distraçäo e atrasos de desenvolvimento, sendo o déficit pôndero-estatural o mais grave. A adenoamigdalectomia é o tratamento de escolha. O objetivo deste trabalho é mensurar o crescimento e desenvolvimento das crianças antes e depois da adenoamigdalectomia através da comparaçäo dos percentis pré e pós operatórios. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Clínico prospectivo randomizado. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Cinquenta e cinco crianças de 2 a 12 anos, com história de obstruçäo das vias aéreas superiores por hiperplasia adenoamigdaliana foram submetidas a exame antropométrico (peso e altura), antes e 6 meses após a adenoamigdalectomia. Os dados foram transformados em percentil para peso e altura, de acordo com a idade e comparados através de análise estatística. RESULTADOS: No pré-operatório, encontramos a seguinte distribuiçäo para o percentil altura: 78,2 por cento, abaixo de p75 e para peso 70,9 por cento abaixo de p50. No pós-operatório observou-se melhor distribuiçäo das crianças: para altura 34,6 por cento abaixo de p75, 32,8 por cento entre p75-95 e 32,6 por cento para p95 e acima e para peso: 35,5 por cento abaixo de p50, 36,4 por cento para p50-95 e 29,1 por cento acima de p95. CONCLUSÄO: Observou-se uma melhora considerável do desenvolvimento pôndero-estatural das crianças após a adenoamigdalectomia